Emerging Technologies for Semantic Work Environments: Techniques, Methods, and Applications Jörg Rech Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, Germany Björn Decker empolis GmbH–Part of Arvato: A Bertelsmann Company, Germany Eric Ras Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, Germany InformatIon scIence reference Hershey • New York Acquisitions Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Assistant Managing Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Kristin Roth Jennifer Neidig Jamie Snavely Carole Coulson Jeannie Porter Michael Brehm Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2008 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emerging technologies for semantic work environments : techniques, methods, and applications / Jorg Rech, Bjorn Decker and Eric Ras, editors p cm Summary: "This book describes an overview of the emerging field of Semantic Work Environments by combining various research studies and underlining the similarities between different processes, issues and approaches in order to provide the reader with techniques, methods, and applications of the study" Provided by publisher ISBN-13: 978-1-59904-877-2 (hbk.) ISBN-13: 978-1-59904-878-9 (e-book) Semantic Web Semantic networks (Information theory) Information technology Management I Rech, Jorg II Decker, Bjorn III Ras, Eric TK5105.88815.E44 2008 658.4'038 dc22 2007042680 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book set is original material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication Table of Contents Foreword xiv Preface xvi Acknowledgment xxiii Section I Introduction Chapter I Enabling Social Semantic Collaboration: Bridging the Gap Between Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web Sören Auer, University of Pennsylvania, USA Zachary G Ives, University of Pennsylvania, USA Chapter II Communication Systems for Semantic Work Environments 16 Thomas Franz, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Sergej Sizov, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Chapter III Semantic Social Software: Semantically Enabled Social Software or Socially Enabled Semantic Web? 33 Sebastian Schaffert, Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft, Austria Section II Semantic Work Environment Tools Chapter IV SWiM: A Semantic Wiki for Mathematical Knowledge Management 47 Christoph Lange, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Michael Kohlhase, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Chapter V CoolWikNews: More than Meet the Eye in the 21st Century Journalism 69 Damaris Fuentes-Lorenzo, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain Juan Miguel Gómez, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain Ángel García Crespo, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain Chapter VI Improved Experience Transfer by Semantic Work Support 84 Roar Fjellheim, Computas AS, Norway David Norheim, Computas AS, Norway Chapter VII A Semi-Automatic Semantic Annotation and Authoring Tool for a Library Help Desk Service 100 Antti Vehviläinen, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Finland Eero Hyvönen, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) and University of Helsinki, Finland Olli Alm, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Finland Chapter VIII A Wiki on the Semantic Web 115 Michel Buffa, Mainline, I3S Lab, France Guillaume Erétéo, Edelweiss, INRIA, France Fabien Gandon, Edelweiss, INRIA, France Chapter IX Personal Knowledge Management with Semantic Technologies 138 Max Völkel, Forschungszentrum Informatik (FZI) Karlsruhe, Germany Sebastian Schaffert, Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Austria Eyal Oren, Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI), Ireland Chapter X DeepaMehta: Another Computer is Possible 154 Jörg Richter, DeepaMehta Company, Germany Jurij Poelchau, fx-Institute, Germany Section III Methods for Semantic Work Environments Chapter XI Added-Value: Getting People into Semantic Work Environments 181 Andrea Kohlhase, Jacobs University Bremen and DFKI Bremen, Germany Normen Müller, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Chapter XII Enabling Learning on Demand in Semantic Work Environments: The Learning in Process Approach 202 Andreas Schmidt, FZI Research Center for Information Technologies, Germany Section IV Techniques for Semantic Work Environments Chapter XIII Automatic Acquisition of Semantics from Text for Semantic Work Environments 217 Maria Ruiz-Casado, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Enrique Alfonseca, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Pablo Castells, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain Chapter XIV Technologies for Semantic Project-Driven Work Environments 245 Bernhard Schandl, University of Vienna, Austria Ross King, Austrian Research Centers GmbH (ARC) Research Studios, Austria Niko Popitsch, Austrian Research Centers GmbH (ARC) Research Studios, Austria Brigitte Rauter, P.Solutions Informationstechnologie GmbH, Austria Martin Povazay, P.Solutions Informationstechnologie GmbH, Austria Chapter XV An Integrated Formal Approach to Semantic Work Environments Design 262 Hai H Wang, University of Southampton, UK Jin Song Dong, National University of Singapore, Singapore Jing Sun, University of Auckland, New Zealand Terry R Payne, University of Southampton, UK Nicholas Gibbins, University of Southampton, UK Yuan Fang Li, National University of Singapore, Singapore Jeff Pan, University of Aberdeen, UK Chapter XVI Lightweight Data Modeling in RDF 281 Axel Rauschmayer, University of Munich, Germany Malte Kiesel, DFKI, Germany Compilation of References 313 About the Contributors 337 Index 346 Detailed Table of Contents Foreword xiv Preface xvi Acknowledgment xxiii Section I Introduction This section will help the reader to learn about the most common technologies and to be able to classify these technologies In addition, the reader will get a better understanding of why certain decisions about the usage of technologies have been made in the chapters of the subsequent sections These chapters give an introduction to technologies that can