Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Microgrids Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Microgrids Edited by Ersan Kabalci Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir, Turkey Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-821724-5 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Acquisitions Editor: Lisa Reading Editorial Project Manager: Leticia M Lima Production Project Manager: Nirmala Arumugam Cover Designer: Victoria Pearson Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Contents List of contributors Introduction to power systems Ersan Kabalci and Yasin Kabalci 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fundamentals of electric power systems 1.2.1 Basics of power in ac systems 1.2.2 Kirchhoff’s laws 1.2.3 Instantaneous and complex power in ac systems 1.3 Balanced three-phase systems 1.3.1 Balanced Y connection 1.3.2 Balanced Δ connection 1.4 Per-unit system 1.5 Power generation and electric machines 1.5.1 The principles of electromechanical energy conversion 1.5.2 Generator operation of electric machines References Centralized power generation Ersan Kabalci, Aydın Boyar and Yasin Kabalci 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Hydropower power plant 2.2.1 Reservoir-based hydropower plants and dams 2.2.2 Pumped-storage hydropower 2.2.3 Hydraulic turbines 2.3 Thermal power plants 2.3.1 Coal-fired power plants 2.3.2 Gas-fired power plants 2.3.3 Gas-turbine principle 2.4 Nuclear power plant 2.4.1 Nuclear fission 2.4.2 Fusion 2.4.3 Nuclear fission reactors References xiii 1 5 16 18 23 29 32 34 37 45 47 47 49 51 53 54 57 57 58 59 62 64 65 65 70 vi Contents Distributed generation and microgrids Hossein Shayeghi and Masoud Alilou 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Microgrid 3.3 Distributed generation 3.3.1 Diesel generator 3.3.2 Microturbine 3.3.3 Fuel cell 3.3.4 Wind turbine 3.3.5 Photovoltaic panel 3.4 The load model of the microgrid 3.5 Optimization algorithm 3.5.1 Objective functions 3.5.2 Constraints 3.5.3 Intelligent algorithm 3.6 Numerical results 3.7 Conclusion References Renewable energy systems Leidy Tatiana Contreras Montoya, Santiago Lain, Mohamad Issa and Adrian Ilinca 4.1 Chapter overview 4.2 Photovoltaic power generation 4.2.1 Principles of solar radiation 4.2.2 Photovoltaic cell fundamentals 4.2.3 Photovoltaic systems 4.3 Wind power generation 4.3.1 Wind resource 4.3.2 Wind potential assessment (siting) 4.4 Hydroelectric power generation 4.4.1 Conventional hydroelectric power 4.4.2 Hydrokinetic energy 4.4.3 Wave energy 4.4.4 Tidal energy 4.5 Biomass power generation 4.5.1 Biomass fundamentals 4.5.2 Biomass characteristics 4.5.3 Biomass conversion into useful energy 4.6 Conclusion References 73 73 74 75 77 78 79 81 82 84 84 85 87 88 90 100 101 103 103 103 104 112 119 121 121 133 138 139 150 155 161 164 164 168 171 174 175 Contents Hybrid renewable energy sources power systems Taskin Jamal and Sayedus Salehin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Renewable energy-based hybrid power system 5.3 PV diesel battery system overview 5.3.1 Technical and nontechnical challenges 5.4 Holistic planning approach for PV diesel battery system 5.4.1 Addressing stakeholders’ opinion 5.4.2 Power system optimization and techno-economic analysis 5.4.3 Integrating software-based analysis 5.4.4 Power quality analysis 5.5 Integrating PV forecasting mechanism 5.5.1 PV forecasting technologies 5.5.2 Short-term PV forecasting using sky imagery mechanism 5.5.3 Developing a proprietary forecasting tool 5.6 Share of other renewable resources in the energy mix 5.7 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Power electronics for hybrid energy systems G Konstantinou and B Hredzak 