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Chi tiết |
| 4. If you were developing an advertising campaign for a fitness class, what kinds of framing strategies might you use to increase the chances of people signing up for the class? In particular, con- sider spin framing, positive and negative framing, and temporal framing.answer: An example of spin framing could be to highlight the low cost of the class: “Sign up now and save $20.” An example of pos- itive framing could be to describe the benefits of the class for physi- cal appearance: “Get beach ready!” An example of negative framing (which generally has greater impact) could be to describe the poten- tial health risks of not exercising: “Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop heart disease.” An example of temporal framing could be to encourage people to sign up well in advance, before they have a chance to construe the class in potentially less pleasant, con- crete terms (sweating, exhaustion, and so on) |
Sách, tạp chí |
| Tiêu đề: |
Sign up now and save $20.” An example of pos-itive framing could be to describe the benefits of the class for physi-cal appearance: “Get beach ready!” An example of negative framing (which generally has greater impact) could be to describe the poten-tial health risks of not exercising: “Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop heart disease |
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| 1. how valid are snap judgments? Do brief exposures to a person’s physical appearance or “thin slices” of their behavior provide meaningful information about what they are really like |
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| 5. suppose alice wants to try an experiment about the halo effect of physical attractiveness on an online dating website. she sets up (donating). In the that’ s- not- all technique, the asker keeps throwingin “free” gifts for the target, which creates pressure for the target to return the favor, in the form of complying (donating) |
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| 5. suppose a woman named taylor was applying for a job at an accounting firm, and applicants had to complete a math test as part of the onsite interview process. If taylor met her older male interviewer just prior to taking the math test and he (inappropri- ately) exclaimed, “You’re taylor? I was expecting, well, a man . . .” |
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| Tiêu đề: |
You’re taylor? I was expecting, well, a man |
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| 2. according to the research described in this chapter, what kinds of attitudes and behaviors are more likely among men who dehu- manize women as animals? Is this form of dehumanization a denial of human nature or a denial of human uniqueness?answer: Men who show faster response times to pairings of the concept of “woman” with animal- related words, indicating implicit dehumanization, are more likely to report a willingness to sexually harass and rape women, and to believe that women some- times deserve to be raped. The association of women with animals is a denial of human uniqueness, or the attributes that distinguish humans from other species, such as civility, refinement, and complex cognitive capacities. Denial of human uniqueness is contrasted with denial of human nature, or the attributes that distinguish humans from inanimate entities, such as computers and robots |
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| 4. In The Prince, Machiavelli argued that people gain power through deception, manipulation, coercion, and the use of fear tactics. how does this perspective compare with research find- ings from about who rises to power?answer: People typically gain power by having knowledge and expertise that is relevant to the goals and identity of the group, by possessing strong social skills and building cooperative alliances among group members, and by demonstrating generosity and fair- ness. These findings suggest that Machiavelli’s perspective may only apply some times and may not be generally accurate |
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| Tiêu đề: |
The Prince |
| Tác giả: |
Niccolò Machiavelli |
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| 5. suppose a friend said to you, “well, men are just biologically hard- wired to be more aggressive than women.” how would you respond? what nuances might this perspective miss?answer: First, women do exhibit aggression, but in different ways than men do. Women more commonly express relational aggression, which involves emotional rather than physical forms of harm, such as spreading rumors and damaging a reputation. Second, although some biological factors dictate gender differences in aggression, such as tes- tosterone levels and overall size and strength, cultural factors also play a role. From a very young age, male and female children are treated differently, and aggressive behavior is both more readily perceived and more encouraged among males than females. Thus, any gender dif- ferences in physical aggression may not be purely biologically deter- mined, but may be encouraged by cultural values as well |
Sách, tạp chí |
| Tiêu đề: |
well, men are just biologically hard- wired to be more aggressive than women |
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| 1. suppose your laptop was stolen from your dorm room one night, and a few of your neighbors caught a glimpse of a suspect as they were arriving home from a party. Your residence hall advi- sor (ra) brings in these neighbors individually to ask them about the suspect they saw. how should your ra pose his or her ques- tions to your neighbors, in order to get the most accurate eyewit- ness testimony possible?answer: Given the malleability of memory based on prompt- ing, and given that the witnesses only caught a glimpse and may have been inebriated (and thus uncertain about what they saw), your RA should avoid leading the witnesses toward any specific details, such as asking any questions that suggest the perpetrator was of a specific gender, ethnicity, or stature, and avoid planting any details about what the person was wearing or carrying. For instance, it would be less problematic to ask “Can you describe the person’s clothes?” than to ask a detail- specific question, like “Was |
