Header Page of 166 B GIO DC V O TO B NễNG NGHIP V PTNT VIN CHN NUễI INH VN MI Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa, giá trị dinh dỡng phơng trình ớc tính tỷ lệ tiêu hóa chất hữu cơ, giá trị lợng trao đổi thức ăn cho gia súc nhai lại LUN N TIN S NễNG NGHIP H NI - 2012 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 B GIO DC V O TO B NễNG NGHIP V PTNT VIN CHN NUễI INH VN MI Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa, giá trị dinh dỡng phơng trình ớc tính tỷ lệ tiêu hóa chất hữu cơ, giá trị lợng trao đổi thức ăn cho gia súc nhai lại Chuyờn ngnh: DINH DNG V THC N CHN NUễI Mó s: 62 - 62 - 45 - 01 LUN N TIN S NễNG NGHIP Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS V CH CNG TS TRN QUC VIT H NI - 2012 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 i LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca riờng tụi Cỏc s liu, kt qu nghiờn cu lun ỏn ny l trung thc v cha tng c cụng b bt c cụng trỡnh no khỏc Tụi xin cam oan nhng ti liu trớch dn lun ỏn u c th hin rừ a ch, ngun gc v tờn tỏc quyn Tụi xin cm n cỏc ng nghip, cỏc tỏc gi v ngoi nc ó cho phộp s dng ti liu cho mc ớch tham kho, so sỏnh vi nghiờn cu ny./ H Ni, thỏng nm 2012 Tỏc gi lun ỏn inh Vn Mi Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 ii LI CM N Hon thnh lun ỏn ny, ngoi s n lc ca bn thõn, tụi luụn nhn c s giỳp quý bỏu, ch bo tn tỡnh ca thy hng dn PGS.TS V Chớ Cng v TS Trn Quc Vit sut quỏ trỡnh thc hin ti Nhõn dp hon thnh lun ỏn, tụi xin by t lũng bit n sõu sc i vi cỏc thy hng dn Tụi xin by t lũng bit n chõn thnh i vi th v cỏc cỏ nhõn: Ban Lónh o Vin Chn nuụi; Phũng o to v Thụng tin, c bit PGS.TS Mai Vn Sỏnh - Trng phũng o to v Thụng tin; cỏc anh ch em B mụn Dinh dng, Thc n chn nuụi v ng c; Trung tõm Thc nghim v Bo tn vt nuụi; B mụn Phõn tớch thc n gia sỳc v Sn phm chn nuụi; cỏc Phũng, B mụn cú liờn quan thuc Vin Chn nuụi ó giỳp v mi mt v to iu kin thun li cho tụi hon thnh lun ỏn Nhõn dp ny, tụi xin chõn thnh cm n: Lónh o v cỏc Phũng, Ban thuc S Nụng nghip & PTNT tnh Vnh Phỳc; cỏc ng nguyờn l Lónh o S Nụng nghip & PTNT tnh Vnh Phỳc; Lónh o v cỏn b cỏc c quan tnh Vnh phỳc: Trung tõm Ging Vt nuụi; Ban Qun lý ỏn Bi dng, nõng cao kin thc cho nụng dõn; Vn phũng Thng trc Ban ch o thc hin Ngh quyt v nụng nghip, nụng dõn, nụng thụn; Vn phũng iu phi Chng trỡnh xõy dng nụng thụn mi ó quan tõm, giỳp v to iu kin thun li cho tụi c hc v thc hin ti nghiờn cu Xin cm n bn bố, ng nghip, ngi thõn, gia ỡnh ó giỳp , ng viờn tụi sut quỏ trỡnh thc hin ti v hon thnh lun ỏn./ H Ni, thỏng nm 2012 Tỏc gi lun ỏn inh Vn Mi Footer Page of 166 iii Header Page of 166 MC LC LI CAM OAN LI CM N ii MC LC iii DANH MC CC BNG DANH MC CC TH x xiii CHNG I: M U 1.1 T VN 1.2 MC TIấU NGHIấN CU 1.3 VN T RA TRONG NGHIấN CU V CC GI THIT 1.3.1 Cỏc t nghiờn cu 1.3.2 Cỏc gi thit 1.4 í NGHA KHOA HC V THC TIN CA TI 1.4.1 úng gúp khoa hc ca ti 1.4.2 í ngha thc tin ca ti 1.5 NHNG ểNG GểP MI CA LUN N CHNG II: TNG QUAN TI LIU NGHIấN CU 2.1 PHN LOI THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 2.2 NHNG NGHIấN CU V THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA V GI TR DINH DNG CA THC N DNG CHO GIA SC NHAI LI TRấN TH GII V TI VIT NAM 2.3 CC PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU XC NH T L TIấU HểA, GI TR DINH DNG THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 2.4 PHNG PHP IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION 2.4.1 Gii thiu chung v phng phỏp 2.4.2 u, nhc im ca phng phỏp in vitro gas production 2.4.3 Mt s yu t nh hng n kt qu sinh khớ cỏc thớ nghim in vitro gas production 11 2.4.4 Cỏc ng dng ca phng phỏp in vitro gas production 13 2.4.4.1 Xỏc nh t l tiờu húa, giỏ tr nng lng trao i v nng lng thun 13 2.4.4.2 Xỏc nh tng axit bộo mch ngn ( SCFA) 14 2.4.4.3 Xỏc nh sinh tng hp protein vi sinh vt 16 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 iv 2.4.4.4 nh lng CH4 v CO2 17 2.4.5 S dng phng phỏp in vitro gas production nghiờn cu t l tiờu húa v giỏ tr dinh dng thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li Vit Nam 18 2.5 H THNG NNG LNG V PROTEIN CA INRA (Phỏp) HAY H THNG UFL, UFV V PDI 19 2.5.1 Giỏ tr nng lng UFL v UFV ca thc n 19 2.5.2 Giỏ tr protein tiờu húa rut (PDI) ca thc n theo INRA (Phỏp) 20 CHNG III: THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO V GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA C VOI (Pennisetum purpureum) TI SINH MA Hẩ V MA THU 25 3.1 T VN 25 3.