be used to develop semantic work environments (SWE) and present several R&D projects in which different technologies and related tools have been developed The authors compare these technologies using characteristics such as collaboration, communication, and so forth, and provide the reader with an overview of fundamental building blocks as well as development requirements for SWE development Chapter I Enabling Social Semantic Collaboration: Bridging the Gap Between Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web Sören Auer, University of Pennsylvania, USA Zachary G Ives, University of Pennsylvania, USA Sören Auer and Zachary Ives introduce the interrelation between two trends that semantic work environments rely on: Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web Both approaches aim at integrating distributed data and information to provide enhanced search, ranking, browsing, and navigation facilities for SWEs They present several research projects to show how both fields can lead to synergies for developing knowledge bases for the Semantic Web Chapter II Communication Systems for Semantic Work Environments 16 Thomas Franz, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Sergej Sizov, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Thomas Franz and Sergej Sizov point out that communication is one of the main tasks of a knowledge worker, as it denotes the exchange of information and the transfer of knowledge, making it vital for any collaborative human work The authors introduce different communication systems to indicate their different utilization and role in knowledge work They present requirements on communication for SWEs and compare conventional communication tools and channels with these requirements After presenting research work that contributes to the communication of knowledge work, they conclude with a visionary scenario about communication tools for future SWEs Chapter III Semantic Social Software: Semantically Enabled Social Software or Socially Enabled Semantic Web? 33 Sebastian Schaffert, Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft, Austria Sebastian Schaffert continues the discussion of the synergies between Web 2.0/social web and the Semantic Web He introduces two perspectives on how Semantic Social Software can be reached: One perspective is semantically enabled social software, that is, the usage of semantic metadata to enhance existing social software The other perspective is a socially enabled Semantic Web, which means the usage of Social Software to create semantic metadata Three examplary applications of semantic social software (i.e., Semantic Wikis, Semantic Weblogs, and e-portfolios) are provided by the author for deriving outstanding aspects of Semantic Social Software Section II Semantic Work Environment Tools This section provides seven chapters that are more related to concrete realizations of SWEs—tools developed to support work environments and personal activities using semantic technologies These tools come from very different application domains such as oil drilling, journalism, and library help desk services, and motivate many application scenarios that exist for semantic work environments The chapters further extend the overview of technologies already provided in Section I Concrete architectures and platforms are presented for developing SWEs such as Semantic Wikis, Semantic Personal Knowledge Management systems, and Semantic Desktops Several chapters also elaborate on the topics of authoring and annotating content, refer to inference technologies such as case-based reasoning, or present visualization approaches to support the tagging, linking, or presentation of content in SWEs Chapter IV SWiM: A Semantic Wiki for Mathematical Knowledge Management 47 Christoph Lange, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Michael Kohlhase, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Christoph Lange and Michael Kohlhase present SWiM, a semantic Wiki for collaboratively building, editing, and browsing mathematical knowledge In this Wiki, the regular Wiki markup is replaced by a markup format and ontology language for mathematical documents SWiM represents a social semantic work environment, which facilitates the creation of a shared collection of mathematical knowledge Chapter V CoolWikNews: More than Meet the Eye in the 21st Century Journalism 69 Damaris Fuentes-Lorenzo, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain Juan Miguel Gómez, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain Ángel García Crespo, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain Damaris Fuentes Lorenzo, Juan Miguel Gómez, and Ángel García Crespo describe a semantic work environment for the collaborative creation of news articles, thus building a basis for citizen journalism Articles “within” this Wiki can be annotated using ontological metadata This metadata is then used to reward users in terms of advanced browsing and searching the newspapers and newspaper archives, in particular finding similar articles Faceted metadata and graphical visualizations help the user to find more accurate information and semantic related data when it is needed The authors state that the Wiki architecture is domain-independent and can be used for other domains apart from news publishing Chapter VI Improved Experience Transfer by Semantic Work Support 84 Roar Fjellheim, Computas AS, Norway David Norheim, Computas AS, Norway Roar Fjellheim and David Norheim describe the Active Knowledge Support for Integrated Operations (AKSIO) system that supports the experience transfer in operations of offshore oilfields AKSIO is an example of a SWE that provides information in a timely and context-aware manner Experience reports are processed and annotated by experts and linked to various resources and specialized knowledge networks The authors demonstrate how Semantic Web technology is an effective enabler of improved knowledge management processes in corporate environments Chapter VII A 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(2006) W3C GRDDL working group Retrieved March 4, 2008, from http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/grddl-wg/ Xiao, H., & Cruz, I (2006) Application design and interoperability for managing personal information in the semantic desktop In Proceedings of the Semantic Desktop and Social Semantic Collaboration Workshop (SemDesk 2006), at the 5th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2006): Vol 202 Athens, Georgia, USA Yarowsky, D (1992) Word-sense disambiguation using statistical models of Roget’s categories trained on large corpora In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics COLING (pp 454-460) Yee, K.