Chapter 10: Services and Services’ Capabilities Section 1: The Early Years up to the Completion of the First Set of Specifications for Tendering of Infrastructure (1982 to March 1988) Friedhelm Hillebrand 1 10.1.1 Introduction This section reports about the early discussions in the 1882–1985 timeframe, the agreement on a service concept in February 1985 and the elaboration of the first set of specifications needed for tendering of infrastructure by the operators in early 1988. A well structured and future-proof portfolio of tele-, bearer and supplementary services was specified. The principles for charging and accounting of international roamers were agreed. Innovative solutions for mobile station licensing, circulation and type approval recommendations were developed. They needed to be implemented by national or interna- tional regulatory authorities. This intensive services’ work provided guidance to the technical work on radio, network and data aspects. During this period the culture of service-lead standardisation was developed in GSM. This was a major achievement in the GSM work, since it ensured market orientation. 10.1.2 Overall Guidance is Provided by the CEPT Mandate and the First GSM Action Plan of December 1982 The mandate of CEPT for the GSM work requests the ‘‘Harmonisation of the technical and operational characteristics of a public mobile communication system in the 900 MHz band’’. 2 The first action plan prepared by the Nordic and Dutch PTTs was approved at GSM#1 in December 1982. 3 It contained basic requirements. Those related to services were: 1 GSM Working Party 1 ‘‘Services Aspects’’ (WP1) was chaired by Martine Alvernhe (France Telecom) from February 1985 to April 1991 with great engagement. I was an active contributor and participant in the work of WP1 during the period treated in this section. The views expressed in this module are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of his affiliation entity. All quoted GSM Plenary documents can be found on the attached CD ROM. The quoted GSM WP1 documents are not copied on the CD ROM. They can be retrieved from the ETSI archive. 2 Quoted in GSM 2/82, see also GSM 1/82. 3 GSM 2/82. GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic) 10.1.2.1 Basic requirements for GSM services in the first action plan (December 1982) 4 : † ‘‘ Mobile stations can be used in all participating countries, preferably all CEPT countries † It is expected that in addition to normal telephone traffic, other types of services (non- speech) will be required in the system. † state-of-the-art subscriber facilities at reasonable cost. † The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and the public data networks .should be available in the mobile system. † The system may also offer additional facilities (e.g. special barring functions, rerouting of calls and special message handling facilities). † It should be possible for mobile stations .to be used on board ships, as an extension of the land mobile service. † The system shall be capable of providing for portable (handheld) mobile stations, but the consequential impact on the system shall be assessed. † voice security .must be taken into account.’’ GSM#1 also discussed whether a harmonisation of the emerging analogue 900 MHz interim systems 5 should be studied. It was concluded that this would not be reachable due to the necessary short implementation periods and the commitments made by the PTTs and that the work should be focussed on a new mobile communication system. This was an important decision on a viable work focus. 10.1.3 Discussions from the Beginning of 1983 to the End of 1984 (GSM#2–6) 10.1.3.1 Interactions with CEPT Working Group Services and Facilities CEPT working group services and facilities produced several versions of a report on mobile services. The report gave rise to many questions by GSM. Towards the end of 1984 GSM came to the conclusion that this dialogue would not lead to results, since the CEPT group services and facilities had too broad a scope and a lack of know-how in mobile communica- tion. It was agreed to make their own efforts in GSM and a special focus on services was agreed for GSM#7 in February/March 1985. 10.1.3.2 The ‘‘Coexistence Between Vehicle-borne and Hand-held Stations’’ The big theme of the period 1982–1985 was the ‘‘ Coexistence of vehicle-borne and hand-held stations’’ . This was a hot issue, since most mobile systems had a very limited capacity and used call duration limitations. No existing European system supported hand-helds. This existed only in the American AMPS. 6 Several countries in Europe planned the support of hand-helds in analogue systems. 