B O G IA O D U C V A D A O T A O DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN TRUdNG DAI HOC KINH TE VA QUAN TR| KINH DOANH Luan van tot nghiep —'S.IbO.ef— Dd Thi Bich Loan L d l CAM D O A N Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien ciiu doc lap cua tac gia DO T H I BIC H L O A N Cac so lieu va ket qua neu luan van la trung thiic va chiCa tiing diidc cong bo bat ky cong trinh nao khac Cac so lieu trich dan qua THlIC TRANG VA GIAIPHAP CHU YEU NHflM PHAT ■ trinh nghien ciiu deu diCOc chi ro nguon goc ■ TRIEN KINH TE TRANG TRAI0 HUYEN RAC QUANG t Ac g i A l u a n v a n TINH HA GIANG D T h i B ich L oan Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Nong nghiep Ma so: 60.31.10 LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE • • NGITCJI HlT^NG DAN: TS TRAN CHI THIEN o a ih q c t h Ain g u y ^n TRUNGTAMHQCLILU TH A I NGUYEN - 2005 Luan van tot nghiep ^ £3- £T— f)() Thi B i c h L o a n Lui n van tot nghiep Do Thi Bich Loan —>&£□£?- DA NH M U C CAC C H V IE T T A T L d l C A M CfN TT NghTa Ch& viet ta t BQ Binh quan c, Gia tri hoan von co dinh (K hau hao tai san c d dinh) CPHI Chi phi giup dd tdi qua trinh hoc tap va nghien citu Triidc het tdi xin bay to long biet dn sau sac tdi Thay hitdng dan luan D, La cac bien gia djnh DTICH Dien tfch van Tien si Tran Chi Thien va cac thay co giao da trite tiep giang day va D TD TN Dien tfch dat tu nhien GO Gia trj san xuat IC Chi phi trung gian De hoan luan van tdi da nhan diidc sit giup dd nhiet tinh cua cac cd quan, cac cap lanh dao va cac cd nhan Tdi xin chan cam dn sau sac va kinh tdi tat cd cac tap the, cac cd nhan dd tao dieu kien giup dd tdi suot qua trinh hoc tap, nghien ciiu va hoan luan van Tdi xin chan cam dn Ban Giam hieu va Phong Dao tao - Khoa hoc & Quan he Quoc te, Tritdng Dai hoc Kinh te va Quan tri Kinh doanh Thai Nguyen va Ban Giam hieu, Ban Chu nhiem Khoa Sau Dai hoc 10 K L Tritdng Dai hoc Nong Lam Thai Nguyen dd to chitc va dao tao Thac si 11 LD Kinh te giup tdi cd cd hoi ditdc tham gia hoc tap Tdi xin chan cam dn sit giup dd cua Ban Giam hieu va Phong Dao tao Tritdng Trung hoc Kinh te - Ky thuat tinh Ha Giang, Sd Nong nghiep & phat trien nong thon, Sd Tdi nguyen & Moi tritdng, Uy ban nhan huyen Bac Quang, Phong Nong nghiep, Phong Thong ke, Phong Dia chinh, cac Chu trang trqi, Can bo xa cua huyen Bac Quang ndi tdi trite tiep dieu tra Tdi xin bay to long biet dn sit giup dd nhiet tinh cua cac chu trang trqi, ba nong dan cac xa thuoc huyen Bac Quang qua trinh lam luan van Tdi xin cam dn nhitng ngittii than gia dinh dd giup tdi luc kho khan, vat va de hoan luan van Tdi xin cam dn cac ban be dong nghiep gan xa dd dong gop nhieu y kien quy bau de giup dd tdi hoan luan van Thai Nguyen, thang nam 2005 Dd T hi B ich Loan ii V on ky thuat Lao dong Lao dong 12 LN L am nghiep 13 M Gia tri thang dir 14 MT Moi trirong 15 NN N ong nghiep 16 NQ N ghi quyet 17 Pi Gia tri san pham thu: i 18 Q, San ph^rn th u i 19 Q LY Q uan ly 20 TT T rang trai 21 V Chi phi lao dong 22 