Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment Second Edition, Revised and Expanded edited by Lawrence K.Wang Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York, New York, and Lenox Institute ofTechnology, Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.A Yung-Tse Hung Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A Howard H.Lo Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A Constantine Yapijakis The Cooper Union, New York, New York, U.S.A Consulting Editor Kathleen Hung Li NEC Business Network Solutions, Irving, Texas, U.S.A MARCEL DEKKER, INC NEW YORK·BASEL The first edition of this book was published as Handbook of Industrial Waste Treatment, Volume 1, edited by Lawrence K.Wang and Mu Hao Sung Wang (Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1992) This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any specific situation Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-203-02651-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN: 0-8247-4114-5 (Print Edition) Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A tel: 212–696–9000; fax: 212–685–4540 Distribution and Customer Service Marcel Dekker, Inc., Cimarron Road, Monticello, New York 12701, U.S.A tel: 800–228–1160; fax: 845–796–1772 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG, Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41–61–260–6300; fax: 41–61–260–6333 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com/ The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Preface Environmental managers, engineers, and scientists who have had experience with industrial and hazardous waste management problems have noted the need for a handbook that is comprehensive in its scope, directly applicable to daily waste management problems of specific industries, and widely acceptable by practicing environmental professionals and educators Many standard industrial waste treatment and hazardous waste management texts adequately cover a few major industries, for conventional in-plant pollution control strategies, but no one book, or series of books, focuses on new developments in innovative and alternative environmental technology, design criteria, effluent standards, managerial decision methodology, and regional and global environmental conservation This handbook emphasizes in-depth presentation of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future trends for each industrial or commercial operation, such as the metal plating and finishing industry or the photographic processing industry, and in-depth presentation of methodologies, technologies, alternatives, regional effects, and global effects of each important industrial pollution control practice that may be applied to all industries, such as industrial ecology, pollution prevention, in-plant hazardous waste management, site remediation, groundwater decontamination, and stormwater management In a deliberate effort to complement other industrial waste treatment and hazardous waste management texts, this handbook covers new subjects as much as possible Many topics, such as industrial ecology, pollution prevention, in-plant hazardous waste management, stormwater management, photographic processing wastes, soap and detergent wastes, livestock wastes, rubber processing wastes, timber industry wastes, power plant wastes, and metal finishing wastes, are presented in detail for the first time in any industrial waste treatment book Special efforts were made to invite experts to contribute chapters in their own areas of expertise Since the field of industrial hazardous waste treatment is very broad, no one can claim to be an expert in all industries; collective contributions are better than a single author’s presentation for a handbook of this nature This handbook is to be used as a college textbook as well as a reference book for the environmental professional It features the major industries and hazardous pollutants that have significant effects on the environment Professors, students, and researchers in environmental, civil, chemical, sanitary, mechanical, and