7 In others, mainly in the centre of Europe, spectrum was much scarcer due to the large demand by the many large armed forces in cold war times. GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication264 4 GSM 2/82. 5 NMT-900 in the Nordic countries, TACS (an AMPS derivative) in the UK and later in Italy and Austria, later the planned Franco-German S900 system. 6 Advanced mobile phone system. 7 The Nordic countries planned the introduction of NMT900 mainly for this purpose. The UK planned the introduction of TACS (an AMPS derivative) with an integrated hand-held support. France and Germany planned a 900 MHz interim system IS900 which would also support hand-helds. Several delegates clearly proposed not to admit hand-helds. Should there be a sufficient demand, a separate system evolved from cordless systems working in another part of the spectrum should be developed. ‘‘ . several people believe that the majority of the mobile stations will be hand-held portables.’’ 8 A special working party was set up during GSM#5 and 6. They produced an exhaustive study. 9 It was realised that personal communication would be an important future demand. Issues like in-building coverage were studied. The fears on the negative effect of hand-helds on high-rise buildings and in aircraft on the spectrum re-use pattern and this network capacity were addressed. In the end ‘‘the meeting agreed that the GSM mandate (Doc 2/82) clearly states that hand- held stations should be catered for in the system.’’ 10 This was to my judgement a decision effected by exhaustion of the participants. But it opened the way to GSM as we know it today, where hardly any dedicated vehicle-borne stations exist any more. But the discussion continued for some time before it was formally closed (see paragraph 10.1.5.4.1) 10.1.3.3 Discussions on Other Issues Other service related issues which attracted substantial interest were market surveys, the discussion of traffic models and a comparative evaluation of the tariffs in existing systems which showed large differences in the charging criteria and charging levels. 11 10.1.4 The First Concept for Services Agreed in February/March 1985 (GSM#7) 10.1.4.1 A Concept Proposal by Germany and France A major step forward in the definition of services was reached at GSM#7 (February/March 1985) in Oslo. Germany and France presented a input document 12 which proposed to use the ISDN differentiation of tele-, bearer and supplementary services and to use the description method using attributes within the GSM framework. The document clearly stressed that radiotelephony would be the most important service. 13 It proposed realistic quality of service targets (e.g. a delay which should not exceed 80–100 ms) and a low bitrate bearer capability (8–16 kbit/s) to support radio-telephony. A comprehensive list of supplementary services was given. A classification as E (essential, i.e. mandatory for all networks) and A (additional, i.e. optional) was proposed. Chapter 10: Services and Services’ Capabilities 265 7 The Nordic countries planned the introduction of NMT900 mainly for this purpose. The UK planned the introduction of TACS (an AMPS derivative) with an integrated hand-held support. France and Germany planned a 900 MHz interim system IS900 which would also support hand-helds. 8 Report of GSM#4 in February/March 1984, pp. 3, 2.j. 9 GSM 58/84 rev. 1. 10 GSM#7 Report, Section 13, second last paragraph. 11 Details can be found in the meeting reports on the attached CD-ROM. 12 GSM Doc 19/85. 13 This was an implicit rejection of the ISDN concept of a universal integrated network equally suited for all services. The document contained an initial list of possible telematic and data services. These were tailored to the market needs and the possibilities in a GSM system. An overall target of the proposed data service concept was to recognise that GSM is not a mobile ISDN. There were strong proponents of this concept, who wanted to implement an ISDN channel structure (2B 1 Dwith2£ 64 kbit/s 1 16 kbit/s) on the radio interface. This would have severely deteriorated the spectrum efficiency and the system capacity. The discussions in GSM on speech coding had led to a vision of low bitrate speech codecs (about 16 kbit/s). The system