Chapter 1 Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 st Ed. McGraw Hill. 2011, NKMB Co., Ltd. Mr. Truong Minh Chien ; losedtales@yahoo.com http://tailieu.vn/losedtales http://mba-programming.blogspot.com Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 nd e., McGraw Hill. 2 What Is Chemistry? • Observation: is sand different than water • Test the similarities and differences between sand and water.  Composition  Types & number of atoms, structure,  Properties  Chemical: how hot, how fast  Physical: size, ability to loose/gain electrons 3 Structure Determines Properties • Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. • Chemists study these particles, looking at the kinds, numbers, structure, size which produce varying chemical and physical properties. 4 The Scientific Method • Humans are by nature curious. • Have you ever heard a 3 year old repeatedly ask “why?” • Science is just exploring nature. • A scientists is just a person exploring. • You begin to organize your thoughts into Observation, you group those observations into Hypotheses, using Experimentation, and formulate Laws or Theories. 5 Why Aren’t the Philosophers Considered Scientists Philosophers: • Observe nature. • Explain the behavior of nature. • Communicate and debate ideas with other philosophers. • Truth is revealed through logic and debate. Scientists: • Observe nature. • Explain the behavior of nature. • Communicate and debate ideas with other scientists. • Truth is revealed through experimentation. Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 nd e., McGraw Hill. 6 Observation • Acquiring information or data • Some observations are simple descriptions  “The soda pop is a liquid with a brown color and a sweet taste. Bubbles are seen floating up through it.” • Some observations compare a characteristic.  “A 240-mL serving of soda pop contains 27 g of sugar.” Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 nd e., McGraw Hill. 7 Hypothesis • Looking at your observations you come up with:  The sweetness of soda pop is due to the presence of  Sugar or  Aluminum Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 nd e., McGraw Hill. 8 Experiments • Test your hypotheses with a taste test: sugar and aluminum. Theory • Sugar is sweet Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 nd e., McGraw Hill. 9 Laws • Typically a fact of nature, often a math constant/number and unit.  Law of Conservation of Mass— “In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.”  Speed of Light, E = mc 2 , Dalton’s Gas Law, Universal Gas Constant, etc… • Unlike California State laws, you cannot choose to violate a scientific law  Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 nd e., McGraw Hill. 10 Theories • Explains how nature behaves.  Newton’s Gravitational Theory: how an apple falls  Dalton’s Atomic Theory: atoms look like…  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: we always change  Einstein's Theory of Relativity: light is constant • Used to predict future observations. Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 nd e., McGraw Hill. [...]... Names, formulas, and charges of polyatomic ions  Solubility rules • Learn and practice processes  Systematic names and formulas  Dimensional analysis • Do the questions and exercises in the chapter to test your understanding and help you learn the patterns? Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 20 Classification of Matter States of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties Physical and Chemical... Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 18 How to Succeed in Chemistry • Curiosity and your imagination are your allies Explore and investigate • Quantify and calculate Even small differences can be important! • Commitment Work regularly and carefully Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 19 The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry • Learn the vocabulary of chemistry  Definitions and terms  How common vocabulary... and a Theory? • Laws: Very specific, “What will happen” often expressed in mathematical equations • Theories: Very general, “Why it will happen,” often includes many “Laws” Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 11 Do we need science? A history lesson in science • A key feature of science are it’s experiments • Experiments must be duplicated by other’s!!! • Galileo (15 64 - 16 42) and Newton (16 42... • Galileo (15 64 - 16 42) and Newton (16 42 17 27) worked on physics, the first Scientists • Lavoisier is first to use the scientific method on objects/nature on things that could not be “Seen” Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 12 What causes Burning? Phlogiston Theory The mid -17 00s theory of how wood or coal burned, referred to as combustion • Wood and coal contained a substances called phlogiston... back into the air 14 The Great Burning Lens: Trying to Find Phlogiston - ultimately it was discredited 15 A Better Theory of Combustion • Lavoisier purchased the most accurate scales; scales that would cost over a million dollars today • Lavoisier carefully preformed his experiments weighing them before and after each combustion experiment Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 16 A Better Theory... their shape and volume when placed in a new container, and prevents the particles from flowing Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 25 Crystalline Solids • some solids have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern – we call these crystalline solids salt and diamonds Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 26 Amorphous Solids • some solids have their particles randomly distributed... move allows liquids to take the shape of their container and to flow – however, they don’t have enough freedom to escape and expand to fill the container Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 28 Gases • in the gas state, the particles • • have complete freedom from each other the particles are constantly flying around, bumping into each other and the container in the gas state, there is a lot of... uniformly Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2nd e., McGraw Hill 36 Classification of Mixtures 1) made of multiple substances, whose presence can be seen 2) portions of a sample have different composition and properties 1) made of multiple substances, but appears to be one substance 2) all portions of a sample have the same composition and properties 37 Separation of Mixtures • separate mixtures based on different... combustion based on his experiments: 1 When something burns, it can either remove or combine with “fixed-air.” 2 He discovers Oxygen, hydrogen Lavoisier literally, rewrites all chemistry textbooks Lavoisier’s idea starts modern chemistry based on reproducible experimentation -backed with very accurate measurements He is executed by a phlogiston believer; political 17 Lord Kelvin, 18 50’s • "To measure is to know."... Properties Physical and Chemical Changes Classification of Matter • matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, • Light, music, microwaves are not matter • we can classify matter based on whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas A Molecular Approach 23 Solids • the particles in a solid are packed close together and are fixed in position  though they may vibrate • the close packing of the particles results . Chapter 1 Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving Chemistry, Julia Burdge, 2 st Ed. McGraw Hill. 2 011 , NKMB Co., Ltd. Mr. Truong. experiments • Experiments must be duplicated by other’s!!! • Galileo (15 64 - 16 42) and Newton (16 42 - 17 27) worked on physics, the first Scientists • Lavoisier is