-P., Swearingen, K., Li, K., & Hearst, M (2003) Faceted metadata for image search and browsing In CHI Yoon, Y., & Acree, A.D (1993) Development of a casebased expert system: application to a service coordination problem Expert Systems with Applications, 6, 77-85 Zave, P., & Jackson, M (1997) Four dark corners of requirements engineering ACM Trans Software Engineering and Methodology, 6(1), 1-30 Zhang, J., & Van Alstyne, M W (2004) SWIM: Fostering social network based information search In CHI Extended Abstracts (pp 1568)  Compilation of References Zinn, C (2006, November) Bootstrapping a semantic wiki application for learning mathematics In Y Sure & S Schaffert (Eds.), Proceedings of semantics 2006: From visions to applications: Semantics – the new paradigm shift in IT (pp 255-260) Vienna, Austria  Zucanu, D., Li, Y F., & Dong, J S (2006) Semantic Web languages - towards an institutional perspective In Futatsugi, Jouannaud, & Meseguer (Eds), Algebra, meaning, and computation: A festschrift in honor of Prof Joseph Goguen Springer-Verlag (LNCS 4060, pp 99-123)  About the Contributors Jörg Rech is a project manager and senior scientist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) in Kaiserslautern, Germany He received the BS (Vordiplom) and the MS (Diplom) in computer science with a minor in electrical science from the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany His research mainly concerns software antipatterns, software patterns, defect discovery, software mining, software retrieval, automated software reuse, software analysis, and knowledge management He is also the speaker of the GI working group on architectural and design patterns Contact him at joerg rech@iese.fraunhofer.de Björn Decker is a solution engineer for semantically enabled knowledge management solutions at empolis GmbH, part of avarto, a Bertelsmann company Before that occupation, he was a project manager and scientist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) in Kaiserslautern, Germany He received the BS (Vordiplom) and the MS (Diplom) in computer science from the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany His research interests are experience management, in particular the collaborative maintenance of online repositories and usage of social software He is a trainer concerning the usage of Wikis in software engineering companies and scientific writing He organizes and is PC member of different workshops and conferences in the domain of software engineering, semantic Wikis, and experience management Contact him at bjoern.decker@gmail.com Eric Ras is a senior scientist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) in Kaiserslautern, Germany He received the BS (Vordiplom) and the MS (Diplom) in computer science from the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany His research interests are learning material production, vocational training methods, software patterns, and experience management Eric Ras is scientific coordinator of the international distance learning program Software Engineering for Embedded Systems at the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany He organized and is PC member of different workshops and conferences in the domain of software engineering, e-learning, and knowledge management Contact him at eric.ras@iese.fraunhofer.de *** Copyright © 2008, IGI Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited About the Contributors Enrique Alfonseca is a lecturer at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid since 2001 His main research interests are natural language processing topics such as information extraction, text summarisation, sentiment analysis, parsing, semantic annotation, and application of NLP to e-learning Olli Alm is a research assistant in the Semantic Computing Research Group (SeCo) at the University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science, and at the Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Media Technology His research interests include ontology-based information extraction Klaus-Dieter Althoff is full professor at the University of Hildesheim and is directing a research group on intelligent information systems He studied mathematics with a focus on expert systems at the University of Technology at Aachen In 1992 he finished his doctoral dissertation on an architecture for knowledge-based technical diagnosis at the University of Kaiserslautern, where he also received the postdoctoral degree (Habilitation) with a thesis on the evaluation of case-based reasoning systems in 1997 He worked at the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering as group leader and department head until he went to Hildesheim in April 2004 His main interests include techniques, methods and tools for developing, operating, evaluating, and maintaining knowledge-based systems, with a focus on case-based reasoning, agent technology, experience management, and machine learning Sören Auer leads the research group Agile Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web (AKSW) at the department Business Information Systems (University of Leipzig) He studied mathematics and computer science in Dresden, Hagen and Ekaterinburg, Russia From 2000 to 2003, Sören was managing director of adVIS GmbH, a Dresden-based Internet and IT service provider In 2006 he finished his PhD thesis on agile knowledge engineering at the University of Leipzig Sören is project leader of Powl/OntoWiki, an integrated open-source, Semantic Web development framework for the scripting language PHP and founding member of the DBpedia project Sören is author of