architecture discussion had led to an emerging vision to use ISDN in the core network. The German/French input document was based on these assump- tions and proposed a rich data services portfolio, which respected the overall target that GSM must be optimised for telephony and offer attractive data services for the ‘‘ mobile office’’ . A range of circuit switched data services with rates of up to 9.6 kbit/s was envisaged, since this was the maximum possible on a single traffic channel. No packet switched services were proposed, since packet switching was not possible on the traffic channels of ISDN switches. Instead the concept of short message transmission was proposed. The application envi- saged was the following: GSM was seen at that time as a car telephone system (the discussion on the viability of hand portables in the same network was still ongoing). So a typical application scenario was a plumber or other technician doing some repair work in the custo- mers home could receive short messages in his car waiting in front of the home. Another scenario was to enable a user to receive a short notice while he was engaged in a call. It was envisaged to carry all short messages on signalling links of the system with low priority. This signalling network in an ISDN-type GSM core network and the signalling links on the radio network form essentially an embedded packet switching network in an ISDN. Therefore SMS can be seen as the first packet switched service in GSM. The length of the signalling packets on the GSM radio interface is shorter than in the ISDN in order to allow an efficient transmission over the radio channel with its difficult transmission quality. Therefore the length of short messages was limited. Initially 128 bytes were envisaged. The detailed work allowed it to be extended to 160 characters (seven bit coding). The document also proposed several types of mobile stations: vehicle-mounted stations, hand-held stations, combined vehicle-mounted and hand-held stations, mobile payphones and mobile PBX. The first draft of this document had been elaborated by me. Very valuable comments and contributions were received from Bernard Ghillebaert (France Telecom). The document was then agreed and presented as an input with source ‘‘ Federal Republic of Germany and France’’ . This was the first example of a series of co-ordinated input documents, where the lead could lie on either side. They were called ‘‘ Ghillebrand-Documents’’ by Philippe Dupuis. The significance of such a contribution is not the level of innovation, but the provision of a viable market-oriented concept, which can be agreed in the standardisation group and can provide direction to the future work of the group. And these criteria were fulfilled by this contribution. 10.1.4.2 Proposals for Services by the Nordic Countries A list of basic functions and capabilities of the GSNM system was proposed by Denmark, GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication266 Finland, Norway and Sweden. 14 Access capabilities made up of a control and a traffic channel with 16 kbit/s were proposed. Services should be telephony and several data services. Network functions were mentioned. A catalogue of types of mobile stations (identical to 10.1.4.1) was added. A initial list of supplementary services to be performed by the network was proposed by Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. 15 It contained, e.g. † barring services † absent subscriber services † mailbox services † group services: closed user group, group calls, conference calls In addition services and functions implemented in mobile stations were proposed, e.g. † dialling functions: abbreviated dialling, number repetition † hands-free operation † barring of outgoing calls † prevention of unauthorised use This work was based on the ISDN definitions and experiences of NMT. 10.1.4.3 The first Agreement on a Concept for Services at GSM#7 (February/March 1985) During GSM#7 a new Working Party WP1 ‘‘ Services’’ met and elaborated a document on ‘‘ Services and facilities of the GSM System’’ which was endorsed by GSM 16 based on the input documents mentioned in 10.1.4.1 and 10.1.4.2. The output document contains a refer- ence model for services, definitions of tele-, bearer and supplementary services, network connections and types of mobile stations. The reference model introduces Terminal Adaptor (TA) functions at the mobile station and an Interworking Unit (IWU) between the