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 25 3.3 KT QU V THO LUN 28 3.3.1 Thnh phn húa hc ca c voi tỏi sinh hố v thu 28 3.3.2 T l tiờu húa in vivo ca c voi tỏi sinh hố v thu 31 3.3.3 Giỏ tr nng lng v protein ca c voi tỏi sinh hố v thu 34 3.4 KT LUN V NGH 37 3.4.1 Kt lun 37 3.4.2 ngh 37 CHNG IV: THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO, GI TR NNG LNG V PROTEIN CA MT S LOI THC N THễ XANH, THễ KHễ, PH PHM TRNG TRT, THC N CHUA 38 4.1 T VN 38 4.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 39 4.2.1 Mu thc n, mu phõn v chun b mu 39 4.2.2 Phõn tớch thnh phn hoỏ hc 39 4.2.3 Xỏc nh t l tiờu hoỏ thc n in vivo gia sỳc nhai li 39 4.2.4 Tớnh toỏn cỏc giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n 40 4.2.5 X lý s liu 40 4.3 KT QU V THO LUN 40 4.3.1 Thc n nhúm (thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm) 40 4.3.1.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm 40 4.3.1.2 T l tiờu húa in vivo ca ca thc n thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm 43 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 v 4.3.1.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm theo h thng UFL v PDI 45 4.3.2 Thc n nhúm (thc n chua) 47 4.3.2.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n chua 47 4.3.2.2 T l tiờu hoỏ in vivo ca cỏc loi thc n chua 48 4.3.2.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n chua theo h thng UFL v PDI 49 4.4 KT LUN V NGH 50 4.4.1 Kt lun 50 4.4.1.1 Thc n thụ xanh 50 4.4.1.2 Thc n thụ khụ, ph phm trng trt 51 4.4.1.3 Thc n chua 51 4.4.2 ngh 51 CHNG V: THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO, GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA THC N NNG LNG V THC N B SUNG PROTEIN CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 52 5.1 T VN 52 5.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 52 5.2.1 Mu thc n, mu phõn v chun b mu 53 5.2.2 Phõn tớch thnh phn hoỏ hc 53 5.2.3 Xỏc nh t l tiờu hoỏ thc n in vivo gia sỳc nhai li 53 5.2.4 Tớnh toỏn cỏc giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n 54 5.2.5 X lý s liu 54 5.3 KT QU V THO LUN 54 5.3.1 Thc n nng lng 54 5.3.1.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n nng lng 54 5.3.1.2 T l tiờu húa in vivo ca nhúm thc n nng lng 56 5.3.1.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca nhúm thc n nng lng 57 5.3.2 Thc n b sung protein 58 5.3.2.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n b sung protein 58 5.3.2.2 T l tiờu hoỏ in vivo ca thc n b sung protein 59 5.3.2.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n b sung protein tớnh theo h thng UFL v PDI 60 5.4 KT LUN V NGH 62 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 vi 5.4.1 Kt lun 62 5.4.1.1 Thc n nng lng 62 5.4.1.2 Thc n b sung protein 62 5.4.2 ngh 63 CHNG VI: PHNG TRèNH HI QUI C TNH OMD, ME CA THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI T CC S LIU V LNG KH SINH RA SAU 24 GI V THNH PHN HểA HC 64 6.1 T VN 64 6.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 64 6.3 KT QU V THO LUN 67 6.3.1 c tớnh t l tiờu húa cht hu c OMD (%) ca cỏc loi thc n t cỏc phng trỡnh ca Menke v cs (1979) 67 6.3.2 c tớnh giỏ tr nng lng trao i ME (MJ/ kg DM) ca cỏc loi thc n t cỏc phng trỡnh ca Menke v cs (1979) 69 6.3.3 Quan h gia thnh phn hoỏ hc, OMD v ME in vivo vi lng khớ sinh iu kin in vitro 71 6.3.4 Xõy dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh OMD 74 6.3.5 Xõy dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh ME 78 6.3.6 p dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh OMD cho cỏc thc n khỏc, kim tra chớnh xỏc ca phng trỡnh 81 6.3.6.1 Thc n thụ xanh 81 6.3.6.2 Thc n thụ khụ 83 6.3.6.3 Thc n chua 84 6.3.6.4 Thc n tinh 85 6.3.6.5 Thc n hn hp 86 6.3.6.6 Thc n giu m 88 6.3.7 p dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh ME cho cỏc thc n khỏc, kim tra chớnh xỏc ca phng trỡnh 89 6.3.7.1 Thc n thụ xanh 89 6.3.7.2 Thc n thụ khụ 90 6.3.7.3 Thc n 91 6.3.7.4 Thc n tinh 92 6.3.7.5 Thc n hn hp 93 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 vii 6.3.7.6 Thc n giu m 94 6.3.8 Tho lun cho cỏc phng trỡnh c tớnh OMD ó c kim tra 95 6.3.9 Tho lun cho cỏc phng trỡnh c tớnh ME ó c kim tra 97 6.4 KT LUN V NGH 99 6.4.1 Kt lun 99 6.4.2 ngh 99 CHNG VII: THO LUN CHUNG 100 7.1 TUI CT TI SINH V THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO V GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA C VOI 100 7.2 THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO V GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA MT