over 50 peer-reviewed scientific publications, co-organiser of several workshops and chair of the first Social Semantic Web conference Michel Buffa is an associate professor at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis He is also a researcher in the Mainline group of the I3S laboratory and conducts his research work on the Semantic Web and social networks now Currently he is a visiting scientist in the EDELWEISS/ACACIA group at INRIA Sophia-Antipolis where he works on the SweetWiki software that is used by several communities of practice María Ruiz Casado is a PhD student at the Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Her thesis topic is Ontology Learning and Population from Free Text Pablo Castells is associate professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid since 1999, where he leads and participates in several national and international projects in the areas of the semantic-based knowledge systems His current research interests are focused on information retrieval, personalisation technologies, and context modelling Ángel García Crespo is the head of the SofLab Group at the Computer Science Department in the Carlos III University and the Head of the Institute for Promotion of Innovation Pedro Juan de Lastanosa, Madrid He holds a PhD in Industrial Engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (award  About the Contributors from the Instituto J.A Artigas to the best thesis) and received an Executive MBA from the Instituto de Empresa Professor García Crespo has led and actively contributed to relevant European Projects of the FP V and VI, and also in many business cooperations He is the author of more than 100 publications in conferences, journals, and books, both Spanish and international Jin-Song Dong received both a Bachelor (1st class honors) and a PhD degree in computing from University of Queensland in 1992 and 1996 From 1995-1998, he was a research scientist at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia Since 1998 he has been in the School of Computing at the National University of Singapore (NUS), where he is currently associate professor and assistant dean He is a Steering Committee member of the International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods (ICFEM) and the Asia Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC) series Guillaume Erétéo is a graduate student engineer from the Computer Science Department of Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire de Nice Sophia-Antipolis Roar Fjellheim is a cofounder and director of business development at Computas AS, a Norwegian SME specializing in work support systems and knowledge-based systems He is also an associate professor in computer science at the University of Oslo His primary professional interests are industrial applications of semantic technology, artificial intelligence, and systems engineering Fjellheim has an engineering degree from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Trondheim) Prior to joining Computas, he held positions at The Norwegian Computing Centre (Oslo), CERN (Geneva), Det Norske Veritas (Oslo), and Innovation Norway (San Francisco) Thomas Franz is a researcher in the group for Information Systems and Semantic Web (ISWeb) at the University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany He joined ISWeb in 2005 His research interests include personal information management, Semantic Web, and knowledge representation He is involved in the European research project X-Media and has previously worked in the research center for Knowledge Management at the University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Germany Thomas holds a Masters Degree in computer science from the University of Freiburg and a diploma degree from the University of Applied Sciences, Cologne He attended the Clemson University, USA, and the Chalmers University, Sweden Fabien Gandon is a full-time researcher in Informatics and Computer Science in the EDELWEISS/ ACACIA Research team of INRIA in the Research Center of Sophia-Antipolis (France) He has a PhD in Computer Science and he is a Graduated Engineer in Applied Mathematics from INSA His professional interests include: Semantic Web, ontologies, knowledge engineering and modelling, mobility, privacy, context-awareness, Web services, and multi-agents systems His main domain of application is organizational memories (companies, communities, etc.) and knowledge management in general He also participates to W3C working groups Nicholas Gibbins is a lecturer in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton He is currently an investigator on the EU-funded TAO project, and was previously a member of the EPSRC-funded Advanced Knowledge Technologies project from 2000-2007 His research interests include open hypertext and hypermedia, large-scale multiagent systems, and the Semantic Web  About the Contributors Juan Miguel Gómez is a visiting professor at the Computer Science Department in the Carlos III University He holds a PhD in Computer Science from the Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI) at National University of Ireland, Galway and received his MSc in Telecommunications Engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) He was involved in a number of EU FP V and VI research projects and was a member of the Semantic Web Services Initiative (SWSI) His research interests include the Semantic Web, Semantic Web services, business process modeling, B2B integration, and recently, bioinformatics He has published a great number of articles in journal, conferences, and book chapters Eero Hyvönen is a professor of media technology at the Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Media Technology, and a docent of computer science at the University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science He directs the Semantic Computing Research Group (SeCo) Zachary Ives is an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania and an associated faculty member of the Penn Center for Bioinformatics He received his BS from Sonoma State University and his PhD from the University of Washington His research interests include