mobile and the fixed network. The diagram is shown in Figure 10.1.1. The annexes of the document contain lists of teleservices including the Short Message Service (SMS). SMS had three services: mobile originated, mobile terminated and point to multipoint. It foresaw a maximum message length of, e.g. 128 octets, and an interworking with a message handling systems. Several other non-voice teleservices were proposed. A comprehensive range of circuit switched bearer services with speeds up to 9600 bit/s was proposed. The significance of this document was, that it was the first consensus in the Groupe Spe ´ cial Mobile on the service concept. The document provided the first ‘‘ permanent’’ definition of services which could be enhanced by WP1 ‘‘ Services’’ . It could be used by other groups, e.g. WP2 ‘‘ Radio Aspects’’ , WP3 ‘‘ Network Aspects’’ or later WP4 ‘‘ data’’ . 10.1.5 The Work on Services Aspects from March 1985 to March 1988 This work was carried out in WP1 ‘‘ Services Aspects’’ . Chapter 10: Services and Services’ Capabilities 267 14 GSM Doc 7/85. 15 GSM Doc 8/85. 16 GSM Doc 28/85 rev 2. 10.1.5.1 Teleservices 10.1.5.1.1 Broad Services Portfolio The target to have all ‘‘ services and facilities offered in the public switched networks and the public data networks .’’ 17 lead to a rich portfolio of teleservices (see Table 10.1.1)). The great variety in this portfolio was caused to a large extent by the inability in certain fixed network services to agree on one technical solution. In the category of speech transmission the speech mail access teleservice was deleted later. Also the teleservice ‘‘ Data Message Handling System Access’’ was deleted later. In both cases it turned out that a simple transparent dial-up bearer service was sufficient and no need for further standardisation existed. In Videotex three different standards (‘‘ profiles’’ ) were used in different European coun- tries since they had not reached an agreement on a single solution. This lead initially to the definition of three teleservices, which would allow only a very limited international roaming. Videotex was in the fixed networks a success only in France and to a lesser extent in Germany. In the end the standardisation of these services was stopped and later on those teleservices were even erased from the list, 18 since a data bearer service was seen as sufficient for access in the relevant countries. The Teletex service was defined for a circuit switched data network in several countries and for a packet switched network in others. In the end Teletex died in the fixed networks caused by over-regulation and the inability to agree on Pan-European common solutions. The GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication268 17 See above paragraph 10.1.2, bullet 4 in list. 18 This exercise to ‘‘ prune’’ services without functionality or with very low likelihood to come into use was initiated by the new privately owned license holder against resistance by some of the old public operators. 19 GSM WP1 Doc 21/86, Section 4. Figure 10.1.1 Reference model for mobile communication (February 1985) GSM standardisation was stopped. The Teletex development was eventually surpassed by e- mail. Facsimile foresaw four teleservices, since the ITU had standardised four types of fax machines. It was possible to reduce this in the GSM networks to the support of one type (see paragraph 10.1.5.1.4). 10.1.5.1.2 Emergency Calls Agreement on Principles At the time of standardisation and still many years later the emergency numbers were different in the fixed networks of different European countries. A mobile user would need to know the different emergency numbers and from which country he receives coverage. In border areas a user could already be in a foreign country, while his mobile could still receive service from his home network. Therefore a uniform access in all GSM networks would be desirable for a user friendly service. After an intensive discussion the following principles were agreed in the GSM WP1 meeting in April 1986: 19 It was considered that the following attributes were desirable for emergency services access: Instant access without the use of unlock code subscriber identity cards, etc. A common means of access regardless of the country in which a mobile was working. Chapter 10: Services and Services’ Capabilities 269 Table 10.1.1 Teleservices (status spring 1987) Category Individual teleservice Speech transmission Telephony Emergency