S LOI THC N THễ XANH, THễ KHễ, PH PHM NễNG NGHIP, THC N CHUA; THC N NNG LNG V THC N B SUNG PROTEIN 101 7.3 S DNG IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION C TNH OMD V ME CA THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 102 7.3.1 S dng s liu v lng khớ sinh sau 24 gi, thnh phn hoỏ hc c tớnh OMD ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li 102 7.3.2 S dng s liu v lng khớ sinh sau 24 gi, thnh phn hoỏ hc c tớnh ME ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li 103 CHNG VIII: KT LUN V NGH 104 8.1 KT LUN 104 8.2 NGH 104 TI LIU THAM KHO 105 PHN PH LC 130 Footer Page of 166 Header Page 10 of 166 viii DANH MC CC CH VIT TT TRONG LUN N ADF X khụng tan mụi trng a xớt (Acid Detergent Fiber) ARC Hi ng Nghiờn cu nụng nghip Anh (Agriculture Research Council) Ash Khoỏng tng s (Ash) CF X thụ (Crude Fiber ) CP Protein thụ (Crude Protein) cs Cng s DE Nng lng tiờu hoỏ (Digestible Energy) DM Cht khụ (Dry Matter) DMI Lng thc n n vo (Dry Matter Intake) DP Protein tiờu húa (Digestible Protein) EE M thụ (Ether Extract) G24 Th tớch khớ sinh thi im 24 gi sau (ml/200 mg DM) GE Nng lng thụ (Gross Energy) HH Hn hp INRA Vin nghiờn cu nụng nghip quc gia (Phỏp) ME Nng lng trao i (Metabolizable Energy) Mean Giỏ tr trung bỡnh NDF X khụng tan mụi trng trung tớnh (Neutral Detergent Fiber) NE Nng lng thun (Net Energy) NIRS Quang ph hp ph cn hng ngoi (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) NRC Hi ng nghiờn cu Quc gia M (National Research Council) OM Cht hu c (Organic Matter) OMD T l tiờu húa cht hu c (Organic Matter Digestibility) PDI Protein tiờu húa rut (Protein Digestible dans lIntestin grờle) PDIE Protein tiờu hoỏ rut gii hn bi nng lng n vo PDIN Protein tiờu húa rut gii hn bi ni t n vo PTNT Phỏt trin nụng thụn R H s xỏc nh (Coefficient of Determination or Determinant) Footer Page 10 of 166 Header Page 135 of 166 120 131 McBee, R H., 1953 Manometric method for the evaluation of microbial activitivity in the rumen with application to utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose Appl Microbiol 1, 106-110 132 Mehrez, A.Z and ỉrskov, E.R 1977 A study of artificial fibre bag technique for determining the digestibility of feeds in the rumen J Agric Sci (Camb.), 88: 645650 133 Mei-Ju Lee, Sen-Yuan Hwang, Peter Wen-Shyg Chiou 2000 Metabolizable energy of roughage in Taiwan Small Ruminant Research 36 (2000) 251-259 134 Meissner H.H., P.J.K Zacharias., H.H Koster., S.H Nieuwoudt and R.J Coetze 1991 Effects of energy supplementation on intake and digestion on early and mid-season ryegrass and Panicum/Smuts finger hay, and on in sacco disappearance of various forage species, S Afr J Anim Sci 21 (1991), pp:33-42 135 Meissner H.H., P.J.K Zacharias And P.J Reagain 2000 Forage quality (feed value), In: N M Tainton, Ed, Pasture Management in South Africa, University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, (2000), pp:66-88.) 136 Menke K H, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D and Schneider W 1979 The estimation of digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they incubated with rumen liquor in vitro Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) 92:217-222 137 Menke, K.H and H Steigass 1988 Estination of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid Anim Res Dev., 28: 7-55 138 Mertens R.D, Weimer P.J and Waghorn.G.M 1998 Inocula differences affect in vitro gas production kinetics, In E.R Deaville, E Owen, A.T Adesogen, C.Rymer, J.A Huntington and T.L.J Lawrence In vitro Techniques for Measuring Nutrient Supply to Ruminants, BSAS, Edinburgh, UK (1998), pp 95 98 BSAS Occ Publ No 22 pp, 20-28 139 Minson D J 1998 A history of in vitro techniques, In: In vitro techniques for measuring nutrient supply to ruminants, (Editors E R Deaville, E Owen, A T Footer Page 135 of 166 Header Page 136 of 166 121 Adesogan, C Rymer, J A Huntington and T L J Lawrence, Occasional Publication, British Society, Animal Science, No: 22, pp, 13-19 140 Minson, D J 1981 Nutritional differences between tropical and temperate pasture In: Morley.F H W (ed) Grazing Animals World Animal Science, B1, 143-157, Elsevier, Amsterdam 141 Mupangwa, J.F., N.T Ngongoni, J.H Topps and P Ndlovu 1997 Chemical composition and dry matter of forage legumes Cassia rotundiforlia cv Wynn, Lablab purpureus cv Highworth and Macroptilium atropurpureum cv Siratro at weeks of growth (preanthesis) Anim Feed Csi Technol., 69: 167-178 142 Murphy, J