{[[W+bz0FkV43GmRt7u4DpvuYxd]]}     NGO  NGOC AN (Chu bien) PH�M TH! MINH NGUY�T , , GIAI TOAN I' HOA HOC • DUNG CHO HOC SINH cAc LOP CHUYEN BOI Du'BNG HQC SINH GIOI (Tai ban ldn tha tu) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VleT NAM �i n6i ct4u fl.Je pht,JC VI,/ Cho Vi�C doi mOi phUOng phap dr;Jy h9c O trLlang thong, boi dUong phUOng phap h9c t�p tich Cl,IC lam CO so cho phLlOng phap tt,J h9c CUB h9c sinh nhLl: tfch Cl,IC suy nghi, tim toi phat hi�n V�n d1,1ng kien th(Jc mOi, cOng nhu giup cac em h9c sinh kha, gioi c6 them tai li�u tham khao, ren luy�n kT nang giai toan Hoa h9c, chung t6i bien SO{;Jn b9 sach Gisi toan Hoa h90 g6m cu6n dung cho h9c sinh cac lop chuyen tu lop 10 den lop 12 NC:,i dung m67 cu6n g6m phan Phan thu nhal A T6m tat kien thuc Cd ban theo tung chUdng cua chUdng trinh va c6 bo sung mqt so kien thuc mo rqng va dao sau B Bai t$p Cd ban va nang cao, da dc;1ng va d�c bi�t c6 bai t$p b6i duang hQC sinh gioi, thi tuyen sinh vao cac truong £>c;1i hQC, Cao dang Phan thu hai Giai bai t$p - Huong dan giai - £>ap so Vi�c bien SO{;Jn du tl mi, can th�n den dau cOng khong the tranh khoi nhGng sai s6t ngoai y muon, chung toi mong nh�n dL1t nguyen to hoa h9c la cac nguyen tu' c6 cung Z, khac s6 N Phan ung h�t nhan La phan ung lam thay d6i phiin h�t nhan nguyen tu' dt nguyen tu' nguyen to bie'n d6i nguyen tu' nguyen to khac a) Phan ung h{l,t nhan t'l/ phan rii (con g9i la ph6ng x� ti,t nhien) - H�t nhan tt,t ph6ng x� h�t a (la chum cac h�t mang di�n duo'ng nhu h�t a, h�t proton) Phong x� a cac d6ng vi ph6ng x� c6 Z > 83 2ttTh + !He � Vi dl!,: 2��U U rani � Thori + Heli Phong x� kiifo a la qua trinh ph6ng x� xay h�t nhan nguyen tu' ph6ng h�t nhan heli �He Khi d6 ph�n l�i c6 s6 kh6i giam di don V!, Va CO SC) hi�U nguyen tu' giam di dc>'Il vi 2§�Ra + �He � 2§�Rn Radi � Radon + Heli - H�t nhan ph6ng x� h�t p (beta) (la chum cac h�t mang di�n am nhu chum electron) g9i la ph6ng x� kigu beta (P), cac d6ng vi ph6ng x� c6 Z < 83 phong x� kigu Vi dlf,: iC � 1N + -le Trong phan u'ng c6 th� coi nhu m9t notron nhan mdt di m9t electron dt bie'n m9t proton: 5n � iP + Je Phong x� kigu p la qua trinh phong xi:;i xay h�t nhan nguyen tit ph6ng h�t electron Khi d6 s6 kh6i cu.a h�t nhan v§.n khong d6i nhltng s6 hi�u nguyen tu' tang len don vi b) Sl/ thau do(,l,t electron: H�t nhan nh�n m9t electron a l6'p electron g�n nhdt 38K + -'" 38Ar , -1oe 19 18 J Kali + e � Argon Trong phan ung c6 th� coi nhu m9t proton nhan nh�n m9t electron d� bie'n m9t no'tron Je+ iP � 5n c) Phan ung phan chia va phan ung tdng hf/p h,,t nhan (1) Phdn ung phan chia: 3�u + 5n � 3�u � 1l!Ba +��Kr+ 35n+Q (Q = 2.10 10 kJ I mol) V6'i m9t lugng urani du Ian cac h�t no'tron m6'i sinh se gay m9t phan ung day chuy�n dua nhi�t dQ xay phan ung len hang tri�u dQ (2) Phdn ung t6ng h(fp hq,t nhan: (1) 4iH �!He+ 2+ f e+ 2,5.10 kJ /mol h�t positron 2fH ��He+ 2,8.10 kJ I mol (2) Nang htgng cu.a phan ung t6ng hgp h�t