calls Speech mail access Short message transmission Point-to-point Mobile terminated Mobile originated Point-to-multipoint Data message handling systems 300 bit/s 1200 bit/s Videotex access Profile 1 Profile 2 Profile 3 Teletex transmission Circuit switched Packet switched Facsimile transmission Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 19 GSM WP1 Doc 21/86, Section 4. Use of the same means of access as used in the fixed network of the country in which the mobile was working. Following the discussion it was agreed that a common means of access should be implemented by the provision of an ‘‘ SOS’’ button in conjunction with a ‘‘ SEND’’ button. Therefore when the mobile was switched on a user need only press ‘‘ SOS’’ followed by ‘‘ SEND’’ to initiate an emergency call. It would then be the responsibility of the GSM network operator to make suitable provision for delivering this call to the relevant emergency services. It should also be possible to initiate emergency calls by means of the standard PSTN access method over the GSM system. The question of automatic transmission of the user identity was also discussed but was considered to conflict with the need for instant access. Later on after consultation with the UK emergency services the UK delegation requested a better protection by the need to overcome a mechanical barrier (e.g. breaking a glass cover) or dialling a preceding function key. 20 The Netherlands was opposed to it. 21 Later on no addi- tional protection means were specified. It was possible to find an agreement on the principle ‘‘ .that in addition to established national dialling procedures a single mandatory uniform method of access to emergency services will be defined’’ and ‘‘ The single method will require the customer to input a unique key-sequence .’’ 22 . This was used as guidance for a dedicated group. The discussion was fertilised in 1988, when the fixed network operators agreed on 112 as a uniform emergency number. Then this was standardised for GSM and implemented from the start of service, much earlier than in most fixed networks (see Chapter 10, Section 2). Emergency Calls With or Without SIM The debate was whether a mobile station without a SIM should be able to place an emergency call. Charging of such calls was possible only with the SIM inserted. Italy requested that all calls should be chargeable. This meant as a consequence that a mobile station without a SIM could not place an emergency call. The majority in GSM thought it would be unacceptable that, e.g. in a traffic accident a vehicle-mounted mobile station would not be able to call help without the SIM inserted in the mobile station. It was not possible to reach a unanimous decision. Therefore both options were specified for the operator to choose and approved in early 1988. Later it was agreed that all mobile stations must be able to place emergency calls whether a SIM is inserted or not. As a compromise those countries who initially insisted on retrieving the identity of the subscriber who dials an emergency call later accepted the possibility of identifying the mobile station by retrieving its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The free-of-charge emergency calls were misused as free-of-charge test calls in Germany in 2000. The emergency services operators requested that emergency calls should be charged. But the standard was not changed. GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication270 20 GSM WP1 Doc 44/87. 21 GSM WP1 Doc 88/87. 22 GSM Doc 190/87 10.1.5.1.3 Short Message Service Based on the concept (see paragraph 10.1.4.3) a more detailed description was developed in the early draft of recommendation GSM 02.03 Teleservices of September 1985. 23 The next small progress reached in April 1986 was to define a bit more precisely the service ‘‘ short message, mobile terminated, point to multipoint’’ by the term ‘‘ cell broadcast’’ . This described the ability to send a given message to all mobiles in a particular cell or several cells. 24 The next big step in the definition of the short message service came from a comprehensive common Franco-German contribution to the November 1986 meeting of GSM WP1. 