data integration, peer-to-peer models of data sharing, processing and security of heterogeneous sensor streams, and data exchange between autonomous systems He is a recipient of the NSF CAREER award and a member of the DARPA Computer Science Study Panel Malte Kiesel has been working at DFKI Knowledge Management since 2004, participating in the SmartWeb project which focuses on making web contents available on mobile devices using Semantic Web technologies His research interests are semantic wikis and creating personalized views using both automatically and manually generated metadata He maintains the semantic wiki Kaukolu which was used in the NEPOMUK semantic desktop project Currently, Kaukolu is extended in the Mymory project for handling attention data gathered by an eyetracker The idea is to generate views on information stored in the personal wiki using context as well as attention information http://smartweb-project.org/ http://kaukoluwiki.opendfki.de/ http://nepomuk.semanticdesktop.org/ http://www.dfki.de/mymory/ Ross King received his PhD in physics from Stanford University After moving to Vienna in 1995, he migrated to the IT sector, and joined Research Studios Austria in 2002 to help found the Studio Digital Memory Engineering, where he presently serves as Head of Operations His research interests are primarily concerned with multimedia information management and retrieval Andrea Kohlhase holds a diploma in Mathematics from the Technical University Berlin After graduation, she spent 10 years in the software industry, but came back to academia via a research programmership at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh She is currently finishing her PhD studies at University Bremen (DiMeB) and works as a senior research associate at Jacobs University, Bremen Her research interest lies in the field of Human-Computer Interaction, especially semantic interaction design, with a focus on HCI in educational environments She has developed the software package “CPoint,” offering an invasive, semantic editor, and educational environment for educators as well as students in MS PowerPoint 0 About the Contributors Michael Kohlhase is professor for Computer Science at Jacobs University Bremen and Vice Director at the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Lab Bremen His current research interests include automated theorem proving and knowledge representation for mathematics, inference-based techniques for natural language processing, and computer-supported education He has pursued these interests during extended visits to Carnegie Mellon University, SRI International, and the Universities of Amsterdam and Edinburgh Michael Kohlhase is recipient of the dissertation award of the Association of German Artificial Intelligence Institutes (AKI, 1995) and of a Heisenberg stipend of the German Research Council (DFG, 2000-2003) He was a member of the Special Research Action 378 (Resource-Adaptive Cognitive Processes), leading projects on both automated theorem proving and computational linguistics Michael Kohlhase is trustee of the MKM and CALCULEMUS Conferences, a member of the W3C MathML working group and the president of the OpenMath Society Christoph Lange is a PhD student in the Smart Systems program at Jacobs University Bremen He holds a degree in computer science from the University of Trier His research interests lie in the areas of semantic and nonsemantic wikis, as well as representing and managing mathematical knowledge He is the editor of two textbooks about wikis and an active contributor to the German and English editions of Wikipedia His PhD research topic is the creation of a semantic wiki that supports scientists and learners by integrating various services, based on the SWiM prototype presented in this book Yuan Fang Li is a research fellow at the School of Computing, National University of Singapore His research interests include the Semantic Web, formal methods and software verification He received his PhD in computer science from National University of Singapore Damaris Fuentes Lorenzo holds a B.S in Technical Engineering in Computer Managements from the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and an MSc in Computer Engineering, Development of the Enterprise Information System Specialization She is enrolled in a Master of Computer Science and Technology, specialized in Software Engineering She has taken up several scholarships in both the Departments of Telematics and Computer Science of Carlos III University, involved in the latter as a research technician Her research interests include Semantic Web, ontological engineering, collaborative software and Web accessibility and usability Normen Müller is research fellow in the Smart Systems program at Jacobs University Bremen He holds a degree in Computer Science from the Technical University Darmstadt His research interests lie in mathematical foundations and logic of computer science, knowledge representation based on description logic, and document engineering, particularly management of change Based on ontology-driven management, he is currently developing the management of change software prototype “locator.” David Norheim is a principle engineer and leads Semantic Web activities at Computas AS, and heads a special interest group for the Semantic Web in the Norwegian Computer Society, and a Semantic Interoperability group in The Norwegian Foundation for E-Business and Trade Procedures He has experience with applying Semantic Web technologies for various user groups and application areas since 2001, and cofounded a Semantic Web start-up company Norheim has an engineering degree from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Trondheim) Prior to joining Computas he held positions at Joint Research Centre of European Commission (Italy), Innovation Norway (San Francisco), Asemantics (Italy), and University graduate studies at Kjeller (Oslo)  About the Contributors Eyal Oren is a PhD student and researcher at the Digital Enterprise Research Institute He has published and presented some 30 papers at international conferences and workshops His research is concerned with application