Chapter 22 provides knowledge of working capital management. This chapter presents the following content: Alternative working capital policies; cash, inventory, and A/R management; accounts payable management; short-term financing policies; bank debt and commercial paper.
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CHAPTER 22
Working Capital Management
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Topics in Chapter
Alternative working capital policies
Cash, inventory, and A/R management
Accounts payable management
Shortterm financing policies
Bank debt and commercial paper
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Definitions
Working capital management:
Includes both establishing working
capital policy and then the daytoday
control of cash, inventories, receivables, accruals, and accounts payable
Working capital policy:
The level of each current asset.
How current assets are financed.
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Cash Conversion Cycle
The cash conversion cycle focuses on the time between payments made for materials and
labor and payments received from sales:
Cash
Conversion =
Cycle
Inventory Conversion + Period
Receivables Collection
-Period
Payables Deferral
Period
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Cash Conversion Cycle
(Cont.)
CCC = + –
CCC = + 45.6 – 30
CCC = 75.7 + 45.6 – 30
CCC = 91.3 days.
Days per year Inv turnover
Payables deferral period
Days sales outstanding 365
4.82
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Cash Management: Cash doesn’t earn
interest, so why hold it?
Transactions: Must have some cash to pay
current bills.
Precaution: “Safety stock.” But lessened by
credit line and marketable securities.
Compensating balances: For loans and/or
services provided.
Speculation: To take advantage of bargains,
to take discounts, and so on. Reduced by
credit line, marketable securities.
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What’s the goal of cash
management?
To have sufficient cash on hand to meet the needs listed on the previous slide
However, since cash is a nonearning asset, to have not one dollar more
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Ways to Minimize Cash
Holdings
Use lockboxes
Insist on wire transfers from customers
Synchronize inflows and outflows
Use a remote disbursement account
(More…)
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Minimizing Cash (Continued)
Increase forecast accuracy to reduce the need for a cash “safety stock.”
Hold marketable securities instead of a cash “safety stock.”
Negotiate a line of credit (also reduces need for a “safety stock”)
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What are some other potential
cash inflows besides collections?
Proceeds from fixed asset sales
Proceeds from stock and bond sales
Interest earned
Court settlements
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Inventory Management:
Categories of Inventory Costs
Carrying Costs: Storage and handling costs, insurance, property taxes,
depreciation, and obsolescence
Ordering Costs: Cost of placing orders, shipping, and handling costs
Costs of Running Short: Loss of sales, loss of customer goodwill, and the
disruption of production schedules
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Elements of Credit Policy
Cash Discounts: Lowers price. Attracts new customers and reduces DSO
Credit Period: How long to pay?
Shorter period reduces DSO and
average A/R, but it may discourage
sales
(More…)
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Credit Policy (Continued)
Credit Standards: Tighter standards
reduce bad debt losses, but may reduce sales. Fewer bad debts reduces DSO
Collection Policy: Tougher policy will
reduce DSO, but may damage
customer relationships
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Is there a cost to accruals?
Can firms control accruals?
Accruals are free in that no explicit
interest is charged
Firms have little control over the level of accruals. Levels are influenced more
by industry custom, economic factors, and tax laws
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What is trade credit?
Trade credit is credit furnished by a
firm’s suppliers
Trade credit is often the largest source
of shortterm credit, especially for small firms
Spontaneous, easy to get, but cost can
be high
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Working Capital Financing
Policies
Moderate: Match the maturity of the
assets with the maturity of the financing
Aggressive: Use shortterm financing to finance permanent assets
Conservative: Use permanent capital
for permanent assets and temporary
assets
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$
Perm NOWC
Fixed Assets Temp NOWC
Lower dashed line, more aggressive.
} S-T Loans
L-T Fin: Stock & Bonds,
Moderate Financing Policy
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Conservative Financing Policy
Fixed Assets
Years
$
Bonds
Marketable Securities
Zero S-T debt
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What are the advantages of short term debt vs. longterm debt?
Low cost yield curve usually slopes upward
Can get funds relatively quickly
Can repay without penalty
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What are the disadvantages of short term debt vs. longterm debt?
Higher risk. The required repayment comes quicker, and the company may have trouble rolling over loans