25 It dealt with the teleservice ‘‘ short message, mobile terminated, point-to-point’’ . It proposed a more detailed definition of the service and proposed implementation aspects such as the functional architecture and protocols. The contribution was also submitted to WP3 ‘‘ Network Aspects’’ . WP1 accepted the service related proposals with small modifications: 26 † Basic service definition including: – message length, alphabet – levels of acknowledgement (delivery, user) – definition of a short message service centre – delivery mechanisms, if a mobile is not reachable † Principles of international operation The main boost for the progress of the short message service came from the technical work in WP4 in 1987–1999, which implemented the service requirements agreed in WP1 (see Chapter 16, Sections 1 and 2). 10.1.5.1.4 Facsimile Fax was becoming popular in the fixed networks in the mid-1980s, since the ITU had completed successfully several standards on fax (group 1, 2, 3 and 4). The service concept (see paragraph 10.1.5.1.1) had foreseen to define four teleservices for all four ITU standards. In order to progress this matter I studied it. A joint contribution of Germany and France was submitted to the November 1986 meeting of WP1. It proposed not to consider fax group 1 and 2 using analogue transmission. Half of the installed machines belonged to these groups, but nearly all new machines belonged to group 3. In addition group 3 machines used digital transmission and were better standardised and therefore world-wide compatible. It could be expected that in the early 1990s the vast majority of fax machines would belong to group 3. Group 4 machines were foreseen for ISDN. It was therefore proposed to focus the GSM teleservice fax on group 3 machines and foresee group 4 as an evolution possibility to be studied later. Several implementation scenarios were discussed. 27 Chapter 10: Services and Services’ Capabilities 271 23 GSM WP1 Doc 12/85. 24 GSM WP1 Doc 21/86, para 3 and attached draft recommendation with data sheet. 25 GSM WP1 Doc 66/86. 26 GSM WP1 Doc 86/86, Section 4 and Annex 5. 27 GSM WP1 Doc 47/86. GSM WP1 endorsed this service concept and asked the other working parties to study the implementation aspects. 28 Later on intensive studies were made in WP4 ‘‘ Data Services’’ in the 88–90 time frame on a technical support offering a sufficient quality of service (see Chapter 16, Section 2). But despite all efforts in standardisation, the GSM teleservice fax did not become a big success in the market. 10.1.5.2 Bearer Services 10.1.5.2.1 Broad Services Portfolio The target to have all ‘‘ services and facilities offered in the public switched networks and the public data networks .’’ 29 lead to a rich portfolio of bearer services with data rates of 300, 1200, 1200/75, 2400, 4800 and 9600 bit/s duplex asynchronous and synchronous and inter- working scenarios with many network types: other GSM networks, Public Switched Tele- phone Networks, ISDNs, Public Circuit and Packet Switched Networks. This allowed the support of a wide range of existing terminals. When GSM data bearer services became available the normal terminal connected to a mobile station was a laptop computer. Users wanted the maximum possible speed of 9600 bit/ s. Several attempts have been made to simplify the broad portfolio. I tried to propose and promote a single asynchronous duplex 9.6 kbit/s high speed service with high quality (inte- grated ARQ protocol, later called non-transparent). But such concepts were seen as too narrow. On hindsight I would say that such a solution could have been available earlier and would have allowed a higher volume. Finally in 2000 the issue was re-discussed. Everybody recognised that the lower bitrates were not used and hence not needed. But there was agreement not to change the standard and the products, since nobody was ready to bear these cost. 10.1.5.2.2 Support of 9.6 kbit/s Several delegations wanted this bitrate as a mandatory service, so that it could be used by international roamers. But there were doubts in Italy whether the necessary quality of service could be achieved in the whole coverage area. This was a discussion from 1986 to early 1988. Since unanimity was needed, the majority gave in and accepted a classification as A (addi- tional), when the specifications for tendering were approved in early 1988. 10.1.5.3 Supplementary Services Supplementary services ‘‘ supplement’’ the basic telecommunication services (tele- and bearer services). 10.1.5.3.1 Harmonisation with ISDN Standardisation In order to maintain a harmonised services portfolio with fixed ISDN networks it was tried to GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication272 28 GSM WP1 59/86, Section 3.2 and Annex 5. 