development on the Semantic Web, in particular with data-driven techniques for data access, data navigation, data entry, and data discovery He is the creator and developer of ActiveRDF, BrowseRDF, and SemperWiki, and is recently working on Sindice.com, a Semantic Web lookup service See his homepage on http://www.eyaloren.org/ for more information Jeff Z Pan received the PhD in Computer Science from the University of Manchester in 2004 He is a lecturer of computing science at the University of Aberdeen, UK His main research interests lie in the design of logics and ontology languages, automated reasoning, ontology usability, and the applications of all the above (such as in the Semantic Web) He is a PC Chair of the First International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR2007) He serves as a co-editor of the Special Issue on Ontology Dynamics of the Journal of Logic and Computation, as well as a co-editor of the Special Issue on Extended Papers from 2006 Conferences of Journal of Data Semantics Jeff is very active in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), serving as a cochair the W3C Multimedia Semantics Incubator Group, as well as a co-coordinator of both the Software Engineering and the Multimedia Task Forces in the W3C Semantic Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group (2004-2006) He is also a cochair of the Fuzzy RuleML Technical Group and a member of the RuleML steering committee Terry Payne is a Lecturer within the Intelligence, Agents, Multimedia Group, at the University of Southampton He holds an MSc and PhD in Artificial Intelligence from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and is currently engaged in research on Semantic Web services, semantics for service discovery, and agent-based services To date he has published over 90 papers and articles, and in 2001 was the winner of the Semantic Web challenge He is on several Program Committees for various Agents, Services and Semantic Web conferences and chaired the 2003 AAAI Spring Symposium on Semantic Web Services, and the 2005 AAAI Fall Symposium on Agents and the Semantic Web, and was one of the co-authors of the W3C OWL-S Service Description Language Recomendation Note Jurij Poelchau was born 1963 in Berlin In 1982-1998, he studied physics, mathematics, and philosophy at the Technical University Berlin as a scientific assistant He has publications in the field of many-body quantum mechanics Since 1998, Jurij has been a researcher and consultant for sustainability strategies at Agenda-Agency Berlin (cofounder), TU Berlin, Regioconsult, and fx-Institute for Sustainable Economics (co-founder) His main field of work is to synthesize social, cultural, ecological, economic, and technological innovation Since 2007, he has been a consultant for the DeepaMehta company and is cofounder of the amina-foundation Niko Popitsch received his diploma degree in computer science from the Technical University in Vienna He gained industry experience by working several years as a software architect and developer and joined the Research Studios Austria in 2003, where he is currently involved in all facets of the METIS project His research interests lie in the area of infrastructures for contextaware multimedia applications Currently he is leading the development of the semantic wiki implementation “Ylvi” that is based on the METIS middleware  About the Contributors Martin Povazay is the managing director, founder, and owner of P.Solutions Informationstechnologien GmbH He studied business informatics and physics at University Vienna and Technical University Vienna, previously working at the Austrian Parliament and in numerous management positions such as Priority Telecom GmbH as the manager of the process management staff unit and Update Software AG as Product Manager of e-media/Web based products Since 2000, he has been involved in numerous research and development projects like FLoCiEE, PADD, and SemDAV, and has been focussed on semantic and business systems as well as the design of information systems which correspond to the human factor Axel Rauschmayer received the diploma in computer science from the University of Munich and wrote his diploma thesis in cooperation with the University of Texas at Austin He was also one of the first three technical people behind Pangora, a shopping portal company that now powers the shopping pages of a wide range of European sites (among others, AOL, T-Online, Froogle, and Lycos) Currently, he is a PhD student at the University of Munich His main research project is Hyena, an extensible integrated RDF editor whose RDF vocabulary support includes a semantic wiki, Java source code references, and declarative definitions for form-based editors that is based on the Fresnel display vocabulary http://hypergraphs.de/ Brigitte Rauter studied European Ethnology at the University of Vienna and received her Mag phil in 1997 She has additional skills in Web design and project management She has worked as an exhibition curator and project manager in several projects, for example, from 2002-2004, on an EU project “Scalex” at Technical Museum Vienna, in 2005 on an EU project “PADD,” in 2006 on a FIT-IT project, “SemDAV,” and at P.Solutions Since 2000, she has worked in IT branch as project coordinator, product marketer, and “translator” with the focus on bringing together the technical view and ideas and the users needs Jörg Richter was born in 1967 in Berlin He has developed software since 1980 He won the CHIP programming award in 1985 Between 1988 and 1995, he studied computer science (focusing on AI and software engineering) and linguistics at Technical University Berlin He was a fellow at Research Centers for Network Technologies and Multimedia Applications under Prof Rebensburg, a professional software developer in the areas of knowledge management, e-learning, and learning management, and a lead developer of artfacts.net, the world’s largest portal for modern and contemporary art Since 2005, he has been the CTO of the DeepaMehta company He won the Best-Practice awards for DeepaMehta of D21, we make IT Berlin, and Brandenburg initiatives Sebastian