nhan cao hem nhi�u so v6'i nang lugng san sinh xay phan ung phan chia h�t nhan Chu y: M9t nguyen t6 c6 nhi�u d6ng vi khong nhdt thie't tdt ca cac d6ng vi d�u tham gia phan u'ng hi:;it nhan va ne'u co xay phan ung h�t nhan thi chi�u ht.tang xay cling khong hoan toan giong Cdn chu y: Trang phan ung h1;1t nhan, ca so khoi va di�n tich h1;1t nhan d�u duqc baa toan §� U §� Nr -+ §� U -+ §� Nr §� 9Pu + } e 5n -+ + + §i9 Pu 5n + -+ iiy gg6 Cs f + _ e + 35n + nang luqng Tham ho1;1 born hl;lt nhan Ci Nh�t nam 1945 la phan 11ng cua urani 235 va plutoni 239 (3) Di&u chi d6ng uj ph6ng xc;i nhan tc;io: �He + � N -+ fO �He iJAl -+ tgP f 0, fgp + + + tH 5n duqc g9i la d6ng vi nhan tl;lo d6 nen dlic;fC g9i la d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l nhan tl;lO 3op -+ 15 08.1 14 + fgp c6 tinh ph6ng Xl;l o +1 e positron (electron duong) "Dl;ln hl;lt nhan" dung cac phan 11ng biin pha hl;lt nhan c6 thg la hl;lt a, proton, notron, Nho phan (tng tl;lO hl;lt nhan m6'i, nguoi ta da tl;lO nhi�u nguyen to m6'i d€ xep vao cac o trong bang twin hoan (xem chuong III) Ngoai tl;lO cac d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l nhan tl;lO d€ 11ng dyng doi song ' d) D6ng vi b�n, d6ng vi khfmg b�n Chu k'i ban huy - Cac nguyen tu' c6 tinh ph6ng Xl;l g9i la cac d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l, cac nguyen tu' khong ph6ng Xl;l g9i la cac d6ng vi b�n - Chu ki ban huy cua m9t d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l la thoi gian dg phan huy du'Q'C m9t nu'a SO nguyen tu' ban dau (hay IDQt nu'a lu'Q'ng ban dau) - H� th(tc tinh chu ki ban huy (t1/2) cua cac hl;lt nhan ph6ng Xl;l theo h�ng so ph6ng Xl;l (k): 0, 693 tv (1) 72 = k - Xac dinh luqng chat ph6ng Xl;l (tinh theo khoi luqng) ,l1;1i sau thoi gian t theo h� th(tc: lg ( �) = � Ao: la luqng chat ph6ng Xl;l c6 m�t ban dau A : la luqng chat ph6ng Xl;l ll;li Ci thoi digm t (2) 1.8 Electron cu6i cung cua cac ion A - , B+ , c +, D2 - d�u co cung m(>t b(> so hrgng tu' d6 n.m = 3; l + ms = 0, Xac djnh cac ion A - , B + , c +, n - 1.9 Trang cac s6 lugng tu' sau day, giin cha m(>t electron, so lugng tu' nao ch.1p nhc%n dugc: n m l ms a) -1/2 2 b) +1/2 -4 -1/2 c) +1/2 d) -2 e) -3/2 1.10 T6ng s6 h�t proton, natron, electron nguyen tu' kim lo�i Ava B la 142, d6 t6ng so h�t mang di�n nhi�u han t6ng s6 h�t khong mang di�n la 42 So h�t mang di�n cua nguyen ta B nhi�u han cua A la 12 a) Xac dinh kim lo�i Ava B b) Vie't cac phuang trinh phan u'ng di�u che' A tu muoi cacbonat cua Ava di�u che' B tu oxit cua B (Trich d� thi tuyin sinh FJg,i h9c, Cao defog kh6i B, ndm 2003) 1.11 Hai nguyen t6 Ava B co electron cuoi cung u'ngvoi s6 lugng ta: A (n = 3; l = l; m = O; ms = -1 I ) B (n = 4; l = 1; m = - 1; m = -1 I ) a) Vie't c.1u hinh electron, xac dinh vi tri cua A, B bang tu§.n hoan, g9i ten A, B Bie't ding cac electron chie'm obitan biit d§.u tu m c6 tri so nho nh.1t tru'oc b) Hai nguyen t6 c6 th� c6 nhung so oxi hoa nao? Vi c6 SI! khac bi�t (ne'u c6)? 