J., Bohane, D C Fitzgerald, J J., Kavanagh, S and OMara, F P 2003 Evaluation and Refinement of the French Protein System (PDI) in the Irish Conditions Final Project Report, Belfast, 2003 143 Nagadi S, Herrero M and Jessop N.S 2000 The influence of diet of the donor animal on the initial bacterial concentration of fruid and in vitro gas production degradability parameters, Anim Feed Sci Technol 76 (1999) pp 153; 87, pp 231 239 144 Nasser, M.E.A., El-Waziry, A.M and Sallam, S.M.A 2009 In vitro gas production measurements and estimated energy value and microbial protein to investigate associative effects of untreated or biological treated linen straw and berseem hay Nutritional and foraging ecology of sheep and goats 85, 261-265 145 Nguyen Thi Hong Nhan, Nguyen Trong Ngu, T R Preston and R A Leng 2008 Effects of drenching soybean oil and fish oil on intake, digestibility and performance of cattle fattening in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Livestock research for Rural development 20 (7) 2008 146 Nguyen Xuan Ba, Vu Duy Giang and Le Duc Ngoan 2005 Ensiling of mulberry foliage (Morus alba) and the nutritive value of mulberry foliage silage for goats in central Vietnam Livestock Research for Rural Development 17 (2) 2005 Footer Page 136 of 166 Header Page 137 of 166 122 147 Nieves, D Basilia Silva, O Teran, C Gonzalez and J Ly 2004 A note on the chemical composition and feeding characteristics of dicts containing Leucaena leucocephala and Arachis pintoi for growing rabbits Livestock research for Rural development 16 (12) 2004 148 Nitipot, P And K Sommart 2003 Evaluation of ruminant nutritive value of cassava starch industry by products, energy feed sources and roughages using in vitro gas production technique In: Proceeding of Annual Agricultural Seminar for year 2003, 27-28 January, KKU., pp: 179-190 149 Njiadda, A.A and Nasiru, A 2010 In vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility of tannin-containing forages of simi-arid region of NorthEastern Nigeria Pak J Nutr., (1): 60-66 150 Njidda, A A 2010 In vitro gas production and Stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production of semi-arid browses of North-eastern Negeria Global Veterinaria 4, 292-298 151 Njoka-Njiru, E N., Njarui M G., Abdulrazak S A., Mureithi J G 2006 Effect of intercropping herbaceous legumes with napier grass on dry matter yield and nutritive value of the feedstuffs in semi-arid region of Eastern Kenya Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica Vol.39(4),2006 255-267 152 NRC National Research Council 1988 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (6th revised Edition ed.), National Academy Press, Washington, DC 153 NRC National Research Council 1996 Nutrient requirements of beef cattle 6th rev ed Natl Acad Sci., Washington, DC 154 NRC National Research Council 2001 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (7th revised Edition ed.), National Academy Press, Washington, DC 155 Nsahlai, I.V., Siaw, D.E.K.A and Osuji, P.O 1994 The relationship between gas production and chemical composition of 23 browses of the genus Sesbania J Sci Food Agric, 65, 13 156 Nutrient Requirement for Australian Livestock, 1999 Canberra, Australia 157 Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle in Indochinse Penninsula 2010 The Working Group Committee of Thai Feeding Standard for Ruminants Footer Page 137 of 166 Header Page 138 of 166 123 (WTSR), Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand 158 Omar S S Shayo, C M and Ude'n, P 1998 Voluntary intake and digestibility of mulberry (Morus alba) diets by goats In the potential of Mulberry as fodder tree for goats in semi-arid Tanzania M.S.c Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 159 Ostrowski-Meissner, H T 1987 Australian Feed Composition Table: Ruminants AFIC-CSIRO, Sydney, Australia 160 Ostrowski-Meissner, H T 1990 Australian Feed Composition Table: Pigs and Poultry AFIC-CSIRO, Sydney, Australia 161 Palic D., and H Muller 2006 Prediction of the in vivo organic matter digestibility of feed stuff for ruminants using in vitro techniques Savremena Poljoprivreda 55: 127-132 162 Paquay R 2000 Performances de croissance, de reproduction et de production In : Le mouton et la chốvre d'Afrique de l'Est par J Mbayahaga, avec la collaboration de J-L Bister et R Paquay Presses universitaires de Namur, rempart de la Vierge, 8, 5000 Namur ISBN n 2-87037-319-8, dộpụt lộgal