Schaffert is working as a senior researcher and project manager at the group for Knowledgebased Information Systems (KIS) at Salzburg Research as of August 2005 Since 2006, he has also been the scientific director of Salzburg NewMediaLab (SNML), the Austrian industry competence centre on New Media hosted by Salzburg Research SNML is carrying out industrial research in the areas of social software, semantic systems, and multimedia content management From 2001-2005, Sebastian was a research and teaching assistant at the Institute for Informatics, University of Munich, Germany He received his PhD from the University of Munich in 2004 with a dissertation entitled “Xcerpt: A RuleBased Query and Transformation Language for the WEb.” Sebastian Schaffert is engaged in research  About the Contributors on the Semantic Web, social software, e-learning, knowledge representation and knowledge-based systems, reasoning and programming languages His particular interest is currently in the combination of social software with Semantic Web technologies He is primary developer of the semantic wiki system IkeWiki In the above-mentioned areas, he has numerous publications and is member of many programme committees in international journals, conferences, and workshops Sebastian Schaffert was among other things also the initiator and coprogramme chair of the 1st Workshop “From Wiki to Semantics” that took place in Budva, Montenegro, in 2006 and of the Semantics conference series (2006 in Vienna, 2007, in Graz), which is concerned about the “Social Semantic Web” and industry-relevant research on Semantic Systems Bernhard Schandl received his diploma in economics and computer science from Technical University of Vienna and University of Vienna He worked in various companies including Siemens and Kapsch as software engineer and developer Since 2004, he has been employed as researcher at University of Vienna He worked on the METIS/Ylvi platform and in several research projects, including BRICKS and SemDAV His research interests embrace semantic multimedia systems, personal information management, and information systems usability issues Andreas Schmidt is Department Manager for the competence area Knowledge and Learning within Information Process Engineering at the FZI Research Center for Information Technologies in Karlsruhe, Germany He received his diploma in computer science from the University of Karlsruhe and was working in several national and European research projects Within the project Learning in Process where he was leading the scientific activities, he has developed a competency-oriented methodology for supporting work-integrated learning on demand His research interests include workplace learning support, competence management, context-aware services, and ontology-based techniques He is an assistant lecturer at the University of Karlsruhe and scientific coordinator of the EU Integrating Project MATURE Sergej Sizov is the research fellow in the ISWeb group (Information Systems & Semantic Web) at the University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany He holds PhD degrees in Applied Mathematics and Computer Science In the past, he held positions as researcher, project leader, and lecturer at the University of Saarland, Germany, and the Max-Planck Institute for Computer Science, Germany In his prior work, he substantially contributed to the methodology of thematically focused Web exploration, collaborative IR methods in decentralized environments, and meta methods for Web-based machine learning applications His research interests include thematically focused Web search, self-organizing folksonomies, peer-to-peer search and retrieval Jing Sun is a senior lecturer at the Department of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand He obtained his PhD degree from the Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore in March 2004 Dr Sun’s research interests include Software Engineering, Formal Methods, and Semantic Web Antti Vehviläinen was a research assistant at the Semantic Computing Research Group (SeCo) at the Laboratory of Media Technology at the Helsinki University of Technology He is currently working at Accenture Ltd in Finland  About the Contributors Max Völkel is working as a PhD student and research assistant at the Forschungzentrum für Informatik (FZI) at the Universität Karlsruhe(TH) His topics are personal knowledge management, Semantic Web infrastructure, and semantic wikis He has organized several workshops on semantic wikis (SemWiki 2006 at the ESWC, see http://semwiki.org) In the Knowledge Web Network of Excellence, he has worked on versioning RDF data and programmatic access of ontologies (RDFReactor, http://rdfreactor.semweb4j.org) He works in the EU-project NEPOMUK to build a next-generation knowledge articulation tool He is the author of a number of RDF-based tools such as RDF2Go (http://rdf2go.semweb4j.org), a triple store abstraction layer Currently he works on a Semantic Web content repository (http://swecr semweb4j.org), unifying RDF and Web 2.0 content management He is also one of the founders of the Semantic MediaWiki project (http://ontoworld.org) His recent works include management of semantic content and gradual formalization of text to structures and finally into semantic content Hai H Wang obtained Bachelor (1st class honors) and PhD degrees from the School of Computing, National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2001 and 2004 He worked as a research assistant in the School of Computing at NUS from 2001-2003 and as a research associate in the School of Computer Science at The University of Manchester from 2003-2006 Since 2006, he has been in the School of Electronics and Computer Science at The University of Southampton where he worked as a research fellow His main interests include software engineering, formal methods ontology, and Semantic Web   Index A added-value analysis (AVA) 182, 188, 189, 190, 191, 198 added-value service (AVS) 187 architecture of participation artificial intelligence (AI) 10, 34, 35, 42, 112, 137, 154, 174, 175, 176, 203, 232, 313, 322 asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 