VA Gia tri gia tang Lu$n van tot nghiep £ £$■— Dd Thi Bich Loan Lu$n van tot nghiep Ten bang 01 Dien tfch binh quan/m ot trang trai cua m ot so niroc tren the gidfi 02 Hien trang sir dung dat a Bdc Q uang tir 2001 - 2003 03 Phan bo lao dong tren dia ban huyen E&c Q uang phan theo dia ban cu tru va nganh nghe san xuat Tinh hinh dan so vao lao dong cua huyen B^c Q uang nam 2003 05 Gia tri san xuat cong nghiep va Tieu thu cong nghiep va Xay dung i co ban cua huyen B^c Quang Tri T ran g 15 - —1 25 _ 04 Do Thi Bich Loan M UC LUC DANH M UC CAC BANG BIEU Bang Jt,— — 26 Ma Dan 1 Tfnh cap thiet cua d£ tai 2 Muc tieu nghien cuu 2.1 M uc tieu chung 2.2 Muc tieu cu the 3 Doi tuong nghien cuu Pham vi nghien cu'u 28 33 4.1 Ve khong gian 06 Gia tri san xuat cac nganh kinh te huyen Bac Q uang 34 4.2 Ve thefi gian 07 Q uy m o dien tfch cua cac trang trai di6u tra 44 Chutfng I: Co s a ly luan va thirc tiln ve kinh te trang trai i 08 Thuc trang nhan khau va lao dong binh quan cua trang trai 45 1.1 Co' so ly luan 09 Tinh hinh sir dung dat dai cua cac trang trai dieu tra 47 1.1.1 The nao la trang trai va kinh te trang trai 49 1.1.2 D ac trung cua kinh te trang trai 1.2 C o so thuc ti6n 1.2.1 NhCrng tieu chi de xac dinh ho la trang trai 10 T huc trang nguon von va tai san cua cac trang trai di£u tra 11 Q uy m o san xuat cua cac trang trai di6u tra 51 12 Gia tri san xuat binh quan cua cac trang trai di6u tra 53 1.2.2 N h u n g yeu to dam bao sir ton tai va phat trien cua kinh te trang trai 13 Chi phf trung gian binh quan cua cac trang trai di£u tra 55 1.2.3 Y nghTa kinh te, xa hoi va m oi trudng cua kinh te trang trai 14 G ia tri gia tang binh quan cua cac trang trai dieu tra 15 Mot so chi tieu s 12 58 hieu qua kinh te va ty suat hang hoa binh 1.3 So luoc qua trinh hinh va phat trien cua kinh te trang trai 14 1.3.1 Tren the gidi 14 quan cua trang trai 60 1.3.2 Tai Viet Nam 16 16 Mot so nhan to anh huon g den gia tri gia tang cua trang trai 63 1.3.3 Tren dja ban tinh H a G iang 18 17 K iem dinh t ve sir sai khac giua gia tri cua cac to 64 Chirong II : Dac diem dia ban nghien curu va phircmg phap nghien curu 20 2.1 D ac diem dia ban nghien curu 20 65 2.1.1 D ieu kien tu nhien 20 2.1.2 D ieu kien kinh te- xa hoi 26 2.2 P h u o ng phap nghien curu 34 2.2.1 C o so phirong phap lu^n 34 18 A nh huong cua cac nhan to san xuat toi gia tri gia tang cua trang trai IV v Luan van tot nghiep — 's.K J-er— D6 Thi Bich Loan LuMn van tot nghiep 2.2.2 Cac phuong phap cu the 35 2.2.3 He thong chi tieu nghien cuu, phan tfch 41 — - 06 Tlli ^ lcJ 1- ^ oan m o d a u TINH CAP THIET CUA DE T AI Chirang II I : T huc trang va cac giai phap kinh te chu yeu de phat trien Trai qua gan 20 nam doi mdi (1986 - 2004), nen nong nghiep nuac ta kinh te trang trai a huyen B&c Q uan g 44 da dat duoc nhung tiru ndi bat Tu mot nude phd bien la san xuat tieu 3.1 Thuc trang phat trien kinh te trang trai huyen Bac Q uang 44 3.1.1 Quy mo dien tfch cua cac trang trai di6u tra 44 3.1.2 Thuc trang nhan khau va lao