public health engineering and science will find valuable educational materials here The extensive bibliographies for each industrial waste treatment or practice should be invaluable to environmental managers or researchers who need to trace, follow, duplicate, or improve on a specific industrial hazardous waste treatment practice A successful modern industrial hazardous waste treatment program for a particular industry will include not only traditional water pollution control but also air pollution control, noise control, soil conservation, site remediation, radiation protection, groundwater protection, hazardous waste management, solid waste disposal, and combined industrial-municipal waste treatment and management In fact, it should be a total environmental control program Another intention of this handbook is to provide technical and economical information on the development of the most feasible total environmental control program that can benefit both industry and local municipalities Frequently, the most economically feasible methodology is combined industrialmunicipal waste treatment We are indebted to Dr Mu Hao Sung Wang at the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, who coedited the first edition, and to Ms Kathleen Hung Li at NEC Business Network Solutions, Irving, Texas, Consulting Editor for this new edition Lawrence K.Wang Yung-Tse Hung Howard H.Lo Constantine Yapijakis Contents Preface v Contributors xi Implementation of Industrial Ecology for Industrial Hazardous Waste Management Lawrence K.Wang and Donald B.Aulenbach Bioassay of Industrial and Hazardous Waste Pollutants Sveltana Yu.Selivanovskaya, Venera Z.Latypova, Nadezda Yu.Stepanova, and Yung-Tse Hung Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastes Sudhir Kumar Gupta, Sunil Kumar Gupta, and Yung-Tse Hung Treatment of Oilfield and Refinery Wastes Joseph M.Wong and Yung-Tse Hung Treatment of Metal Finishing Wastes Olcay Tünay, Işik Kabdaşh, and Yung-Tse Hung Treatment of Photographic Processing Wastes Thomas W.Bober, Dominick Vacco, Thomas J.Dagon, and Harvey E.Fowler Treatment of Soap and Detergent Industry Wastes Constantine Yapijakis and Lawrence K.Wang Treatment of Textile Wastes Thomas Bechtold, Eduard Burtscher, and Yung-Tse Hung Treatment of Phosphate Industry Wastes Constantine Yapijakis and Lawrence K.Wang 10 Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes Suresh Sumathi and Yung-Tse Hung 11 In-Plant Management and Disposal of Industrial Hazardous Substances Lawrence K.Wang 12 Application of Biotechnology for Industrial Waste Treatment Joo-Hwa Tay, Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay, Volodymyr Ivanov, and Yung-Tse Hung 17 71 144 217 297 353 400 441 495 544 624 13 Treatment of Dairy Processing Wastewaters Trevor J.Britz, Carné van Schalkwyk, and Yung-Tse Hung 14 Seafood Processing Wastewater Treatment Joo-Hwa Tay, Kuan-Yeow Show, and Yung-Tse Hung 15 Treatment of Meat Wastes Charles J.Banks and Zhengjian Wang 16 Treatment of Palm Oil Wastewaters Mohd Ali Hassan, Shahrakbah Yacob, Yoshihito Shirai, and Yung-Tse Hung 17 Olive Oil Waste Treatment Adel Awad, Hana Salman, and Yung-Tse Hung 18 Potato Wastewater Treatment Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H.Lo, Adel Awad, and Hana Salman 19 Stormwater Management and Treatment Constantine Yapijakis, Robert Leo Trotta, Chein-Chi Chang, and Lawrence K.Wang 20 Site Remediation and Groundwater Decontamination Lawrence K.Wang 21 Pollution Prevention J.Paul Chen, Thomas T.Shen, Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K.Wang 22 Treatment of Pesticide Industry Wastes Joseph M.Wong 23 Livestock Waste Treatment J.Paul Chen, Shuaiwen Zou, Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K.Wang 24 Soft Drink Waste Treatment J.Paul Chen, Swee-Song Seng, and Yung-Tse Hung 25 Bakery Waste Treatment J.Paul Chen, Lei Yang, Renbi Bai, and Yung-Tse Hung 26 Explosive Waste Treatment J.Paul Chen, Shuaiwen Zou, Simo Olavi Pehkonen, Yung-Tse Hung, and Lawrence K.Wang 27 Food Waste Treatment Masao Ukita, Tsuyoshi Imai, and Yung-Tse Hung 28 Treatment of Landfill Leachate Michal Bodzek, Joanna Surmacz-Gorska, and Yung-Tse Hung 29 On-Site Monitoring and Analysis of Industrial Pollutants Jerry R.Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li 30 Treatment of Rubber Industry Wastes Jerry R.Taricska, Lawrence K.Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Joo-Hwa Tay, and Kathleen Hung Li 31 Treatment of Timber Industry Wastes Lawrence K.Wang 661 694 738 776 798 882 940 998 1053 1091 1142 1171 1189 1209 1223 1257 1321 1348 1382 32 Treatment of Power Industry Wastes Lawrence K.Wang 1405 Index 1447 Index 1462 Microbial aggregates, 585, 615 Microbial community, 614 Microbial tests, 18 Microorganisms, 530 Microstraining, 904, 1323 Migration pathway, 962 Mineralization, 962 Mixed fertilizer, 431 Monitoring, 1209–1231 air pollutants, VOC, 1226 automated headspace sampler, 1223 direct injection-auger, 1222 direct injection-stopper, 1221 downhole profiler, 1222 fiber optic chemical sensor, 1217 field screening analysis, 1211 headspace techniques for VOC, 1222 HNU, 1224 immunoassays, 1214 industrial hygiene samplers, 1220 ion detector, 1223 mini-barrel sampler, 1220 mobile GC, 1224 multiple headspace extraction, 1225 one-liter syringe, 1220 organic vapor analyzer, 1223 perforated tube, 1221 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 1228 QA/QC, 1210 soil gas sampling, 1219 tenax tubes, 1221 x-ray fluorescence, 1213 MSDS (material safety data sheet), 563 Mycotic system, 505 NAPL (nonaqueous phase liquid), 962, 944 Natural attenuation, 927, 955, 962 Natural dilution, 962 Natural flushing, 955, 962 Nebulatization reactor, 955 Neutralization, 343, 348, 1039, 1321 Neutralization, sulfuric acid esters and sulfonic acid, 343, 348 Nitrate, 530 Nitrogen oxides, 523 Noise hazards, 522 Nonaqueous phase liquid, definition, 962 Nonionic surfactant, 324, 371 Non-point source pollution, storm water, 887, 897, 898 Normal superphosphate, 431 Nutrients, 611 Index 1463 Odor control, 1264 Offsite treatment, 925, 962 Oil, definition, 962 Oil drilling, 131 Oil production, 131 Oil refining, 133 Oilfield waste treatment, 167 Oilfield wastes, 131, 150 Oil-water separation, 1279 Oily wastes, 371 Oily wastewater, 243 Oleum sulfonation/sulfation, surfactant, 341–342 Olive oil mill technology, 738 Olive oil waste, 737, 796–801 characteristics, 740 composition, 740 effect, 746 environmental risk, 745 livestock feeding, 791 ocean outfalls, 792 treatment, 737, 747–789, 796 adsorption, 783 aerobic treatment, 750 anaerobic, 756 biofiltration and ultrafiltration, 785 bioremediation and composting, 789 biotechnological processes, 796 case studies, 753–789, 798, 801 chemical processes, 801 combined biological treatment processes, 766 decolorization, 779 [Olive oil waste] design example, 744, 802, 806 economy, 804 electrolysis, 788 evaporation/drying, 787 fluidized/moving bed, 797 fungal, 778 low cost primitive methods, 748 municipal wastewater treatment plant 750 on-site 766 physical processes, 797 precipitation and flocculation, 782 wet air oxidation and ozonation, 773 Olive oil wastewater (MOW), 740 Onsite treatment, 925, 962 Overland flow treatment, 912 Oxidation definition, 962 lagoon, 1279 wet air, 1046 Index 1464 Oxidation ditch, 81 Oxidation/reduction, 294 Oxidizer, 962 Oxygen deficiency hazards, 520 Oxygen radicals, 612 Oxygen supply, 612 Ozone, 524 Ozone oxidation, 240 PAC, 1042 Palm oil mill effluent (POME), 724–733 biological hydrogen production, 732 biological treatment, 723, 724 closed digester, 731 compost, 731 evaporation technology, 730 extended aeration, 727 future trend, 733 high technology bioreactor, 731 open digester and pond systems, 725 organic acid production, 732 polyhydroxyalkanoates, 732 pond system, 725 potential technologies, 730 pretreatment, 724 properties, 723 sequencing batch rector, 733 wastewater treatment systems, 724 Palm oil refinery effluent (PORE), 727 chemical properties, 728 treatment, 730 activated sludge system, 730 [Palm oil refinery effluent (PORE)] pretreatment, 730 wastewater treatment systems, 730 Palm oil