38, 77, 79, 118, 119, 121, 124, 130, 304, 307, 311, 320 Authoring Problem 183 C communicating sequential processes (CSP) 263–280, 332 communication channels 17, 18, 21, 23, 26, 265 communication systems 17, 18, 19, 25, 31, 326 competency gap 204, 206 ConneXions 181, 182, 183, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 314, 317, 322, 333 context-aware learning object 214, 325 context manager 208 CPoint 181, 182, 191, 192, 193, 194, 200, 324 Cyc AI project 154, 226 D data integration 10, 11, 108, 248, 249, 257, 260, 325 data modeling 281, 282, 283, 309, 310 DeepaMehta 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163 164, 165, 166, 154, 166, 159, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 178, 249, 331 double relativity 181, 182, 186, 187, 198 E e-portfolios 35, 37 editing meta-model (EMM) 281, 282, 283, 84, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295, 299, 303–310 editing profiles 283, 304 electronic mail (e-mail) 7, 8, 12, 15–33, 101, 140, 142, 144, 146, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 166, 171, 172, 207, 212, 220, 245, 248, 251, 253 257, 314, 315, 317, 318, 325, 326 327, 335 F folksonomies 3, 12, 115, 117, 121, 123, 127–132, 321 Fresnel display vocabulary 281 Fresnel language 14, 281, 282, 283, 285, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 299, 303, 309, 310, 311, 312, 315, 330 Fresnel lens 198, 282, 283, 285, 286, 291– 299, 303–310 G gleaning resource descriptions from dialects of languages (GRDDL) 12, 14, 56, 67, 122, 125, 130, 137, 322, 335 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index H N help desk service 100, 101, 107, 110, 112, 323 Hyena editor 307, 312 hyperlinks 35, 36, 37, 56, 60, 69, 70, 72, 73, 143, 144, 218 named entity recognition 237, 240, 243, 314, 323, 324, 333 natural language processing (NLP) 149, 218–225, 231–335 news groups 19 See mailing lists I O information extraction 14, 103, 238, 239, 240–243, 317, 320–333 information integration 2, 11, 144, 152, 248, 261, 331 instant messaging (IM) 3, 19, 25 Internet relay chat (IRC) 17, 19, 21–30, 168, 319, 321 Internet telephony 18, 21, 23 Object-Z specification language 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272, 274 oil industry 92 ontologies 2, 14, 36, 49, 50–57, 61, 73–77, 81–98, 100–137, 141, 148, 155, 162, 170, 212, 213, 230–268, 274, 277, 279, 309, 315, 320, 322, 323, 327, 328, 330 ontology, CoolOntNews 73, 77 ontology, drilling 89, 92, 94, 95, 92 ontology, Dublin Core 55, 57, 62, 73, 75, 77, 78, 94, 112, 252, 312, 323 ontology, system 47, 49, 50–64 open mathematical documents (OMDoc) 47–68, 121, 192, 193, 194, 200, 324, 327, 328, 329 operations, integrated 97, 98, 320 J journalism, citizen 71, 72, 81 journalism, participatory 71 K knowledge capture 245, 246 knowledge management (KM) 18, 20, 32–50, 65–96, 121, 138, 139, 140–160, 200–215, 243, 248, 249, 260, 313, 316, 321–335 knowledge maturity 213 knowledge workers 17, 22, 23, 24, 141, 145, 151, 157, 158, 259, 320, 323 L learning, context-steered 202–213 learning objects (LOs) 205–213 learning on demand 202–212 M mailing lists 19, 26, 27 See news groups mathematical knowledge management (MKM) 50, 51, 65, 67, 68, 200, 322, 324 metadata 1, 2, 11, 25–98, 113–137, 152, 195, 197, 208, 212, 246, 248, 249, 250–260, 303, 321, 323, 328, 335 P personal knowledge management (PKM) 138, 140 –149 personal learning environment (PLE) 212 personal semantic wikis (PSW) 147–149 Prisoner's Dilemma 181–198 Prisoner's Dilemma, Semantic 181–198 R RDFa 13, 116, 119, 122, 124, 125, 126, 130, 137, 282, 302, 303, 311, 312, 313, 335 relationships extraction 232 resource description framework (RDF) 2–14, 36, 38, 41, 50–66, 72–77, 93–99, 113–130, 137, 147, 148, 160–169, 170, 178, 248, 249, 252, 257–261, 268, 277, 278, 279, 281– 287, 291–298, 300–316, 323–334  Index S T semantically-enhanced personal knowledge management (SPKM) 140, 145, 146, 149, 150 semantic annotation 93–110, 147, 177, 218, 223, 242, 253, 256, 258, 329 semantic desktop 14–30, 83, 146–178, 218, 249, 261, 312, 318–335 semantic glue 246, 253, 254 semantic links (semalinks) 73, 76 semantics, collaborative 247 semantic search 10, 48, 66, 95, 97, 100–126, 254, 327 semantic technologies 4, 85, 149, 169, 213, 247 Semantic Web 1–14, 30–116, 121–148, 151, 155, 160, 162, 174, 177, 178, 18–199, 213–219, 232–281, 308, 311–335 semantic wiki for mathematical knowledge management (SWiM) 47–58, 61–66, 119 semantic wiki for mathematical knowledge management (SWiM) 325 semantic work environments (SWEs) 17–29, 182, 183, 185, 198, 217–219, 236 social semantic work environments (SSWEs) 4, 5, social software 2, 3, 12, 35, 40, 50, 51, 71 136, 315 social software, semantic 12 tagging, social 40, 116, 117, 121, 123, 128, 129, 116, 118, 119 timed communicating Object-Z (TCOZ) 263–280, 318, 326, 333 topic maps 164, 165, 166, 169, 178, 330  V video conferencing 21 W Web 2.0 1–15, 121, 138, 183, 201, 213, 316, 329 Web logs (blogs) 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 31, 34, 38, 39, 44, 307, 308, 311, 322, 323, 324 Web logs, semantic 37, 39 Web ontology language (OWL) 2, 36, 38, 42, 50–81, 86, 92–98, 113–248, 260–291, 305–334 Web ontology language with description logics (OWL-DL) 52–67, 263, 268, 277, 332 what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) 6, 50–63, 116–129 wikis 5, 21–77, 115–128, 137, 152, 217, 235, 249, 250–261, 330, 334, 335 wikis, semantic 26, 27, 30, 37, 47, 50–54, 67, 72, 116, 117, 122, 132–136, 140–148, 220–256, 318, 320, 334 word sense disambiguation 236, 239, 240, 313, 321, 323 work processes, personal 17, 22, 23, 142 ... of work communities for exchanging information and using semantic work environments Challenge 2: Building semantic work environments to support social collaboration, information integration, and. .. implementations of semantic work environments Methods for Semantic Work Environments as the third section of this book presents approaches on how to build up and run semantic work environments Chapter... in Semantic Work Environments: The Learning in Process Approach 202 Andreas Schmidt, FZI Research Center for Information Technologies, Germany Section IV Techniques for Semantic Work