dong cua cac trang trai 44 nong, tu cung tu cap, Viet Nam da va dang xay dung mot nen nong nghiep hang hoa, dam bao an toan luong thuc quoc gia va co ty suat hang hoa cang Ion, cai thien vi tri cua minh khu vuc va tren the gidi Nude ta 3.1.3 Thuc trang sir dung dat dai cua cac trang trai 46 3.1.4 Thuc trang tai san va nguon von cua cac trang trai 48 3.1.5 Q uy m o san xuat cua cac trang trai 50 3.1.6 Gia tri san xuat cua cac trang trai 52 3.1.7 Chi phi binh quan cua cac trang trai 54 3.1.8 Gia trj gia tang binh quan cua cac trang trai 57 Tren the gidi, kinh te trang trai duoc hinh tuong doi sdm, tung 3.1.9 Hieu qua kinh te cua cac trang trai 59 thdi ky ma cd nhung hinh thuc, ten goi khac nhung cd dac diem chung 3.1.10 Moi quan he v6i thi trudng cua cac trang trai 61 la san xuat mang tinh hang hoa tu chu vdi gia tri san xuat ldn Viet Nam, kinh te trang trai da hinh va trai qua nhung giai doan lich su khac da trd nude xuat khau gao dung hang thu hai tren the gidi, vdi muc xuat khau ldn hang nam tu - 4,5 trieu tan va la mot nhung nude cd san luong ldn ve xuat khau ca phe, dieu, tieu tren the gidi Kinh te trang trai khap ca nude da dong gop mot phan quan vao su phat trien virot bac 3.2 Phan tfch cac nhan to anh huong den ket qua san xuat cua cac trang trai 63 3.2.1 Sir dun g phuo'ng phap phan to 63 cua qua trinh phat trien Tuy nhien, trang trai gia dinh mdi chi phat trien tu 3.2.2 Sir dung ham san xuat C obb-D ouglas 65 dau thap ky 90 sau cd Nghi quyet 10 cua Bo Chinh tri va Luat dat dai 3.3 N hun g thuan loi, kho khan phat trien kinh te trang trai a Bac Q u an g 68 ddi (1993) vdi day du nam quyen quan la ehuyen ddi, ehuyen nhuong, 3.4 Cac giai phap kinh te chu yeu nham phat trien kinh te trang trai huyen Bac Q uang 70 3.4.1 Q uan diem , dinh hu6ng, m uc tieu phat trien kinh te trang trai 70 3.4.2 M ot so giai phap kinh te chu yeu de phat trien kinh te trang trai 72 K et luan 86 Tai lieu th am khao 88 Phu luc 90 eho thue, thua ke va the chap Phat trien kinh te trang trai la xu hudng tat yeu san xuat nong nghiep, nong thon hien Thuc chat cua kinh te trang trai la budc phat trien cao cua kinh te nong ho, la budc phat trien mang tmh quy luat tu nhien, ma mot so ho nong dan qua trinh phat trien san xuat dat duoc trinh cao cd von, cd dat, tfch luy duoc nhieu kinh nghiem, dac biet la cd y chi vuon len lam giau chinh dang eho minh va cho xa hoi Hinh va phat trien dieu kien mdi, hien kinh te trang trai dang to la mot hinh thCre td ehue, san xuat cd tmh iru viet bdi no dang gop phan khai thac nhung vung dat hoang hoa dat doi nui troc lay thut, gop phan ngan man, giai quyet cong an viec lam, ehuyen dich co cau kinh te VI Lu£n van tot nghiep _ Do Thi Bich { ° (^rl — nong nghiep, nong thon, tao sir can bang sinh thai, bao ve mdi trudng, nham phat trien mot nen nong nghiep ben vung Tuy vay, qua trinh phat trien kinh te trang trai, da sinh nhieu van de ve ly luan va thuc ti Ngudn von: von tu cd bao nhieu, thieu bao nhieu, vay ngan hang hay vay tir cac chuong