Sách, tạp chí |
| Tiêu đề: |
Can you describe the person’s clothes |
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| 3. how might a female undergraduate’s working self- concept regarding her gender shift during a day on campus, as she attends her advanced math class (in which she is the only female), has a low- key lunch with a friend, and attends her gender studies class |
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| 2. what role might pluralistic ignorance play in the problem of binge drinking on college campuses? what could school adminis- trators do to reduce pluralistic ignorance in this context?answer: College students who are privately concerned about the potential dangers of binge drinking may keep quiet because they assume most other students view binge drinking as acceptable, and they don’t want to embarrass themselves by speaking out. But it’s possible that many other students feel the same way and are not shar- ing their feelings for similar reasons. To counter this form of plural- istic ignorance, school administrators could launch an information campaign designed to show students that positive attitudes about binge drinking are not as widespread as they may seem |
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| 3. how does the desire to entertain tend to bias the kinds of sto- ries that are reported most frequently in the media? what effects might this bias have on people’s beliefs about the world?answer: The media tend to overreport negative, violent, and sen- sational events because these types of stories attract viewers’ attention more than positive, altruistic, and everyday events. Research shows that 80% of crime reported in the media is violent, whereas in reality only 20% of crime is violent. Unfortunately, this bias can lead people to fear victimization and view the world as a terribly dangerous place, especially if they live in an area where crime is more prevalent. This bad news bias can also prevent people from learning about inspiring, altruistic acts, such as relief efforts to help victims of natural disasters and ordinary citizens helping their neighbors through hard times |
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| 7. If you’re fairly sure you are scatterbrained, but a friend tells you that you’re organized and put- together, what will your cog- nitive reaction likely be? what will your emotional reaction likely be? which motive ( self- enhancement or self- verification) drives which set of reactions?answer: Self- verification, the need to be seen accurately by close others for important self- defining traits, should drive your cognitive reactions to this feedback, making you dubious about the quality of the feedback your friend has provided. In contrast, your emo- tional system, ruled more by self- enhancement, should register this as positive feedback and lead you to feel good about this feedback, even as your cognitive mind tells you it is inaccurate. Thus, you may think your friend is off- base in her compliment to you (perhaps making you question her competence as a judge of you), but you will still feel emotionally better about it than if she had confirmed your negative self- view of being scatterbrained |
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| 8. suppose two friends both have an actual self that is relatively happy, and a potential self that is extremely happy (happier than their actual self). If this discrepancy in happiness leads one friend to experience agitation, and the other friend to experience dejec- tion as a result, what does this tell you? what theory would this evidence support |
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| 3. Curtis, a busy guy with good taste in music, has a friend who raves about a new band. Curtis wants to know whether it’s worth his time to listen: Is the band actually awesome (an external attri- bution) or is his friend not all that discerning about music (an internal attribution)? Curtis recalls that his friend raves about the band every time he listens to them, none of their other friends rave about the band, and his friend raves about every band |
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| 4. Imagine you are single and decide to go to a speed- dating event, in which you will have a series of 5-minute dates with many people. You really care about getting to know what your dates are like. Given this situation, which types of behaviors would strongly signal the type of person your date is? what types of behaviors might you discount, that is, chalk up to the demands of the speed- dating situation? apply the augmentation and discounting princi- ples in your analysis |
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| 6. research on priming suggests that it is possible for a stimulus to activate a schema even if a person is not consciously aware of the stimulus. Can you think of ways that you might be able to use priming to influence others’ behavior |
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| 7. Imagine you’re working on a group project with three other students and you are all asked to indicate your individual contri- bution to the project, relative to the other group members’ con- tributions, in the form of a percentage. If you were to sum the individual percentages reported by each group member, would you expect it to add up to roughly 100%? why or why not |
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| 1. Carla was the last person to be picked for dodgeball teams in her gym class. she thinks to herself, “Jeez, no one wants me for their team. I’m terrible at dodgeball. In fact, I’m terrible at all sports |
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| 2. the relationship between culture and emotion is complex. say you’re seated at a wedding reception with an older european american man, who tells you that east asians never get excited |
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| 4. suppose you just got into a huge fight with your parents on the phone, and are feeling angry. You call up your romantic partner to talk about the fight, but just end up fighting with your partner |
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