wastewaters, 719 Paper mill wastes, 469 Paper wastewater treatment, 486 PCB, 526, 531, 536, 924, 929, 962 PCB-containing transformer, 924 PEP, propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics, 1114 Peroxide treatment, 76 Pesticide industry dry formulation units, 1015, 1016 effluent guidelines, 1023–1027 environmental regulations, 1023 halogenated aliphatic acids, 1007, 1009 industrial description, 1005–1007, 1017 liquid formulation units, 1013, 1014 metallo-organic pesticides, 1011, 1012 Index nitro compounds, 1007, 1010 packaging, 1015, 1022 pesticide formulating/packaging, 1013 pesticide storage, 1015 pesticides and ingredients, 1028–1030 pretreatment, 1025 source control, 1028, 1031 steam stripping, 1031 US pesticide manufacturers, 1006 wastewater, 1015–1022 Pesticides, 525, 530, 915 Petroleum contaminated soil, 535 Petroleum refinery, runoff management, 913 pH adjustment, 626, 927, 949 Pharmaceutical plant design, 99 Pharmaceutical waste, 63 Pharmaceutical wastewater, parameters, 71 treatment, 73 Phosphate, 423–428 ammonium, 431 fertilizer, 427, 429, 431, 455 mining, 453 recovery, 461 removal, 447 rock grinding, 427 sodium, 427–428 Phosphate industry, 415–467 boiler blowdown waste, 436 categorization, 419 condenser wastes, 436 cooling water, 435 effluent limitations, 438–442 environmental impact, 436 fertilizer manufacture, 437, 445 [Phosphate industry] manufacture, 420 phosphate mining, 418 phosphate ores, 416 phosphate rock deposits, 416 raw material sources, 415 wastewater treatment, 444–464 wastewater, 432–436 Phosphate rock grinding, 427 Phosphoric acid clarification, 431 concentration, 431 defluorinated, 423, 426 production, 449, 452, 456 phosphoric acid concentration, 431 wet process, 427, 430 1465 Index 1466 Phosphorus consuming, 421 flow diagram, 422 furnace wastes, 454 poduction, 421, 442–444, 449, 454 process, 275 Photographic waste, 562, 564, 565 Photoprocessing waste, 288, 281 Physicochemical parameters, 648 Physicochemical treatment, 74, 486, 1068, 1118–1119 ex-situ, 1119 in-situ, 1118 Plant tests, 28 Plating bath, 257 Point source pollution, 887, 893 Pollution control, 531, 975, 976 laws and regulations, 979–982 prevention, 7, 197, 253, 531, 640, 875, 900, 971–1004 feasibility analysis, 982–986 incentives, 1001 industrial applications, 989–1004 motivation and concept, 974 technologies, 977 product substitution, 995 project implementation, 986–989 reduction, 483 systematic analysis, 1001 storm water, 887–898 timber waste, 1269 Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 526 Polymeric adsorption, 953, 954 Polymerization, 142 Potable water treatment plant, Potato processing, 811–812 Potato processing waste by-product usage, 865 cattle feed, 866 case studies, 822 characteristics, 820 potato pulp use, 867 treatment activated sludge, 827, 843, 846 activated sludge/carbon, 843 advanced, 862 anaerobic digestion, 843, 851 anaerobic filter/biological activated carbon, 843 bioaugmentation, 843 case studies, 840 engineered natural systems, 840 Index 1467 equalization, 834 expanded granular sludge-bed (EGSB), 851 in-plant treatment, 828 natural treatment system, 840 neutralization, 834 powdered activated carbon, 843 pretreatment, 831 primary treatment, 831 reed beds, 840 rotating biological contactors (RBC), 848 secondary treatment, 836 upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), 851 wetland treatment, 842 Potato wastewater, 811 POTW (publicly owned treatment works), 954, 963 Powdered activated carbon, PAC, 1042 Powdered activated carbon, 79 Power industry, 1289–1330 air preheater washing, 1294, 1318 ash from coal fired plants, 1292 ash from oil fired plants, 1292 ash pile, chemical handling and runoff, 1294 ash pond overflow, 1309, 1325, 1326, 1329 ash transport water and waste, 1291, 1308 boiler blowdown, 1292, 1312, 1316 boiler fireside washing, 1294 boiler tube cleaning, 1293, 1315 chemical treatment, 1298 coal pile runoff, 1294, 1318 cooling water, 1297 demineralizer regenerant, 1313 industry description, 1289 metal cleaning wastes, 1293–1294, 1319 once-through cooling water, 