1.12 M(>t hgp ch.1t B vo ca dugc t�o nen tu ion M 3+ va ion x- T6ng so h�t hgp chS:t la 196, d6 so h�t mang di�n nhi�u han so h�t khong mang di�n la 60 Nguyen ta kho'i cua X 16'n han nguyen ta kho'i cua M la T6ng s6 h�t ion x- nhi�u han t6ng so h�t ion M 3+ la 16 a) Vie't c.1u hinh M 3+ va x- ? b) Xac dinhvi tri cua M va X bang tu§.n hoan c) Tim cong thu'c hgp ch.1t B 1.13 Triti la d6ngvi ph6ng x� cua hidro, c6 chu ki ban huy la 12,3 nam 15 o -), 32 He + e Ne'u ban dau c6 1,5 mg triti thi sau 49,2 nam 10i bao nhieu miligam ? 1.14 a) Nguyen tfr X c6 s6 khfii nho hon 36 va tong s6 cac h0t la 52 Vie't cau hinh electron cua X Neu tinh chat hoa h9c Cd ban cua X? b) M9t nguyen tu' Y c6 t6ng s6 h0t la 62, s6 khfii nho hdn 43 Tim nguyen tu' khfii cua Y Vie't cau hinh electron va cho bie't tinh chat hoa h9c Cd ban CUa Y 1.15 Cho ba nguyen t6 X, Y, Z thut)c cung mt)t chu ki nho bang tuan hoan (Zx < Zy < Zz) 86 hi�u nguyen tu' cua Y biing trung binh ct)ng s6 13 H hi�u nguyen tu' cua X va Z Electron cu6i cung cua nguyen tu' Y c6 gia tri l -' ' ' l m m'8 = + -cac so 1uong tu., la: (Quy lick: s6 luqng tu' tu nh�n gia tri tu -l qua O de'n +l) = ; = ; dinh Xac s6 hi�u nguyen tu' g9i ten ba nguyen t6 tren, bie't riing chi' c6 hai ba nguyen t6 c6 kha nang t1:10 hqp chat v6'i hidro 1.16 Tong s6 proton, notron, electron nguyen tit cua hai nguyen t6 M va X lan luqt biing 82 va 52 M va X t0o hqp chat MXa , phan tfr cua hqp chat d6 c6 tong s6 proton cua cac nguyen tu' bilng 7 a) Hay cho bie't s6 luqng tu' ung v6'i electron ch6t cua M va X b) Xac dinh vi tri cua nguyen t6 M va X bang tuan hoan c) Xac dinh cong thuc phan tu' cua MXa 1.17 a) Hay vie't cau hinh electron cua cac nguyen t6 c6 electron dt)c than & l6'p ngoai cung v6'i di�u ki�n nguyen tfr c6 Z < 20 C6 bao nhieu nguyen t6 ung v6'i cau hinh electron n6i tren, cho biet ten cua chung b) Co bao nhieu nguyen t6 c6 cau hinh electron 16'p ngoai cung la 4s1 1.18 Cho bie't tong s6 electron AB§- la 4i, h0t nhan A, B s6 proton bilng s6 ndtron Tim s6 khfii cua B 1.19 Kim lo�i Cr co ca'u true tinh th� v&i phiin r6ng tinh th� chie'm 32% Khfii luqng rieng cua kim lo0 i Cr la 7,19 gam/cm Hay tinh ban kinh nguyen tu' tudng d6i cua nguyen tu' Cr 1.20 Mt)t hqp chat B duqc t o bcS'i mt)t kim lo0 i hoa tri (II) va mt)t phi kim hoa tri (I) t6ng s6 h t phan tu' B la 290 T6ng s6 h t khong mang di�n la 110, hi�u s6 h1:1t khong mang di�n giua phi kim va kim lo1:1i la 70 Ti l� s6 h�t mang di�n cua kim lo0i so v6'i phi kim B la 2/7 Tim A, Z cua kim lo0i va phi kim tren 16 •NeuNo la toe d(> ph6ng x� ban diiu (tuc so nguyen tu' bj phan huy m(>t dO'n vj tho'i gian Ci tho'i digm ban dilu) Nla toe d9 ph6ng x� & thai digm t Ta c6 h� thuc: lg (�)= 2'��3 (3) l • Dt,ta vao h� thuc (3 ), c6 thg xac djnh nien d�i cua nhung di v�t c6 biing cac chat ph6ng x�: III CAU TRUC VO t = �-2, 303lg(if" ELECTRON CUA NGUYEN TU Sl,i chuy�n dQng cua