29 See above paragraph 10.1.2, bullet 4 in list. [...]... 02.07 GSM 02.11 GSM 02.16 GSM 02.24 GSM 02.30 GSM 02.34 GSM 02.40 GSM 02.41 GSM 02.42 GSM 02.43 GSM 02.56 GSM 02.57 GSM 02.60 GSM 02.63 GSM 02.66 GSM 02.67 GSM 02.68 GSM 02.69 GSM 02.71 GSM 02.72 GSM 02.78 GSM 02.79 GSM 02.81 GSM 02.82 GSM 02.83 GSM 02.84 GSM 02.85 GSM 02.86 GSM 02.88 GSM 02.90 GSM 02.91 GSM 02.93 GSM 02.95 GSM 02.96 GSM 02.97 a R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96 R96... GSM 02.03 GSM 02.04 GSM 02.06 GSM 02.07 GSM 02.09 GSM 02.11 GSM 02.16 GSM 02.17 GSM 02.24 GSM 02.30 GSM 02.40 GSM 02.41 GSM 02.81 GSM 02.82 GSM 02.83 GSM 02.84 GSM 02.85 GSM 02.86 GSM 02.88 GSM 02.90 291 Final list of phase 2 recommendations Principles of telecommunication services supported by a GSM PLMN Bearer services supported by a GSM PLMN Teleservices supported by a GSM PLMN General on supplementary... streams Table 10.2.1 Final list of phase 1 recommendations GSM 02.01 GSM 02.02 GSM 02.03 GSM 02.04 GSM 02.06 GSM 02.07 GSM 02.09 GSM 02.11 GSM 02.16 GSM 02.17 GSM 02.20 GSM 02.30 GSM 02.40 GSM 02.82 GSM 02.88 Principles of telecommunication services supported by a GSM PLMN Bearer services supported by a GSM PLMN Teleservices supported by a GSM PLMN General on supplementary services Types of mobile... † GSM 02.34 on High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), allowing up to eight traffic channels to be used and thus correspondingly faster data; GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication 294 Table 10.2.3 Final list of phase 21 recommendations, with release of introduction a GSM 02.01 GSM 02.02 GSM 02.03 GSM 02.04 GSM 02.06 GSM 02.07 GSM 02.11 GSM 02.16 GSM 02.24 GSM 02.30 GSM 02.34 GSM. .. support of hand-helds 45 46 See paragraph 10.1.4.3, GSM Doc 28/85, rev.2, Annex 3 A more developed version can be found in GSM WP1 Doc 4/86, a first approved version in GSM WP1 Doc 30/ 88 47 GSM WP1 Doc 45/87 282 GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication Targets for Hand-held Stations The targets for hand-helds in the draft recommendation GSM 02.06 were stable since early 1987: 48 Hand-held... 10.1.5.4.4 No Automatic Hand-over Between Base Stations Belonging to Different GSM Networks The question of handover between different GSM networks in different countries was discussed and decided at GSM# 10 in February 1986 and GSM# 13 in February 1987 It was rejected, since the numbering plans and the charging systems were different in different countries Such internetwork handovers were implemented... studies created some certainty that viable GSM hand-helds could be expected 30 GSM 27/85, rev 3 GSM 73/85 rev 1, superseding GSM 2/82, Section 3 32 GSM 102/87 31 274 GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication 10.1.5.4.2 Network Selection The first generation networks had normally a fixed coupling of a mobile to a network (e.g by the frequency band used in AMPS) Networks offering international... approvals and recommended that type approvals should be mutually recognised by all national authorities This draft recommendation raised several comments in several GSM WP1 meetings and GSM plenaries But it stayed stable and provided the framework for GSM type approval It had even the flexibility to support GSM expansion into many countries outside Europe 50 A first draft was in GSM WP1 Doc 61/86 GSM WP1... cumbersome and time consuming Therefore GSM phase 1, the specification used for the opening service in 1991/1992 contained only some barring and call forwarding services The rest was specified and implemented in GSM phase 2 only 10.1.5.4 General Services’ Aspects 10.1.5.4.1 Hand-held Station Support Mandatory After the initial discussion and conclusion (see paragraph 10.1.3.2) the impact of handhelds on... stages 2 and 3 were not ready Clearly a service needs to be completely defined, or not there at all! (see Table 10.2.2) The most visible aspect of phase 2 from the service perspective was the addition of new supplementary services These were: 02.81, the calling and called line identities and restric- Chapter 10: Services and Services’ Capabilities Table 10.2.2 GSM 02.01 GSM 02.02 GSM 02.03 GSM 02.04 GSM . 2 Quoted in GSM 2/82, see also GSM 1/82. 3 GSM 2/82. GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand Copyright. But the standard was not changed. GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication270 20 GSM WP1 Doc 44/87. 21 GSM WP1 Doc 88/87. 22 GSM Doc 190/87