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classification 6.3 AC bus connected HES 6.4 DC-bus connected HES 6.5 DC-side integration of HES 6.5.1 Cascaded DC-connection 6.5.2 Series DC connection 6.5.3 Parallel DC connection 6.5.4 DC-side integrated hybrid energy storage systems 6.6 Three-port converters 6.7 DC DC converter based 6.8 High-frequency link 6.9 Neutral-point-clamped multilevel converters with multiple energy sources 6.10 Cascaded and modular multilevel converters 6.11 Solid-state transformers 6.12 Summary Acknowledgment References vii 179 179 180 181 182 188 189 191 195 198 200 201 202 203 207 209 211 211 215 215 215 217 217 221 221 222 222 223 223 224 226 227 227 231 231 232 232 viii Contents Photovoltaic power plant planning and modeling Julius Susanto 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Photovoltaic plant planning for hybrid microgrids 7.2.1 Load matching index 7.2.2 Photovoltaic utilization index 7.2.3 Solar irradiance variability index 7.3 Hybrid microgrid design and photovoltaic plant planning 7.3.1 Synchronous versus inverter-based grid forming 7.3.2 Centralized versus decentralized control 7.3.3 Centralized versus distributed generation 7.3.4 AC versus DC coupling 7.4 Special technical considerations for hybrid microgrids 7.4.1 Management of photovoltaic intermittency 7.4.2 Management of excess photovoltaic output 7.4.3 Frequency stability 7.4.4 System strength 7.5 Conclusion References Appendix: Standard photovoltaic plant planning considerations Site selection Photovoltaic plant layout Electrical system design Mounting system design Photovoltaic module and inverter selection Energy yield simulations Grid integration modeling Environmental and social impacts 235 Wind power plant planning and modeling Leidy Tatiana Contreras Montoya, Mohamed Yasser Hayyani, Mohamad Issa, Adrian Ilinca, Hussein Ibrahim and Miloud Rezkallah 8.1 Chapter overview 8.2 Wind resource 8.2.1 Impact of the height 8.2.2 Temperature and altitude correction for air density 8.3 Types of wind turbines 8.3.1 Horizontal axis wind turbines 8.3.2 Vertical axis wind turbines 8.3.3 System elements 8.4 Wind energy production estimate 8.4.1 Power in the wind 8.4.2 Betz limit 8.4.3 Airfoil fundamental concepts 259 235 236 236 238 238 241 241 242 244 245 246 247 248 249 251 252 252 255 255 255 256 256 257 257 257 257 259 260 262 263 264 265 266 268 271 271 272 274 Contents 10 ix 8.4.4 Wind speed distribution (Weibull and Rayleigh) 8.4.5 Wind turbine energy production estimates 8.5 Wind turbine control and hybrid systems 8.5.1 Wind turbine control systems 8.5.2 Hybrid power systems 8.5.3 Particular operating conditions for the wind power plant 8.6 Environmental impacts of wind energy projects 8.6.1 Visual impact of wind turbines 8.6.2 Wind turbine noise 8.6.3 Bird and bat interaction with wind turbines 8.6.4 Other impact considerations 8.7 Economic and financing aspects of wind energy projects 8.7.1 Revenues and financing of wind energy projects 8.7.2 Economic evaluation of wind energy projects 8.8 Conclusion References 280 284 288 288 294 299 303 303 304 304 305 305 306 309 311 311 Fuel cell and hydrogen power plants Himadry Shekhar Das, Md Fahim F Chowdhury, Shuhui Li and Chee Wei Tan 9.1 Chapter overview 9.2 Fuel cells 9.2.1 Principle of operation 9.2.2 Construction of fuel cell stack 9.2.3 Classification of fuel cell 9.3 Hydrogen-based power plants 9.3.1 Hydrogen generation processes 9.3.2 Large scale stationary power plants 9.3.3 Hybrid distributed generation systems 9.3.4 Combined heat and power systems 9.4 FC energy system modeling 9.4.1 Fuel cell 9.4.2 DC DC converter 9.4.3 Controller design 9.4.4 Simulation results 9.5 Conclusion 9.6 Nomenclature References 313 Hybrid