trinh du an dang thuc hien tai dja phuong mot nam, tu dd giup cho chu trang trai dieu khien, thuc hien cong tac chu dong, kip thdi, tranh chong cheo cong viec va dam bao hieu qua san > Ngudn lao dong: Sd lao dong ciia gia dinh cd dii de thuc hien cac cong viec xua't cao doi vdi toan bo cac cong viec san xua't theo ke hoach Bao gdm: trang trai hay khong, neu khong thi thue lao dong nhu the nao: thue thdi vu gieo trdng, dien tfch, loai cay trdng, giong va du kien nang suat cua thudng xuyen hay thue theo thdi vu, yeu cau lao dong nhu the nao tung loai cu the > Kha nang tieu thu san pham: san pham cua trang trai lam cd kha nang > Cac loai vat nudi: the hien cac cong viec cu the, cac giai doan mot chu tieu thu khong: cd nha may che bien, cd nam vung quy hoach san ky chan nudi va dam bao goi tiep, chu ehuyen dan gia sue theo ke hoach thong qua chi tieu vat tu va lao dong tung loai Xac djnh so luong, chu ky, pham dd khong > Sd trudng kinh doanh cua chii trang trai: ehuyen mon cua chu trang trai ♦ Chi tieu vat tu: thuoc ITnh vuc nao ♦ du kien nang sua't, san luong cua tung loai > So 1irong phan bon, thudc trur sau, thudc bao ve thuc vat, giong, thuy loi cho Lap so' quy hoach san xuat > Quy hoach ve trdng trot: can cu vao dja diem, tmh chat ciia dat dai ciia mdi trang trai tir dd bo tri co cau cay trdng hop ly, thuan tien ddi vdi sinh trudng 78 timg loai cay trdng la bao nhieu > Sd luong thuc an thd, tinh, thudc phong dich, cho tung loai vat nudi la bao nhieu 79 LuMn van tot nghiep Ci-ef— Do Thi Bich Loan ♦ C7// lien lao dong: Lu£n van tot nghiep Do Th[ Bich Loan — r Co ke hoach b6 i dudng lao dong de nang cao chat luang, nang suat lao * Cong lam dat, gieo trdng, cham soc thu hoach, phong tru sau benh, van ehuyen cho tirng loai cay la bao nhieu r Cong che' bien, chan tha, cham soc, phong dich benh cho tirng loai vat nuoi c To chuc thuc hien va quan ly san xuat Muc dich chu yeu cua trang trai la san xuat va kinh doanh hang hoa nong san, dap ung nhu cSu thi trudng khu vuc, nude tham chi la xuat khaiu Viec quan ly san xua't kinh doanh trang trai gom cac noi dung chmh sau: ♦ Quan ly san xuat: doi vdi noi dung chu trang trai phai dam bao: ^ Sir dung dat dai co hieu qua, day du va hop ly dong Mat khac can de che thudng phat hop ly de kfch thich tinh than lam vice cua ngudi lao dong ♦ Quan ly thi trudng va nguon tieu thu san pham : san xuat kinh doanh ndi chung va trang trai ndi rieng viec quan ly thi trudng va nguon tieu thu san pham cd tmh chat quyet dinh, dam bao su thdng loi cua chu trang trai De thuc hien tot ndi dung chu trang trai phai: ^ Nam vung nhu cau cua thi trudng bang cach tiep can theo nhieu kenh thong tin true tiep va thudng xuyen ^ Du bao duoc nhung kha nang ve di£n bien nhung nhu cau cua thj trudng ^ Quan ly chu trinh san xuat tu khau khoi diem den khau tieu thu san pham ^ Tao san pham hang hoa dap ung duoc nhung nhu cau lau dai cua thi trudng ^ Tiet kiem tranh that thoat von ^ Nang cao sue canh tranh ciia san pham hang hoa tao ^ Quan ly