D/2000/1881/18; 178 pp 163 Partanen, K and Jalava,T 2005 Effects of some organic acids and salts on microbial fermentation in the digestive tract of piglets estimated using an in vitro gas production techniques Agriculture and food science Vol 14, 311-324 164 Paya H., A Taghizadeh, H Janmohammadi and A G Moghadam 2007 Nutrient Digestibility and Gas production of Some Tropical Feeds Used in Ruminant Diets Estimated by the in vivo and in vi tro Gas Production Techniques American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2(4): 108-113 165 Pearson, C.J and Ison, R.L 1997 Agronomy of grassland systems Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 166 Pell, A.N., and Schofield, P 1993 Nutrition, feeding, and calves Computerized monitoring of gas production to measure forage digestion in vitro J Dairy Sci 76, 1063-1073 Footer Page 138 of 166 124 Header Page 139 of 166 167 Phiny, C., Preston, T R and Ly, J 2003 Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves as protein source for young pigs fed rice-based diets: Digestibility studies Livestock Research for Rural Development (http://www.cipav.org/lrrd/volum15/chiv.htm) 168 Prasard, C.S., Wood, C.D., Sampath, K.T 1994 Use of in vitro gas production to evaluate rumen fermentation of untreated and urea-treated finger millet straw (Eleusine coracana) Supplemented with different levels of concentrate J Food Sci Agric 65, 457-464 169 Promkot, C and M Wanapat 2003 Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion of crude protein of tropical protein resources using nylon bag technique and three-step in vitro procedure in dairy cattle Livestock Research for Rural Development 15 (11) 2003 170 Promkot, C and M Wanapat, 2004 Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion of crude protein of tropical resources using nylon bag amd threestep in vitro procedure in dairy Cattle In: Proceedings of the agricultural Seminar, Animal Science/Animal Husbandry Held at Sofitel Raja Orchid Hotel 27-28 January 2004 Pp: 16-25 171 Richard, D., Guerin, H and Safietou T Fall 1989 Feeds of the dry tropics In R Jarrige, Ruminant Nutrition Recommended allowances and feed tables 1989 Pp: 325-342 172 Rostock Feed Evaluation Sysstem, Reference number of feed value and requirement on the base of net energy 2003 Frankfurt, Germany 173 Rymer, C and Givens, D.I 1999 The use of the in vitro gas production technique to investigate the effect of substrate on the partitioning between microbial biomass production and the yield of fermentation products Proc Br Soc Anim Sci., pp 36 174 Rymer C, Huntington J.A, Williams B.A and Givens D.I 2005 In vitro cumulative gas production techniques: History, methodological considerations and challenges Anim Feed Sci Techol 123 124, pp 30 175 Sallam, S.M.A., Nasser, M.E.A., El-Waziry, A.M., Bueno, I.C.S and Abdalla, A.L 2007 Use of an in vitro Rumen Gas Production Technique to Evaluate Some Ruminant Feedstuffs Journal of Applied Sciences Research 3: 34-41 Footer Page 139 of 166 125 Header Page 140 of 166 176 Sallam S M A 2005 Nutritive value assessment of the alternative feed resources by gas production and rumen fermentation in vitro Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science 1(2): 200-209 177 Sanderson R, Lister S.J, Sargeant A and Dhanoa M.S 1997 Effect of particle size on in vitro fermentation of silages differing in dry matter content Proc Br Soc Anim Sci., p 197 178 Sarwatt, S.V., M S Milang ha, F P Lekule and N Madalla 2004 Moringa oleifera and cottonseed cake as supplements for smallholder dairy cow fed Napier grass Livestock research for Rural development 16 (6) 2004 179 Sayan, Y., H Ozkul, A Alcicek, L Coskuntuna, S Onenc and M Polat 2004 Comparison of the parameters using for determination of metabolizable energy value of the roughages J Agri Fac Ege Univ., 41:167-175 180 Schmidek, A.Takahashi, R, Nunes de Medeiros, A and de Resende, K T 2000 Bromatological composition and degradation rate of mulberry in goats In: Proceedings of an electronic conference carried out between May and August, 2002 FAO animal production and health paper, 147 http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/?FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGAP/FRG/M 181 Schofield P, Pitt R.E and Pell A.N (1994) Kinetics of fibre digestion from in vitro gas production J Anim Sci 72, pp 2980 - 2981 182 Sebastian Chakeredza, Festus K Akinnifesi, Oluyede Clifford Ajayi, Gudeta