energy storage systems Hussein Ibrahim, Miloud Rezkallah, Adrian Ilinca and Mazen Ghandour 10.1 Chapter overview 10.2 Hybrid energy storage system configuration classification 10.2.1 Passive configuration 10.2.2 Semiactive configuration 313 313 314 315 317 324 325 332 333 336 338 338 340 342 343 346 346 347 351 351 355 355 356 x Contents 10.2.3 Series-active configuration 10.2.4 Parallel-active configuration 10.3 Control strategies for hybrid energy storage system configurations 10.4 Control of microgrid configuration based on solar photovoltaic wind turbine, and hybrid energy storage system 10.4.1 Control of wind turbine 10.4.2 Control of solar photovoltaic 10.4.3 Control of Ni Cd batteries 10.4.4 Control of SCs 10.4.5 Control of the interfacing inverter 10.5 Results and discussion 10.5.1 Performance at the DC bus 10.5.2 Performance at the AC bus 10.6 Conclusion References 11 12 Control systems for hybrid energy systems Miloud Rezkallah, Ambrish Chandra, Hussein Ibrahim, Zoe Feger and Mohamad Aissa 11.1 Chapter overview 11.2 Configuration of HES-based MG 11.2.1 AC/DC hybrid-MG configurations based on two ESs 11.2.2 AC/DC hybrid-MG configurations based on three ESs 11.2.3 AC/DC hybrid-MG configuration based on four ESs 11.3 AC/DC hybrid-MG configuration under study 11.3.1 Operation modes of selected AC/DC hybrid-MG configuration 11.4 Control for AC/DC hybrid-MG configuration 11.4.1 Hierarchical control 11.5 Results and discussion 11.6 Conclusion References Microgrids and their control Farhad Shahnia 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Primary controllers of DDERs and BESs 12.2.1 DDER’s primary controller 12.2.2 Battery energy storage systems’ primary controller 12.3 Microgrid’s secondary controller 12.3.1 Dynamic power ratio adjustment 12.3.2 Droop curve adjustment 12.3.3 Selection of a suitable internal balancing inductance 357 358 358 359 360 360 362 362 363 364 364 367 369 370 373 373 375 377 377 380 381 382 382 383 389 396 396 399 399 401 401 410 414 415 418 419 Contents 13 xi 12.3.4 Corrective controller 12.3.5 Preventive controller 12.4 Network’s tertiary controller 12.4.1 Self-healing capability 12.4.2 Coupling of two microgrids 12.4.3 Coupling of more than two microgrids References 422 433 436 436 440 444 457 Demand-side management Alain Aoun, Mazen Ghandour, Adrian Ilinca and Hussein Ibrahim 13.1 Chapter overview 13.2 Demand-side management 13.2.1 Demand-side management categories 13.2.2 Demand-side management stakeholders 13.2.3 Demand-side management drivers and benefits 13.2.4 Demand-side management cost-effectiveness 13.3 Demand response 13.3.1 Price-based demand-response programs 13.3.2 Incentive-based demand-response programs 13.3.3 Potential benefits 13.3.4 Limitation and barriers 13.4 Advanced demand-side management technologies 13.4.1 Smart loads and smart grids 13.4.2 Internet of Things 13.4.3 Blockchain-based demand-side management programs 13.5 Conclusion References 463 Index 463 465 466 473 474 476 477 479 480 482 482 483 483 485 486 487 488 491 ... period Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Microgrids DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821724-5.00005-2 © 2021 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved 2 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Microgrids... 161 164 164 168 171 174 175 Contents Hybrid renewable energy sources power systems Taskin Jamal and Sayedus Salehin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Renewable energy- based hybrid power system 5.3 PV diesel... distribution (Weibull and Rayleigh) 8.4.5 Wind turbine energy production estimates 8.5 Wind turbine control and hybrid systems 8.5.1 Wind turbine control systems 8.5.2 Hybrid power systems 8.5.3 Particular