tai san tong the theo nien han ro rang ^ Dam bao tin nhiem vdi khach hang ♦ Quan ly tdi chinh: day la noi dung quan phuc tap va co nhung Tom lai: Viec dao tao trinh ehuyen mon va quan ly cho chu trang trai la thay doi boi nhung yeu to khach quan nhu nang su&'t, chat luong san pham yeu cau quan ddi vdi su phat trien cua cac trang trai san xuat hang hoa va di n bien cua thi trudng Do vay, viec quan ly tai chmh trang trai tren dia ban huyen Bdc Quang Bdi vi, thong qua dd chu trang trai se ITnh hoi phai dam bao: duoc nhung kien thurc ehuyen mon va quan ly can thiet cho viec dieu hanh hoat > Dau tir chi phi d muc can thiet thap nhat (von va lao dong) dong cua trang trai, han che duoc nhung riii ro chu quan thieu kien thuc > Hieu qua san xuat cao nhat the hien d muc doanh thu va loi nhuan cao, tir ehuyen mon va quan ly cua chu trang trai, giup trang trai nhay ben vdi su thay dd se cd gia tri cong lao dong cao nhat > Chi phi bu dap cho lao dong song, cung cd co cau san xuat va cho tai san xuat mot cach hop ly doi cua thi trudng 3.4.2.2.3 Giai pliap ve ky thuat Ve cong tac giong: De dat duoc muc tieu la tang nhanh nang suat va san ♦ Quan ly nguon nhan life: tmh chat thdi vu cua san xuat ndng nghiep lien quan chat tre den viec su dung nguon nhan lire, vay de dam bao viec thuc hien ke hoach san xuat mot cach chu dong, chu trang trai can phai: ^ Xay dung ke hoach san xuat va lich canh tac cang cu the cang tot > Tmh toan nhu cau ve lao dong va can ddi lao dong di u kien kha thi luong cua timg loai cay va vat nudi thi cong tac giong giur vj tri quan Cav liia: thay cac giong dai cd nang suat thap nhu CR 203, DT10, X21, X22 bang cac giong lua ngan chu lire cd nang suat cao, kha nang chong chju tot nhu Khang Dan 18 Q2, Q s cua Trung Quoc, nep IR 352, Tap giao Cav ngo: su dung cac giong ngo mdi nhu: VN25 Vien Nghien ciru Ngo lai tao, CD- DK999, CD- DK 8 , CP 989, CP 2000, cac ddng ngo lai Bioseed nhu 9670, 9681, 9797 80 81 van tot nghiep Oo Thi Bich Loan Cay dau tirantz: sir dung giong DT- 2000, DT- 2001 Vien Di truyen Nong nghiep san xua't co kha nang chju han, cho nang suat cao, chat lugng tot phu hap vdi dieu kien cua huyen Bac Quang Cay khoai lang: tap trung mot sd giong khoai lang cho nang suat cao nhir KL5, KB1, K51 nham lay san pham phuc vu chan nudi Cay lac: thay doi giong lac cu nhu Dd Bac Giang, V79 bang cac giong Lu$n vgin tot nghiep — Oo Thi BichLoan nhir: chan nuoi ga sieu thit, sieu trimg voi cac giong nhir: AA, Avian, Tam hoang Kabiar, IsaJa57 Ky thuat tham canh: can ehuyen djch co cau mua vu, tap trung gieo nh&ng giong ngdn ngay, coi san xuat vu dong la vu san xuat chmh thur chu yeu la cay mau nhu: ngo, khoai va cac loai dau Doi voi cay che, ap (lung cac bien phap ky thuat can thiet (thiet bi tudi tieu, tii goc, bon phan ) nhir L , L l4, L is cua Vien KHKT NN Viet Nam, M D7 cua Trung Quoc cd kha nham tang nang suat, chat luong che vu ddng Ve chan nudi, can xay dung co nang chong benh cao, khong bi thdi cu hoac than, cho nang suat trung binh tu