Sileshi, Simon Mngomba and France M T Gondwe 2008 A simple method of formulating least-cost diets for smallholder dairy production in subSaharan Africa African Journal of Biotechnology Vol (16), pp 29252933, 18 August, 2008 183 Seker E 2002 The determination of the energy values of some ruminant feeds by using digestibility trial and gas test Revue Med Vet 253: 323-328 184 Seven P., I H Cerci, M A Azman 2007 The different between methods and determining of metabolisable energy levels with enzyme and gas techniques in concentrate feeds ARASTIRMA, 21 (4): 159-162 Fýrat University Veterinary Journal of Health Sciences Footer Page 140 of 166 Header Page 141 of 166 126 185 Seyoum Bediye, Zinash Sileshi, Tadesse Tekle Tsadik and Liyusew Ayalew 1998 Evaluation of Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) and Hybrids (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum typhoides) in the central highlands of Ethiopia Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP) 15-17 May 1997 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia pp 705-735 186 Shayo, C M 1997 Uses, yield and nutritive value of mulberry (Morus alba) trees for ruminants in the semi-arid areas of central Tanzania Tropical Grassland, 31, 599-601 187 Shayo, C M 1998 The potential of the Mulberry as feed for ruminants in central Tanzania In FAO Electronic Conference on Mulberry for Animal Production http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOtIFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/M U /paper.ht 188 Singh, B and H P S Markar 2002 The potential of mulberry foliage as a feed supplement in India In: Mulberry for animal production, FAO Anim Prod Health Paper 147, 139-156 189 Singh, B Goel, G C and Negi, S S 1984 Effects of supplementing mulberry (Morus alba) leaves ad libitum to concentrate diets of Angora rabbits on wool production Journal of Applied Rabbit Research 7,156-160 190 Singh, B., A Sahoo, R Sharma and T.K Bhat 2005 Effect of polethylene glycol on gas production parameters and nitrogen disappearance of some tree forages Animal feed science and technology Volumes 123-124, part 1, 30 September 2005, pages 351-364 191 Smith, O B., O A Idown., V O Asaolu and O Odunlami 1991 Comparative rumen degradability of forages, browse, crop residues and agricultural by products Livestock Research for Rural Development, Volume 3, Number 2, June 1991 192 Sommart, K., D.S Parker, P Rowlinson and M Wanapat 2000 Fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in an in vitro system using Footer Page 141 of 166 Header Page 142 of 166 127 cassava, rice straw and dried ruzi grass as substrates Asian-Aust J Anim Sci., 13: 1084-1093 193 Songsak C., S Kritapon, V Thevin, and P Virote 2006 Nutritional evaluation of crop residues and selected roughages for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique Chiang Mai J Sci 33 (3): 371-380 194 Stango, G., Di Meo, C., Calabro, S., Nizza, A 2003 Prediction of nutritive value of diets for rabbits using in vitro gas production techniques World Rabbit Sci 11: 199-210 195 Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C 2006 Livestocks Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 196 Steingass, H and K.H Menke 1986 Schatzung des energetischen Futterwertes aus der in vitro mit Pansensaft bestimmten Gasbildung und der chemischen Analyse Tierernahrung, 14:251 197 Taghizadeh, H Janmohammadi and A G Moghadam 2007 Nutrient Digestibility and Gas production of Some Tropical Feeds Used in Ruminant Diets Estimated by the in vivo and in vi tro Gas Production Techniques American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2(4): 108-113 198 Tedonkeng, P., E., B Boukila, F A Fonteh, F Tendonkeng., J R Kana and A S Nanda 2007 Nutritive value of some grasses and leguminous tree leaves of the Central region of Africa Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol 135, Issues 3-4, 15 june 2007, pp: 273-282 199 Tesema, Z., Baars M R T and Alemu Yami 2002 Effect of plant height at cutting, source and Level of fertilizer on yield and nutritional Quality of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum (L.) Schumach.) African Journal of Range and Forage Science 2002, 19:123-128 200 Tessema, Z and R.M.T Baars 2004 Chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and ruminal degradation of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum (L.) Schumach.) mixed whit different levels