electron nguyen tu' - obitan nguyen tu' a) Obitan nguyen tit - Chuygn d9ng cua cac electron nguyen tu' dtiQ'C mo ta bAng anh obitan nguyen tu' - Obitan nguyen tu' dtiQ'C hi�u la hinh anh mo ta xac suat t'im electron xung quanh h�t nhan ma t�i d6 electron c6 m{lt la lon (khoang %) - Cac obitan Px, Py, P z (duqc viet l a AOp x , AOpy, AOp z ) c6 d�ng s6 tam n6i dinh huong khac khong gian theo - 86 luqng obitan n -Lop n c6 t6i da 2n h'inh thay nhat hinh tr1:1c x, y, z electron b) Lup electron - G&m cac electron c6 nang luqng giln biing - Ki hi�u n KL MNOP Q = c) Phan lup electron - G&m cac electron c6 nang l uqng biing - Ki hi�u : s p d f LOD va phan l'OD e1ectron • 86 thu tt,t lop (n) Ki hi�u cua lop K L 86 electron t6i da & lop 18 32 86 phan lop lop Ten phan lop ls 2s, 2p 3s, 3p" 3d 4s,4p,4d,4f 86 electron toi da & phan lop 2, 2, 6, 2, 6, 0, 14 M N {[[W+bz0FkV43GmRt7u4DpvuYxd]]}       Nang lu'Qng cua cac electron nguyen tu - Cau hinh electron nguyen tu a) Cac nguyen li va quy t&c phan bif electron nguyen tu - Nguyen li vung b�n : (j tr1,mg thai CCf ban, nguyen tu' cac electron chiem 1§.n luqt nhung obitan c6 muc nang luqng W thap den cao - Tr�t ttj cac muc nang luqng obitan nguyen tu' Thtjc nghi�m cung nhu li thuyet cho thay s6 hi�u nguyen tu' Z tang, cac muc nang luqng AO tang d§.n theo trinh ttj sau : ls 2s 2p s 3p 4s d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d - Nguyen li Pau-li Tren mc)t obitan chi c6 th& c6 nhi�u nhat la hai electron va hai electron chuy&n dc)ng ttj quay khac chi�u xung quanh tn,ic rieng m6i electron - Quy tik Hun (Hund) Trong cung mc)t phan lop, cac electron se phan b6 tren cac obitan cho s6 electron dc)c than la t6i da va cac electron phai c6 chi�u ttj quay gi6ng b) Cdu hinh electron nguyen tu cua m{)t nguyen Uf • Ca'u hinh electron nguyen tit bi�u di�n stJ phan bo electron tren cac phan lop thuc)c cac lop khac • Ca.ch viet ca'u hinh electron nguyen tu' : + Xac djnh so electron nguyen tu' + Cac electron duqc phan bo theo thu ti! tang d�n muc nang luqng AO, theo cac nguyen li va quy tile phan bo electron nguyen tu' + Viet ca"u hinh electron theo thu ttj cac phan 16'p mc)t l6'p va theo thu ttj cua lop electron Thi d1,1: Z = 20: ls 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 2 2 6 Z = 21: ls 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Do c6 Stj chiin muc nang luqng nen vie't l�i la ls 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 10 Chu y: Vdi nguyen tu' c6 cllu hinh electron nguyen tu' (n-l)d a ns1 , b luon luon la 2, a cht nguyen t6 Cau hinh electron lap ngoai cung So electron lap ngoai cung Tinh chat hoa hQC di�n hinh ns1 ' ns2 ' ns2 np 1, 2, Kim lo�i (tru H, He, B) ns2 2p C6tM la phi kim y kim lo�i ns2np , ns2np4 , ns2 np 5, 6, Phi kim ns2 2p (Tru He: ls2 ) (Tru i:J He) Nguyen to hiem Khi hiem, chung hau nhu khong tham gia phan ung hoa hQC 11 Y nghia so lu'c;fng tu', muc va phan muc nang lu'c;fng LOI DJN: Ccic s6 lu