so thuc an phii hop vdi timg ddi tuong vat nudi, phong chong dich benh djnh ky, 29 den 56,5 ta /ha ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat vao chan nudi theo hudng cong nghiep, ehuyen Cay che: Hien che tai cac trang trai cung nhu tren dja ban huyen deu la giong che Trung Quoc la to hay goi la che Trung du dugc bang mon hoa cao 2 Gidi phap rieng cho titng loai hinli trang trqi hat De tang nang suat cung nhu chat lugng cua che Bac Quang canh tranh dugc Gidi phap riene : De kinh te trang trai phat trien dem lai hieu qua cao, tren thi trudng nham nang cao dugc gia tri kinh te thi cac trang trai can phai thay ben vung thi mdi loai hinh trang trai phai cd nhirng hudng san xuat phii hop Vi, cac giong che tren bang cac giong che nhu TRI 777, LDP1, LDP2 bang phirong hudng san xuat quyet djnh san phaim san xuat ciia trang trai, quyet hom cd kha nang phat trien manh cho nang suat cao va chat lugng tot djnh tdi ket qua san xuat va hieu qua kinh te ciia trang trai Cay an qua: cai tao vudn tap, thay the cac giong cay an qua cd gia trj Ben canh nhirng giai phap chung cho cac loai hinh trang trai thi can thiet kinh te thap hoac nang suat thap bang cac giong cay an qua cd nang suat, chat phai cd nhung giai phap rieng cho timg trang trai boi vdi mdi loai hmh trang trai lugng cao va cd gia tri kinh te nhu: Cam, Vai thieu, nhan long, hong khong hat Chan nuoi: vdi muc tieu ciia huyen la nham dua nganh chan nudi len cd ngudn luc, nhung dieu kien de’ phat trien rieng ma cac loai hinh trang trai khac khong the cd duoc Qua so lieu dieu tra va phan tich cho thay cac trang trai tren dja ban nganh san xuat chmh Bd: thay giong bd dia phuong cham ldn, nhd bang each cho lai vdi giong bd sind de lay lai nudi lay thjt cho pham chat thjt tot, ldn nhanh L on: dung cac giong lgn due ngoai nhu: Landrace, Yoocsai cho lai vdi lgn Mong Cai de lay lai nudi thjt Lgn lai cd dac diem de nudi, huyen se cd nhirng hudng phat trien rieng, phu thuoc vao dieu kien dat dai, von, lao dong ciia minh Tren co sd dd tdi dua mot sd giai phap rieng cho mdi loai hinh trang trai cu the nhu sau: Vdi loai hinh tranz trai cay lau nam: vdi dac diem la dien tfch dat tuong ddi chong ldn, chat lugng thit tot hon so vdi lgn thuan chung Mong Cai, ty le nac ldn, vay, thdi gian tdi loai hinh trang trai can tap trung vao mot sd dat 40 - 43% hudng san xuat sau day: G a : Hien nay, ga dugc nudi tuong ddi nhieu tai cac trang trai chu yeu van Ve trot: vdi loi the ve dat dai sa'n cd, trang trai can quy hoach lai la chan nudi ga tha vudn Trong thdi gian tdi de’ chan nudi ga dat hieu qua cao vudn tap loai bd nhung c£y cd gia trj kinh te th&p, thay ddi giong cay phu thi c U pper 95% Intercept 12,47386774 0,9 9 13,571313 1,472E-16 10,61622754 14,33150793 Ln CPHI 0,24082 0,0 5 ,184016 ,0 0 0,124494681 ,3 57152887 Ln LDCHINH Ln DTICH Ln QLY 0,4693 8 ,1 9056983 3,637132 0,000 7 0,208563501 ,7 3 ,2 0,0 9 1,9919055 ,0 3 86 -0,001198761 ,1 2 0,1269 3 ,05 9 ,13 4 ,0 12 0,006529981 ,2 4 90 TfNH CAO BANG laocmA i