1291, 1300, 1325, 1326 [Power industry] recirculating cooling water, 1291, 1304, 1325 steam electric power generation plant, 1296, 1313 wastewater characterization, 1295–13418 wet flue gas cleaning blowdown, 1294, 1318 Precipitation, chemical, 571–572 Pressure filtration, 1324 Primary treatment, 652 Printed circuit board, 10 Priority pollutants, 530 Process substitution, 7, 962, 995 Processed potato, 813 types, 813 Produced water treatment, 167 Propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics (PEP), 1114 Protein fibers, 385 Protein recycle, Index 1468 Protozoa, 25 Pulp bleaching, 480 Pulping liquors, 476, 478 Pulping process, 472 Pump-and-treat technology, 962 Pure culture, 614 Pyrolysis, 934, 962, 964 Radionuclides, 530 Radon, 524 RBC (rotating biological contactor), 1084 RCRA, 924 RDF (refuse derived fuel), 963 RDX (royal demolition explosives), 1114–1116, 1121–1122 Reactive waste, 963 Recycling, 963 carbon dioxide, 11 chrome, copper, 10 detergent manufacturing wastewater, 365 fiber, hazardous waste, 576 phosphate, 461 protein, rubber, 1253, 1263 silver, 568 timber industry effluent, 1281 wastewater, water, Reduction/oxidation, 609 Refined bleached de-odorized palm oil (RBDPO) production, 722 Refinery solids, 157 Refinery waste treatment, 172 Refinery wastes, 131 Refinery wastewater, 152 Refuse derived fuel (RDF), 963 Regeneration, 307 Release, 963 Remediation, explosive waste, 1113–1124 Remediation, site, 923–929 Resin adsorption (polymeric adsorption), 953, 1036 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 924, 1027 Resource recovery, 963, 1000 Respirable particles, 526 Retention basins, storm water, 886 Reverse osmosis, 237, 366, 998, 1187, 1189, 1200, 1312, 1322 Rinsing, 263 Rotating biological contactors (RBC), 184, 848, 850 Route of exposure, 963 Royal demolition explosives (RDX), 1114–1116, 1121–1122 Rubber industry, 1233–1268 Index 1469 biological treatment, 1267 effluent limitations for BPT, 1235 emulsion crumb rubber production, 1255–1257, 1263, 1264 industry description, 1233 latex-dipped, extruded and molded goods, 1240, 1253 latex foam, 1240, 1254 latex rubber production, 1238, 1252, 1253, 1259 molding, extruding and fabricating, 1238, 1252 pan, dry digestion and mechanical reclaimed rubber, 1239, 1255, 1261, 1266 rubber reclamation, 1253, 1263 solution crumb rubber production, 1237, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1258–1260, 1265 tire and inner tube manufacturing, 1234, 1240–1250, 1259 wastewater characterization, 1240 wastewater treatment, 1255 Safety hazards, 520 Sampling, 652 Sand bed drying, 1324 Sanitary sewer overflows (SSO), 918 Saturated zone sparging, 936 SBR (sequencing batch reactor), 368, 464, 945, 956, 963, 1041, 1065, 1083 aerobic, 1083 [SBR] anaerobic, 1065 definition, 963 Screening, 626, 1075, 1323 Scrubbing, soil, 964 Seafood processing, 647, 676 process flow diagram, 677 wastewater, 647–652 nitrogen and phosphorus, 651 organic content, 649 physicochemical parameters, 648 sampling, 652 Seafood processing wastewater treatment, 647 aerated lagoon, 663 aerobic, 660 anaerobic digester, 667 anaerobic treatment, 667 biological treatment, 659 chlorination, 672 coagulation/flocculation, 670 disinfection, 672 economic consideration, 678 electrocoagulation, 671 flotation, 657 flow equalization, 656 Imhoff tank, 669 land disposal, 674 oil, grease separation, 657 Index 1470 ozonation, 673 physicochemical treatment, 670 polishing ponds, 664 primary treatment, 652 rotating biological contactors (RBC), 666 screening, 653 sedimentation, 654 stabilization ponds, 664 trickling filter, 664 ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 674 Secondary biological treatment, 288 Sedimentation, 6, 363 Segregation and pretreatment, 173 Selenium, 529 Separation methods, 296 Sequencing batch reactor (SBR), 368, 464, 1041, 1065, 1083, 1097 Settling, 6, 363 Sewer discharge, 927, 963 Shipping/transporting hazardous wastes, 549, 551, 574, 578 Silver, 529 Silver recovery, 299 Site, definition, 963 Site remediation, 923–969 Sizing-desizing, 389 Sludge disposal, 639 