of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr Animal feed science and technology volume 117, issues 1-2, 10 november 2004, pp: 29-41 Footer Page 142 of 166 128 Header Page 143 of 166 201 Theodorou, M.K., Williams, B.A., Dhanoa, M.S., McAllan, A.B and France, J 1994 A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds Animal Feed Science and Technology 48, 185 202 Thu N.V and T.R Preston, 1999 Rumen environment and feed degradability in swamp buffaloes fed different supplements Livestock Research for Rural Development, 11: 1-7 203 Tilley, J.M and Terry, R.A 1963 A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops J Brit Grassl Soc., 18: 104111 204 Trei J, Hale W and Theurer,B.1970 Effect of grain processing on in vitro gas production J Anim Sci 30, pp 825 831 205 Tuah, A.K., Okai, D.B., Orskov, E.R., Kyle, D., Shand, W., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Obese, F.Y., and Karikari, P.K 1996 In sacco dry matter degradability and in vitro gas production characteristics of some Ghanaian feeds Liv Res Rural Develop 8(1) [on line] http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/ Accessed Aug 5, 2007 206 Tudor, G D and Minson, D J., 1982 The utilization of the dietary energy of Pangola and Setaria by young growing beef cattle J Agric Sci., 98:395-404 207 Van Soest, P.J 1982 Chemistry of forages and feeds In: Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant Cornell University Press, New York, pp 75-151 208 Van Soest, P.J., 1994 Nutritional Ecology of ruminants 2nd Edn., Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 209 Vermorel, M and J B Coulon 1998 Comparision of the National Research Council Energy System for Lactating Cows with Four Europea Systems J Dairy Science, 81:846-855 210 Vo Duy Thanh, T R Preston and R A Leng 2011 Effect on methane production of supplementing a basal substrate of molasses and cassava leaf meal with mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana) and urea or nitrate in an in vitro incubation Livestock Research for Rural Develoment 23 (4), 2011 211 Von Keyserlingk M A G., M L Swift, R Puchala, and V Shelford 1996 Degradability characteristics of dry matter and crude protein of forages in ruminant Anim Feed Sci Technol 57: 291 311 Footer Page 143 of 166 Header Page 144 of 166 129 212 Wanapat, 1985 Improving rice straw quality as ruminant feed by urea treatment in Thailand In: Proceedings of an international workshop held in Khon Kean, Thailand, November 29-December 2, 1984 Pp:122-147 Funny press, Bangkok, Thailand, 1985 213 Wilkins J 1974 Pressure transducer method for measuring gas production by microorganisms Appl Microbiol 27, pp 135 140 214 Wilson, J.R and C.C Wong 1982 Effects of shade on some factors influencing nutritive quality of green panic and siratro pastures Aus J Agric Res 33: 937-949 215 Wolin, M.J 1960 A theoretical rumen fermentation balance J Dairy Sci., 43, 1452 216 Wood C.D, Prathalingam N.S, Murray A.M and Matthewan R.W (1998) Use of the gas production technique to investigate supplementation of nitrogen- deficcient foods In: E.R Deaville, E Owen, A.T Adesogen, C Rymer, J.A Huntington and T.L.J Lawrence In vitro Techniques for Measuring Nutrient Supply to Ruminants, BSAS, Edinburgh, UK, pp 202 204 BSAS Occ Publ No 22 217 Xande, A., Garcia-Trujillo, R and Caceres (1989a) Feeds of the humid tropics (West Indies) In R Jarrige, Ruminant Nutrition Recommended allowances and feed tables 1989 Pp: 347-362 218 Xande, A., R Garcia Trujillo et O Caceres (1989b) Methode dexpression de la valeur alimentaire des fourrages tropicaux in Paturages et alimentation des ruminants en zone tropical humid INRA, Paris 219 Zinash, S., Seyoum Bediye., Lulseged Gebrehiwot and Tadesse, T 1995 Effect of harvesting stage on yield and quality of natural pasture in the central highlands of Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia In: Proceedings of 3rd National Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production 27-29 April 1995 pp 316-322 220 Yan, T., Agnew, R E., Murphy, J J., Ferris, C P and Gordon, F J 2003 Evaluation of Dfferent Energy Feeding Systems with Production Data from Lactating Dairy Cows offered Grass Silage-Based Diets J Dairy Science, 86:1415-1428 Footer Page 144 of 166 130 Header Page 145 of 166 PHN PH LC PH LC Xỏc nh giỏ tr dinh dng (cỏc dng nng lng, n v thc n cho to sa UFL v protein tiờu hoỏ rut- PDI) ca thc n Tớnh toỏn cỏc giỏ tr nng lng ca thc n Giỏ tr GE: tớnh