Slurry bioreactor, 946, 963 Small quantity generator (SQG), 548–549, 553, 559 accumulation limits, 549, 560 government regulations, 561 record keeping, 561 registration, 560 SO3 solvent and vacuum sulfonation, surfactant, 343, 345 Soap bar, 339–341 industry, 323 liquid, 340–341 manufacture, 331–332, 335–341 waste, 332 Soap and detergent industry, 323–378 categorization, 358 Colgate-Palmolive plant, 369 combined waste treatment, 370 effluent limitations, 358–364 in-plant control and recycle, 359 wastewater treatment, 361–374 wastewater, 349, 355–357 Sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, 373–374 Soft drink industry, 1077–1091 biological treatment, 1082 carbonated soft drinks, 1077 Index carbonation, 1080 manufacture, 1081 soft drink composition, 1078, 1079 waste characteristics, 1082, 1083 Soil scrubbing, 964 Soil surfactant washing, 963 Soil vacuum extraction (SVE), 929, 930, 936, 963 Soil vapor stripping (SVS), 927, 929, 964 Soil venting (SV), 964 Soil washing (soil scrubbing), 927, 941, 964 Solar evaporation, 1281 Solid waste, timber industry, 1270 Solidification, 927, 928, 964 Solid-liquid separation, 1060, 1323 Solution carryover and replenishment, 280 Solution regeneration, 307 Solvent alternative technology, 999 Solvent refining, 144 Sour water stripping, 174 Source reduction, definition, 964 Spent bleach liquors, 481 Spent caustics treatment, 175 Spent pulping liquors, 476 Spill prevention, 900 Spray irrigation, 1279 Spray-dried detergent, 343, 350 SQG (see Small quantity generator) Stabilization, 927, 928, 964 Stabilizers, 280 Standard industrial classification (SIC), 562, 564 Starch manufacturing plant, Starved air combustion (SAC), 933, 964 Steam stripping, 964 Steel factory, Stop bath, 277 Storage above-ground tanks (AST), 555, 1059 definition, 964 livestock waste, 1057–1058 material, 9909 pesticide, 1015 tanks, leak testing, 556–557 underground tanks (UST), 553, 554, 1059 Storm water best management practices (BMP), 875 construction general permit, 875 cross connections, 900 design considerations, 880 drainage basin sediment production, 890 erosion, scouring and sedimentation, 889 federal regulations, 874, 1471 Index 1472 hydrologic considerations, 876 individual permit, 875 management, 873–902 multisector general permit, 874 nonpoint source pollution, 887, 897, 898 offsite treatment, 901–902 onsite treatment, 901 overland flow routing, 879 point source pollution, 887, 893 pollution prevention plan (SP3), 875 pollution, 887–898, rational formula, 881 retention basins, 886 SCS TR-55 method, 882 site planning, 899 spill prevention and control, 900 storage/retention, 899 surface runoff, 877 treatment, 902–919 unit hydrograph, 883 universal soil loss, 890 urban runoff models, 885 volume/rate reduction, 899 water quality models, 888 Stripping enhanced, 961, 964 hot air, 961 in situ hot air enhanced, 935 soil vapor, 929 steam enhanced, 935 vadose zone vapor, 936 soil vapor, 964 steam, 964 vacuum, 964 vapor, 966 Submarine outfalls, 794 Substantial hazard, 964 Subsurface ventilation, 964 Subsurface volatilization, 964 Subsurface volatilization and ventilation system (SWS), 937 Sulfamic acid sulfation, surfactant, 343, 346 Sulfide, Sulfide precipitation, 305, 306, 571–572 Sulfur black dyeing, Sulfur dioxide, 524 Sulfuric acid, 431 Sulfuric acid esters and sulfonic acid, neutralization, 343, 348 Supercritical extraction, 996 Superfund, 924 (see also CERCLA) Index 1473 Surface active agent, (see also Surfactant) Surface runoff, 877 Surfactants air-SO3 sulfation/sulfonation, 343, 344 amphoteric, 324 anionic, 324 cationic, 324 chlorosulfonic acid sulfation, 343, 347 classification, 323 definition, 964 environmental impact, 325 manufacture, 341–343 nonionic, 324 oleum sulfonation/sulfation, 341–342 solution, 964 SO3 solvent and vacuum sulfonation, 343, 345 sulfamic acid sulfation, 343, 346 Sustainable, definition, 964 Sustainable agriculture, SVE, see soil vacuum extraction, 963 SVOC, 964 SVS, 964 Swine waste treatment, 1072 Synthetic organic chemical plant, 65 Tannery, TCE, trichloroethene, 964 TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure), 924, 929, 940–942, 964 Textile finishing, 403 Textile industry, Textile printing, 401 Textile wastes, 379 Thermal cracking, 140 Thermal desorption, 931, 962, 964 definition, 964 ex situ low-temperature, 931 ex situ microwave, 932 ex situ radio-frequency, 932 ex situ rotary dryer, 931 in situ low-temperature, 931 thermal incineration, 927, 933, 961, 964 Thermal evaporation, 1279 Thermal extraction, 935, 1231 Thermal gasification, 964 Thickening, 1323 Threat of release, 964 Three-stage crude distillation, 138 Timber industry, 1269–1287 air pollution, 1270 Index 1474 Boulton subcategory, 1276–1278 cleaner production, 1271 hardboard manufacturing, 1273, 1278, 1280, 1283, 1287 industry description, 1271 insulation board manufacturing, 1272, 1274, 1281, 1284 solid waste, 1270 streaming subcategory, 1275, 1277 toxic pollutants, 1272, 1275, 1287 wastewater characteristics, 1274–1279 wastewater treatment, 1279–1287 water pollution, 1269 wood preserving, 1271, 1274, 1279, 1282 TMT precipitation, 305 TNT (2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene), 1114–1116, 1118 Tobacco smoke, 526 Total threshold limit concentration (TTLC), 517 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), 924, 929, 940–942 Toxicity control, 41 Transformer, PCB-containing, 924 Treatability, 964 Treatment end-of-pipe, 959 ex situ, 925 in situ, 925 KPEG, 961 [Treatment] offsite, 925, 962 onsite, 925, 962 wetland, 462 Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF), 924 Trench, 955, 964 Trenching, 927, 964 Trichloroethene (TCE), 964 Trickling filter, 81, 183 Triple superphosphate, 431 TSDF (treatment, storage, and disposal facility), 924 TTLC, 517–518 Two-stage biological system, 85 UASB, 855, 856, 858, 1066, 1085 Ultrafiltration, 998 Ultraviolet, 950, 964, 1036 Underground storage tank (UST), 553, 554, 943, 1059 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), 964 Unit hydrograph, 883 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), 855, 856, 858, 1066, 1085 Urban runoff models, 885 US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 964 UST (underground storage tanks), 943 Utility functions, 149 Index 1475 UV, ultraviolet, 964 UV oxidation, 950, 951, 1121 Vacuum extraction (VE), 966 Vacuum filtration, 1324 Vacuum stripping, 964 Vadose zone, 935, 966 Vapor, 964 Vapor phase bioreactor, 943, 958 Vapor pressure, definition, 964 Vapor stripping, 966 Vaporization, 964 Very small quantity generator (VSQG), 548–549, 559–576 accumulation limits, 549, 560 medical waste, 562 photographic waste, 562, 565 record keeping, 560 registration, 559 self-transport, 559 treatment and disposal, 559 Vessel, 966 Vinyl chloride, 944 Vitrification, 966 VOC (volatile organic compound), 966 Volatile compounds, 966 Volatile organic compound (VOC), 525, 1222 Volume reduction, 966 Vortex regulator and swirl concentrator, 904 VSQG (see Very small quantity generator) Washes, 279 Waste accumulation, 553–559 Waste derived fuel (WDF), 10, 576, 966 Waste exchange, 966 Waste gas, 506 Waste minimization, 7, 693, 966, 1000, 1047 Waste oil, 549, 550, 553, 966 Waste recovery, 72 Waste reduction, 966 Waste storage, 552 Wastewater recycle, Water recycle, Water table, 936, 966 Waterborne contaminants, 528 Wet air oxidation, 774, 775, 1046 Wet process, phosphoric acid, 427 Wetland treatment, 462 Wool, 385 XAC, explosives-associated compounds, 1114 Index Zero discharge, 7, 8, 966 Zero emission, 7, 966 1476 .. .Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment Handbook of Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment Second Edition, Revised and Expanded edited by Lawrence K.Wang Zorex... effects in which the Handbook of industrial and hazardous wastes treatment 18 bioavailability of the compounds of interest is integrated with the concentration of the compounds and their intrinsic... environmentally favorable strategies for Handbook of industrial and hazardous wastes treatment manufacturing Industrial ecology (IE) is now a branch of systems science for sustainability, or a framework