giỏ tr GE ca cỏc loi thc n vựng nhit i dựng cụng thc ca Jarige (1978); Xande v cs (1989b): GE (kcal/kg OM) = 4543 + 2,0113 x CP (g/kg OM) 32,8 (r = 0,935) Trong ú GE = Kcal/kg cht hu c - OM Sau ú chuyn giỏ tr ny thnh GE: Kcal/kg cht khụ - DM v MJ/kg DM Giỏ tr DE: tớnh giỏ tr DE dựng cụng thc ca Jarige (1978); Xande v cs (1989b): DE = GE x dE õy: DE = Kcal/kg OM dE - T l tiờu hoỏ ca nng lng thụ = 1,0087 dOM - 0,0377 0,007 (r = 0,996) dOM: t l tiờu hoỏ ca cht hu c Sau ú chuyn giỏ tr ny thnh DE: Kcal/kg DM v MJ/kg DM Giỏ tr ME: tớnh giỏ tr ME ca thc n nhit i dựng cụng thc ca Jarige (1978); Xande v cs (1989): ME = DE x ME/DE Trong ú: ME = Kcal/kg OM Sau ú chuyn giỏ tr ny thnh ME: Kcal/kg DM v MJ/kg DM ME/DE = 0,8417 - (9,9 x 10-5 x CF [crude fibre - x thụ (g/kg cht hu c]) - (1,96 x 10-4 x CP (crude protein-protein thụ) (g/kg cht hu c)) + 0,221 x NA) NA = S lng cht hu c tiờu hoỏ n c (Digestible oganic matter DOM) (g/kg W0,75)/23 Thụng thng ngi ta s dng giỏ tr bỡnh quõn: NA = 1,7 Footer Page 145 of 166 131 Header Page 146 of 166 Giỏ tr NE tớnh giỏ tr NE ca thc n nhit i dựng cụng thc ca Jarige (1978); Xande v cs (1989b): NE = ME ì kl kl = 0,463 + [0,24 ì (ME/GE)] kl: l hiu qu s dng nng lng trao i cho sn xut sa Nng lng thun cng cú th biu din di dng n v thc n Theo h thng ỏnh giỏ giỏ tr thc n ca Phỏp, n v thc n to sa (UFL) ca thc n c tớnh bng 1700 Kcal NE UFL = NE (Kcal)/1700 Tớnh toỏn cỏc giỏ tr protein ca thc n Giỏ tr protein ca mt thc n l tng lng protein c tiờu hoỏ ti rut non tớnh bng g/kg vt cht khụ (PDI)- Protộines Digestibles dans lIntestine) v c biu th bng hai giỏ tr PDIE v PDIN Thụng thng ngi ta ly giỏ tr thp hn hai giỏ tr ny lm giỏ tr PDI ca thc n, mt thc n cú hai giỏ tr ny tng ng l mt thc n cõn i) Protein tiờu húa rut (PDI) (g/kgDM): - Protein tiờu hoỏ rut gii hn bi nng lng: PDIE = PDIA + PDIME - Protein tiờu hoỏ rut gii hn bi ni t: PDIN = PDIA + PDMN v c tớnh nh sau: PDIME (g/kgDM): S lng protein vi sinh vt tiờu hoỏ rut cú th c tng hp nng lng d lờn men khụng b hn ch: PDIME = 135 x 0,8 x 0,7xDOM (kg/kgDM) õy: DOM - Cht hu c tiờu hoỏ ((kg/kg vt cht khụ) = OM (cht hu c) kg/kg DM (cht khụ) x T l tiờu hoỏ OM (cht hu c) PDIMN (g/kgDM): S lng protein vi sinh vt tiờu hoỏ rut cú th c tng hp nng lng khụng b hn ch: PDIMN = CP (g/kgDM) x (S + 0,35 x (1-S)) x 0,8 x 0,7 S: ho tan ca Nit 0,3 cho cỏc loi thc n PDIMN (g/kg DM) = CP (g/kgDM) x (0,3 + 0,35 x (1-0,3)) x 0,8x0,7 PDIA (g/kgDM): Protein tiờu hoỏ rut t ngun thc n n vo (g/kgDM) PDIA (g/kgDM) = 0,65x CP (g/kgDM) x (1-S) x dr Footer Page 146 of 166 Header Page 147 of 166 132 õy: dr: T l tiờu hoỏ ca protein ca khu phn rut dr = (0,65 x Protein khụng ho tan (g/kg DM) - PANDI)/0,65 x Protein khụng ho tan (g/kgDM) Protein khụng ho tan = CP x (1-S) PANDI (g/kgDM): Protein ca khu phn khụng tiờu hoỏ rut non PANDI (g/kgDM) = ICP - 0,501 - 0,033 x DOM - 0,009 x IDOM = 0,045 x CP ICP: Protein khụng th tiờu hoỏ ICP = 0,501 + 0,045 CP g/kgDM) + 0,033 DOM (g/kg DM) + 0,009 IDOM (cht hu c khụng th tiờu hoỏ, g/kgDM) õy: * Protein tiờu hoỏ DCP = CP (g/kgDM) x t l tiờu hoỏ ca CP * Cht hu c tiờu hoỏ DOM (g/kgDM) = OM (g/kgDM) x t l tiờu hoỏ OM * Cht hu c khụng th tiờu hoỏ IDOM (g/kgDM) = OM (g/kgDM) - DOM (g/kgDM) Footer Page 147 of 166 Header Page 148 of 166 133 PH LC Cỏc hỡnh nh thớ nghim in vitro gas production nh 1: Ly dch d c lm thớ nghim in vitro nh 2: Chun b xylanh lm thớ nghim in vitro gas production gas production nh 3: Ly dch d c vo xylanh a vo mỏy nh 4: Chun b c kt qu thớ nghim in gas Footer Page 148 of 166 vitro gas production Header Page 149 of 166 nh 5: Chun b mu thc n thớ nghim 134 nh 6: Thớ nghim in vivo trờn cu nh 7: Cõn lng phõn thi ca cu thớ nh 8: Cõn lng thc n cũn tha ca nghim Footer Page 149 of 166 cu thớ nghim ... VIN CHN NUễI INH VN MI Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa, giá trị dinh dỡng phơng trình ớc tính tỷ lệ tiêu hóa chất hữu cơ, giá trị lợng trao đổi thức ăn cho gia súc nhai lại Chuyờn ngnh: DINH DNG V THC N CHN NUễI... QUAN TI LIU NGHIấN CU 2.1 PHN LOI THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 2.2 NHNG NGHIấN CU V THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA V GI TR DINH DNG CA THC N DNG CHO GIA SC NHAI LI TRấN TH GII V TI VIT NAM 2.3 CC... giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li Vit Nam - Kim chng chớnh xỏc v phự hp ca cỏc phng trỡnh c tớnh OMD, giỏ tr ME t in vitro gas production v thnh phn húa hc ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai