Green Energy and Technology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8059 S M Muyeen Editor Wind Energy Conversion Systems Technology and Trends 123 S M Muyeen Department of Electrical Engineering The Petroleum Institute PO Box 2533, Abu Dhabi U.A.E e-mail: muyeen0809@gmail.com ISSN 1865-3529 ISBN 978-1-4471-2200-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-2201-2 e-ISSN 1865-3537 e-ISBN 978-1-4471-2201-2 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2011941710 Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to My Parents Preface The renewable energy penetration rate to the power grid is increasing rapidly nowa-days Wind, solar, biogas/biomass, tidal, geothermal, etc are considered as the renewable sources of energy and among those the wind is playing the major role in world’s energy market along with conventional sources of energy The wind energy sector has already reached a matured stage due the contributions from many engineering and science disciplines in the last few decades, mainly from mechanical, electrical, electronic, computer, and aerospace Each discipline has its own beauty and the combined efforts from scientists from different disciplines are the secret of the success of wind industry In this book, the present future development schemes of wind turbine generator systems are depicted based on the contribution from many renowned scientists and engineers from different disciplines A wide verity of research results are merged together to make this book useful for students and researchers The chapters of the book are organized into three parts In part I, wind energy conversion systems using different types of wind generator including necessary control schemes, are presented Efficiency analysis of commercially available wind energy conversion systems, large scale wind generator, using superconducting material and high efficient power converter technology are the key features of this section Part II is focused on several important issues for wind industry and transmission system operators Grid interfacing issues, grid code, lightning strike and protection, use of energy storage options are highlighted in this section And in the part III, the focus is given only to offshore wind power technology Offshore wind speed observation from the space, HVDC based transmission scheme to interconnect offshore wind farm into onshore grid, hybrid offshore wind farms and marine current farms are the key issues discussed in this section A general overview and essence of the chapters can be obtained from Chap.1 of the book Abu Dhabi, 31 March 2011 S M Muyeen vii Acknowledgments In my capacity, as the Editor of this book, first of all I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the chapter authors for their valuable contributions and enormous efforts for ensuring the quality of the materials in their chapters Some of the results presented in to the book have already been published in international journals and appreciated in many international conferences and our thanks to those publishers for giving necessary permission to reuse the materials Thanks go to IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office, Risø DTU-National Laboratory of Sustainable Energy for assisting authors in various ways A large number of individuals including some authors of this book and organizations have assisted the authors in a variety of ways in the preparation of this work In particular, however, we would like to thank Prof Abdurrahim El-Keib, Dr Ehab El-Saadany, Dr Mohd Hasan Ali, Dr Stavros Papathanassiou, and Dr S Dutta for their tremendous support and kind suggestions throughout We have made use of Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) publications and record our special thanks to these organizations for making documents available to us free of charge and sanctioning the permission to use some of the material therein The Editor is grateful to Scaldis Salvage & Marine Contractors NV for providing few nice pictures used in the Introduction chapter of the book Finally, the Editor wishes to take this opportunity to express his gratitude to Prof Junji Tamura for valuable suggestions to make this book successful and tremendous supports since 2002 ix 21 Transmission of Bulk Power (a) NB NS 511 PS Z PB (b) NS Z -0 PS PB 1.0 1.0 -0 66 -0 33 NB -0 33 66 (c) NB Input ( en) Input (en) NS Z -0.5 PS PB 1.0 -1.0 1.0 Output (Dn) Fig 21.9 Fuzzy sets and their corresponding membership functions the present study, the FLC is considered to control the output voltage of the FB DC– DC converter to maintain the DC voltage of the offshore HVDC station at the desired level The FLC is described in detail in the following section In order to design the proposed FLCs, the error signal, e(k), and the change of the error signal, De(k), are considered as the controller inputs The duty cycle (D) is chosen as the controller output, which is compared with sawtooth carrier wave signals to generate the switching pulses for IGBT devices For convenience, the inputs and outputs of the FLC are scaled with coefficients Ke, KDe, and Kd, as shown in Fig 21.8 In Fig 21.8, Z-1 represents one sampling time delay The triangular membership functions with overlap used for the input and output fuzzy sets are shown in Fig 21.9, in which the linguistic variables are represented as NB (Negative Big), NS (Negative Small), Z (Zero), PS (Positive Small), and PB (Positive Big) The fuzzy rule table is shown in the Appendix In the present study, for the inference mechanism, Mamdani’s max–min (or sum–product) [35] method is used The center of gravity method [35] is used for defuzzification to obtain Dn The actual duty cycle signal, D, can be determined by multiplying Dn by the scaling factor Kd 21.3.3.3 Overvoltage Protection Scheme When a network disturbance occurs at the onshore grid, real power cannot be transmitted from the offshore wind farm to the onshore grid through the HVDC 512 Fig 21.10 Configuration of protective device used at offshore HVDC station S M Muyeen et al + Vdc_FB Vdc_max Vdc_FB >Vdc_max=>1 Vdc_FB 0 Controller > Chopper Fig 21.11 Control block diagram of the onshore VSC station cables As a result, the DC voltage, which must be regulated, increases rapidly One way to this is to decrease the power generation from individual WTGS of the offshore wind farm by updating the power command to all MPPT control units, which requires strong coordination between the onshore and offshore stations In the present study, as a simple protection scheme, the braking chopper, as shown in Fig 21.10, is installed at the offshore HVDC station, which can work independently without any remote signal transmission between MPPT units and the onshore grid The chopper is activated when a DC overvoltage is detected at the local end and dissipates the excess active power into the resistance during the voltage dip at the onshore grid 21.3.4 Onshore HVDC Station In the present study, the cascade control scheme with independent control of active and reactive currents, as shown in Fig 21.11, is applied to the control of onshore VSC station The dq quantities and three-phase electrical quantities are related to each other by reference frame transformation The angle of the transformation is detected from the three phase voltages (Va,Vb,Vc) at the high-voltage side of the 21 Transmission of Bulk Power 513 Fig 21.12 Wind speed data Used in VSWT-PMSG:1 Used in VSWT-PMSG:2 Wind Speeds [m/sec] 15 14 13 12 11 10 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time[sec] grid side transformer The d-axis current can control the dc-link voltage The dc voltage of the DC-link capacitor is controlled to be constant by two PI controllers On the other hand, the q-axis current can control the reactive power of the gridside inverter, and hence the onshore grid voltage can be maintained to be constant The rated DC-link voltage is 150 kV 21.4 Simulation Analysis In the present study, both the dynamic and transient characteristics of the proposed system shown in Fig 21.1 are analyzed A detailed switching model is considered instead of the time average model for the sake of analysis precision The time step is chosen to be 0.00002 s The simulation time for the dynamic and transient characteristics analysis are chosen as 600 s and s, respectively Simulations were carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC [31] 21.4.1 Dynamic Characteristics Analysis In order to obtain a realistic response, real wind speed data measured at Hokkaido Island, Japan, as shown in Fig 21.12, is used in the simulation In the offshore wind farm, the maximum power generation from each VSWT-PMSG at a particular wind speed is ensured by the controller, as explained in Sect 21.3.1 The responses of the real power references of the generator-side converters of the PMSGs, their rotor speeds, and the power delivered from each generator to the DC-bus are shown in Figs 21.13, 21.14, and 21.15 The pitch controllers attached to the wind turbines are activated when the rotor speeds of the generators exceed the rated speeds, as shown in Fig 21.16 The zoom voltage at the primary side of the FB DC–DC converter 514 VSWT-PMSG:1 VSWT-PMSG:2 1.2 Reference Powers [pu] Fig 21.13 Real power references for the generatorside converters S M Muyeen et al 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 500 600 Time[sec] 1.2 Rotor Speeds of PMSGs[pu] Fig 21.14 Rotor speeds of PMSG1 and PMSG2 PM SG : PM SG : 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 100 200 300 400 Fig 21.15 Real power of PMSG1 and PMSG2 Real Powers from PMSGs [pu] Time[sec] PMSG:1 PMSG:2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time[sec] is shown in Fig 21.17, which is basically a high-frequency square wave signal The output voltage of the FB DC–DC converter, which is the offshore HVDC station voltage, is shown in Fig 21.18 The DC voltage at the onshore HVDC station is maintained constant by the VSC, as shown in Fig 21.19 The onshore grid voltage shown in Fig 21.20 is also maintained constant by the onshore HVDC station Under the proposed control strategy, the real offshore wind farm power is successfully transmitted to the onshore grid through the HVDC cable, as shown in Fig 21.21 Transmission of Bulk Power Fig 21.16 Blade pitch angle of the wind turbines 515 Blade Pitch Agnles [deg] 21 16 VSWT:1 VSWT:2 14 12 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Fig 21.17 Transformer primary voltage of the FB DC–DC converter (zoomed) Transformer Primary Voltage of FB DC-DC COnverter[kV] Time[sec] 12 -4 -8 -12 50.00 50.02 50.04 50.06 50.08 50.10 Fig 21.18 Output voltage of the FB DC–DC converter DC Voltage at the Offshore HVDC Station [kV] Time[sec] 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 400 500 600 Fig 21.19 DC voltage of the onshore HVDC station DC Voltage at the Onshore VSC Station [kV] Time[sec] 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 200 300 Time [sec] Fig 21.20 AC voltage of the onshore grid S M Muyeen et al Grid Side AC RMS Voltage[pu] 516 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 400 500 600 Fig 21.21 Real power at the onshore grid Real Power at Onshore Grid[MW] Time[sec] 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 100 200 300 Time [sec] 1.2 AC RMS Voltage[pu] Fig 21.22 AC-side voltages at the onshore grid (3LG) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Time[sec] 21.4.2 Transient Characteristics Analysis For the transient characteristics analysis, a severe three-line-to-ground (3LG) fault is considered as a network disturbance, which occurs at fault point F in Fig 21.1 The fault occurs at 0.1 s The circuit breakers (CB) on the faulted lines are opened at 0.25 s, and are reclosed at 1.05 s It is assumed that the wind speed is constant and equivalent to the rated speed for the variable-speed WTGSs This is because the wind speed may be considered not to change dramatically during the short time interval of the simulation Transmission of Bulk Power Fig 21.23 Real and reactive powers at the onshore HVDC station (3LG) 517 Real and Reactive Powers at Onshore Station [pu] 21 1.2 Real Power Reactive Power 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 Time[sec] Fig 21.24 Rotor speed of the PMSG (3LG) Rotor Speeds [pu] 1.015 PMSG:1 PMSG:2 1.010 1.005 1.000 0.995 0.990 5 Fig 21.25 DC voltage at the offshore HVDC station (3LG) DC Voltage at the Offshore HVDC Station [kV] Time[sec] 156 154 152 150 148 146 Time[sec] The responses of the AC voltage at the onshore grid, which satisfy the grid code requirement, are shown in Fig 21.22 [36] The real and reactive power responses at the onshore grid are shown together in Fig 21.23 The pitch controller controls the mechanical power of the individual wind turbine to stabilize the PMSGs, as shown in Fig 21.24 Due to the use of a protection device at the offshore HVDC station, the DC voltage cannot exceed a predefined limit, as shown in Fig 21.25 The longer the fault duration, the greater the importance of the requirement for a protection device The simulation results clearly show that the proposed system can overcome a severe 3LG fault under the developed control strategy 518 S M Muyeen et al 21.5 Conclusions This paper introduced an HVDC interconnected power transmission scheme for a DC-based offshore wind farm, in which a DC–DC converter using a transformer plays an important role in the offshore HVDC station The wind generators of the offshore wind farm are connected to a DC-bus through fully controlled AC–DC converters, which ensures that maximum power is delivered to the DC-bus Detailed modeling and control strategies of the FLC-based phase-shifted fullbridge DC–DC converter as well as other components of the proposed system were presented The dynamic performance of the overall system was evaluated by simulation analysis using real wind speed data The overvoltage protection scheme used in the coordinated control system can maintain the DC voltage of the HVDC system, even in the transient or fault condition A full-bridge DC–DC converter can works well as an offshore HVDC station and can transmit the real power to the onshore grid through the XLPE HVDC cable Acknowledgments The present study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) The authors would also like to thank Thomas Ackermann and Stephan Meier for providing valuable technical data Appendix Wind turbine parameters Rated power Blade radius MW 36 m Parameters of the Phase Shift FB–DC–DC converter Transformer rating 150 MVA Transformer leakage reactance 0.05 pu Base operational frequency 200 Hz Fuzzy Rules Table Dn en NB NS ZO PS PB 1.225 kg/m3 24 rpm Air density Rated speed 10 lF 0.002 H 0.001 H Cs Lf Llk Den NB NS ZO PS PB PB PB PS PS ZO PB PS PS ZO NS PS PS ZO NS NS PS ZO NS NS NB ZO NS NS NB NB 21 Transmission of Bulk Power 519 References 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1776–1781 34 Rashid MH (2007) Power electronics handbook Reference book, 2nd edn Amsterdam, Elsevier 35 Driankov D, Hellendoorn H, Reinfrank M (1993) An introduction to fuzzy control Springer, Heidelberg 36 E.On Netz, Grid Code, High- and Extra-High Voltage (2006) www.eon-netz.com/ Index A Ac/dc converter 1, 40, 386, 387 Aerodynamic torque, 55, 375, 441 Aggregated model, 340, 427 Air density, 27, 108, 115, 140, 152, 375, 419, 434, 457, 487, 500 American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), Anemometer ARENE, 234, 240–242, 255 Angular velocity, 30, 109, 152, 375 Antiparallel diodes, 507 Asymmetric half bridge, 137–139, 144, 149 B Back-flow surge, 234–236, 242, 248, 249, 250, 252–256 Battery, 20, 106, 285 Band-pass filter, 177–179, 181–183, 185 Blade pitch angle, 108, 140, 147, 148, 375, 458, 462, 487, 497 Bearing loss, 17, 25, 28, 30–32, 34, 35, 37–42, 45 Buck-boost, 510 Breaking chopper, 512 C Capacitor bank, 259, 331, 372, 377, 381, 396, 436, 440–443, 446, 447 Carbon reinforced plastics, 219, 231 Capacity credit, 290, 298, 302–305 Capacity factor, 18, 23, 24, 46–48, 301, 303, 312 Cascaded control, 144, 489 Converter, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42–45, 47, 53, 54, 78–83, 86–90, 95–106, 133, 139, 141, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151, 155–160, 259, 267, 325, 329, 350, 351, 370–372, 378–381, 392, 397–405, 407, 409–418, 421–424, 426, 427, 429, 431, 434, 436, 438, 442, 444, 447–456, 462, 463–466, 468–470, 472–478, 480–497, 500, 502 Coupling transformer, 425 Current source inverter (CSI), 371 D Damping controller, 372, 381–383 Damping ratio, 334 Dampting coefficient, 392, 471 Dc chopper, 325, 337, 338, 350 Dc-link, 18, 107, 110–113, 116–123, 126, 133, 139, 143, 145, 147, 148, 155, 156, 157, 159, 371, 421–424, 426, 427, 432, 433, 435, 438, 441, 443, 444, 446, 447, 495 Dc/ac inverter Dc-dc buck/boost converter, 510 Defuzzification, 493 Direct drive, 18, 50, 52–62, 64, 66–77, 489 Distributed generation, 258, 418 Direct drive synchronous generator Double circuit transmission line Double-line-to-ground fault, 425 S M Muyeen (ed.), Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2201-2, Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012 521 522 D (cont.) Doubly fed induction generator, 12, 82, 127, 259, 397, 409, 413, 448, 451, 466 Drive train, 50, 53, 54, 67, 70, 71, 76, 79, 81, 105, 420, 424 Duty cycle, 337, 485, 491–493 Duplex reactor, 18, 111 Dynamic stability, 370, 384, 392, 395 Dynamic characteristics, 85, 93, 127, 425, 495 E E.ON Netz, 283, 502 Enercon, 55, 76, 320, 324, 417 Eigenvalue, 369, 372, 380–384, 386, 388, 389, 390, 395, 455 Eddy current, 25, 27, 35, 36, 219, 228, 229, 231 Electrical scheme, 490 Emission, 10, 22, 162–168, 188, 290, 297, 299, 300, 302, 320, 326, 327, 352 Electricity, 4, 9, 21, 50, 51, 54, 79, 80, 81, 89, 108, 189–191, 217, 258, 259, 262, 268, 272, 273, 275, 277, 282, 283, 285, 286, 293, 322–324, 326, 327, 330, 450, 451, 465, 484 Electromagnetic torque, 376 Energy capacitor system (ECS), 20 Equivalent circuit, 24–27, 29, 30, 33–37, 40, 42–44, 45, 98, 164, 377, 379, 402, 403 European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), 22, 281, 399, 501 F Fault ride through, 17, 401, 403, 405, 407, 409, 411, 413, 414, 501 Filter, 33–35, 38, 80, 89, 90, 92, 99–101, 133, 160, 171, 175, 177–187, 334, 337–342, 350, 400, 403, 412, 416–418, 422–424, 438–441, 445, 454, 490, 491 Fixed speed wind generator, 49, 155, 502 Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), 340, 341, 388 Flicker, 19, 161–169, 171–177, 179, 181–185, 187, 188, 218 Flicker measurement, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 Flicker severity, 19, 169, 170 Flywheel, 16, 104, 448, 470–473, 475, 482 Fossil fuel, 23, 51, 326, 351, 352 Frequency converter, 12, 13, 89 Index Front-end converter, 21, 416, 422, 429, 434, 436, 438, 444, 447 Frequency droop, 408, 449, 452, 454–456, 459, 462–465 Frequency control, 21, 263, 264, 272, 282, 318, 330, 331, 334–336, 346, 371, 372, 398, 404, 408, 415, 423, 430, 431, 437, 438, 440, 443, 444, 448, 449, 451–453, 458, 459, 465, 466, 481 Fuel cell, 17 Full-bridge DC–DC converter, 487 Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), 351, 485, 492 G Gamesa, 13, 417 Ge wind, 13, 20, 24, 129, 157, 166, 172, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 273, 296, 323, 324, 342, 400, 417, 450, 466, 467, 486 Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO), 12, 18, 86, 499 Gearbox, 12, 15, 28, 42, 53, 54, 81–83, 150, 151, 236, 372, 375, 415, 416, 484 Generator side converter, 485 Global warming, 23, 326 Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), 1, 484 Grade of membership Greenhouse effect, 367 Grey predictor, 19, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215–217 Grid code, 17, 19, 20, 257–261, 265–272, 281– 283, 318, 324, 399, 400, 413, 416, 499, 502 Grid fault, 400, 405, 406, 408, 413, 425 Grid integration, 104, 126, 149, 257, 258, 350, 398, 414, 427, 448, 467, 502 Grid interfacing, 1, 18, 139 Grid side inverter, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148 H Harmonics, 80, 162, 171, 173, 175, 176, 188 Helium vessel, 330 Hub, 150, 221, 223, 227, 297, 376 Hybrid wind-hydro power stations, 20, 284, 287 Hysteresis loss, 25, 27, 36, 43, 90, 91 HVDC, 12, 15, 20, 21, 240, 351, 369–373, 378, 380–383, 385, 392, 394–401, 403–405, 407, 409, 411, 413–419, 421–425, 427, 429, 431–439, 441, 443–467, 483–486, 490, 491, 493, 494, 497, 499–502 Index I IEEE alternator supplied rectifier excitation system (AC1A), 345 IEEE generic turbine model, 345 Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 425, 485, 489, 507 Induction generator, 12, 17, 20, 23–26, 28, 31, 32, 40, 47, 48, 54, 79, 82, 127, 151, 236, 259, 267, 283, 328, 33, 370, 376, 377, 395, 397, 409, 413, 414, 416, 448, 451, 466, 468, 471, 472, 475, 477, 478, 481, 484, 501 Inertia constant, 409 Inference mechanism, 493 Interpolated firing pulse, 492 Initial value, 30, 31, 37, 335 Inverter, 12, 18, 33–35, 83, 85, 89, 90, 92, 96–99, 105–114, 118, 120, 124–127, 136–141, 144–148, 157, 236, 371, 372, 378–380, 392, 416–418, 422, 427, 428, 430, 433–436, 438, 442–444, 446, 448, 453, 461, 462, 469, 473–477, 479–482, 495 Isolated island, 285, 286, 289, 306, 318, 323 K Kinetic energy, 51, 81, 107, 108, 153, 331, 451, 452, 462, 464, 466, 472, 473, 482 L Line-to-line fault, 116 Line-commutated converter, 371 Lightning protection, 1, 12, 19, 219–223, 225, 227, 229–233, 255, 256 LCC-HVDC, 398, 415, 417, 418, 447, 448, 452, 453, 466, 484 Load angle, 306, 443, 446 Load demand, 258, 285, 288, 294, 297, 299, 305, 308, 310, 315, 321 Low pass filter, 334, 337, 339, 412, 454 Low voltage ride through (LVRT), 329 Lumped model, 395, 429, 438, 444 M Magnetization curves, 59, 130–132, 134, 135, 141, 142 Maximum power point tracking, 18, 32, 40, 141, 144, 262, 469, 483 Mechanical torque, 141, 155, 376, 421 523 MOD2 wind turbine Modal control theory, 369, 380–382 Microgrid, 418, 448 Mutual damping, 376 N National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 50, 92 NASA, 20, 352, 354, 367 NEDO, 235, 236, 255 O Offshore, 1, 7, 12–15, 17, 20–22, 50, 51, 59, 69, 71, 74, 75, 258, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364–373, 381–384, 390–393, 395, 397–401, 403, 405–407, 409, 411–415, 448, 451, 466, 468–473, 475, 477–480, 482–491, 493–497, 499–502 Overvoltage protection, 485, 493, 500 One-mass, 424 Optimum power, 20, 325, 327, 329, 331, 33, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345, 347, 349, 351, 423, 435, 447, 488 P Peak shaving, 289, 299 Penstock, 286, 288, 289, 296–301, 306–308, 316, 317 Permanent fault, 112, 436 Permanent magnet synchronous generator, 12, 17, 34, 82, 416, 420, 425, 452, 483, 484 Phase locked loop, 179 Phase shift, 485, 491, 500 Pitch controller, 31, 32, 40, 45, 158, 452, 457, 458, 462, 490, 495, 499 Pole pairs, 54, 421 Power coefficient, 24, 26, 27, 52, 140, 375, 419, 457, 487, 488 Power conditioning system (PCS), 446, 499 Power electronics, 24, 35, 71, 77–84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104–106, 126, 149, 408, 414, 415, 448, 472, 482, 501, 502 Power forecasting, 9, 10, 19, 197 Power flow, 21, 29, 138, 189–191, 370, 371, 401, 417, 444, 449, 451, 453, 473 Power quality, 17, 19, 22, 78, 80, 83, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 187–189, 258, 261, 330 524 P (cont.) Pumped storage, 284–286, 288–290, 292–294, 296, 298, 300–302, 304, 306, 308–310, 312, 314, 316–318, 320, 322–324 Proportional gain, 334 Pulse width modulation, 325, 402, 491 Phase shift, 503, 509, 510, 518 PSCAD/EMTDC, 140, 142, 234, 240, 249, 254, 255, 329, 351, 483, 489, 495, 502 R Rate limiter Reactive power compensation, 18, 259, 268, 275, 418, 422, 451 Real wind speed, 46, 140, 343, 483, 485, 495, 500 Rectifier, 18, 20, 21, 83, 90, 92, 96, 99, 108–114, 116–118, 120–124, 126, 236, 333, 369, 371, 372, 378–380, 398, 416–418, 422–424, 432–439, 441, 443–449, 451–456, 459, 461–463, 465, 471, 482 Renewable energy, 4, 10, 22, 23, 48, 50, 51, 76, 79, 89, 103, 104, 216, 273–277, 280, 282–286, 288, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322–327, 350, 366, 450, 465, 468, 469 Reservoir, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 292, 296–300, 305, 308–310, 312–317, 319, 320 Rolling model, 19, 189, 193, 195, 196, 200, 201, 203, 205–215 S Scatterometer, 20, 352–354, 358, 367, 368 Servo motor, 193, 217 Siemens, 59, 76, 417 Silicon carbide power devices, 105 Self damping, 376 Stiffness, 376, 420, 421 Short circuit fault, 83, 113, 172, 174 Shutdown, 19, 109, 110, 163, 261, 262, 404 Single cage induction generator, 84 Single-line-to-ground fault Slip, 2, 24–26, 28–31, 54, 81, 155, 332 Soft switching, 502 Switching losses, 12, 84, 86, 93–95, 491 Index Soft starter, 81 SiC MOSFET, 85–89, 93–98 SiC converter, 78, 79, 99–103 Snubber circuit, 491 Spring constant, 376 Squirrel cage induction generator, 25–27, 49, 50 Stand-alone, 112 Standard deviation, 198, 199, 341–344 STATCOM, 371, 372, 398 Static synchronous compensator, 18, 112 Stray load loss, 17, 24, 25, 28–31, 34, 35, 37–39, 42–46 Static var compensator Steady state, 148, 154, 331, 337, 432–434, 437, 438, 451, 452, 462, 464, 465 Supercapacitors, 16 Surge protection device, 19, 234, 235, 239, 255 Summer lightning, 238, 242–246, 253–255 Surge propagation, 242, 243 Superconducting magnetic energy storage system, 329 SMES, 20, 325, 327–335, 337–351 Switched reluctance generator, 18, 127, 129, 133, 136, 148, 149 Switching frequency, 84, 90, 98–101, 128, 129, 436, 486 Symmetrical fault Synchronous generator, 12, 17, 23, 24, 31, 34, 61, 82, 108, 127, 150, 151, 236, 238, 251, 259, 267, 319, 331, 333, 346, 348, 351, 371, 403, 416, 418, 420, 423, 425, 427, 447, 451, 452, 455, 456, 458, 459, 461, 462, 470, 471, 475, 483, 484 T Three-line-to-ground fault, 485 Tip speed ratio, 26, 27, 108, 115, 118, 120–125, 140, 158, 375, 487 Thyristor, 12, 18, 21, 81, 104, 108–113, 118, 120, 125, 126, 128, 371, 416–418, 422, 435, 436 Transient stability, 258, 351, 370, 501 Transmission system owners (TSO), 16, 19, 269, 270 Triangular carrier wave, 149 Triangular membership functions, 493 Two-mass model, 436 Turbine-pump mode, 288, 300 Index U Underground cable, 16 Undersea cable, 451 Unity power factor, 489 Unsuccessful reclosing Unsymmetrical fault V Variable speed operation, 139, 141, 148 Variable speed wind turbine generator system, 127 VESTAS, 213, 417 Voltage flicker, 19, 161, 163, 165, 167, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 Voltage fluctuation, 161–164, 172, 188, 348, 371 Voltage source converter (VSC), 325, 400, 451, 486 VSWT-PMSG, 485, 487490, 495, 496 VSC-HVDC, 370, 371, 372, 398, 407, 416, 417, 484, 501 W Weibull distribution, 24, 46–48, 52 Wind farm, 1, 7, 12–22, 2448, 5180, 83, 107, 111, 123–126, 160, 161, 189, 190, 192, 193, 216, 217, 229, 232, 234–238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 249–256, 258, 259, 261–263, 266–272, 275–277, 280, 282, 283, 285–292, 294, 297–303, 308, 312, 313, 316, 318, 320, 325, 328, 329, 331, 332, 340–346, 348–352, 369–373, 381–385, 390–393, 395, 525 397–419, 421–425, 427–443, 445, 447–455, 457–467, 483–487, 489, 493–496, 500–502 Windage loss, 17, 25, 28, 30–32, 35, 37–42, 45 Winter lightning, 220, 233–235, 238, 242, 244–248, 252–256 Wind shear, 19, 162, 353 Wind forecasting, 192 Wind power fluctuation, 20, 160, 339, 476 Wind speed fluctuation, 26, 39, 513 Wind turbine, 1, 2, 4, 12–15, 17–21, 23–33, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48–50, 52–56, 58–60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72–85, 87–90, 98–101, 103, 104, 107–127, 133, 139, 140, 141, 146, 148–155, 157–169, 171–175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 188, 190, 192, 193, 213, 219–225, 227, 229–240, 242–246, 248–272, 277, 281–283, 288, 297, 299, 312, 328, 339, 340, 353, 356, 372, 375, 376, 381, 384, 385, 396, 398, 400, 401, 406, 407–413, 415–432, 434–436, 438–445, 447, 448, 450–452, 457, 458, 460–463, 466, 467, 469–473, 477, 478, 482–485, 487, 488, 495, 497, 499, 500, 502 Wind turbine characteristics, 33, 141, 174, 488 Wind turbine generator system (WTGS), 386, 387, 503 Wind turbine, 503, 505, 513 Wound field synchronous generator (WFSG), 127, 131 Z Zero-phase filter, 191, 193, 195 [...]... muyeen0809@gmail.com S M Muyeen (ed.), Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2201-2_1, Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012 1 2 S M Muyeen The regional wind power installations in 2010 are shown in Fig 1.1 where the wind power statistics of 2009 are available as well The installation scenarios of wind energy conversion systems of the world’s top 10 countries... Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark He is the coordinator of Wind Power Contributors xvii System Research program at the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University His background areas are power systems, power electronics and electric machines; and his main current research areas are wind energy and modern power systems Dr Chen has more than 160 publications in his technical... current technology and the future trend of wind energy conversion system are discussed where the development of wind generator, blade designing, lightning protection, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of wind turbine generator unit are briefly stated Some important issues such as variability and predictability of wind power, energy storage options and grid interfacing techniques... 1 Wind Energy Conversion Systems Calculation Method of Losses and Efficiency of Wind Generators Junji Tamura 25 Superconducting Direct Drive Wind Turbine Generators: Advantages and Challenges Asger Bech Abrahamsen and Bogi Bech Jensen 53 Potential Applications and Impact of Most-Recent Silicon Carbide Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems. .. Prime offshore wind farm technology issues in terms of feasibility study, bulk power transmission scheme are discussed in detail Finally, the highlights of all the chapters are given from where the flavor of the book can be obtained at a glance 1.1 Global Wind Power Scenario Wind energy is becoming one of the mainstream power sources in many countries around the world According to Global Wind Energy Council... Japan, where he is currently an Associate Professor His current research interests are lightning protection of wind turbine and grid stability with large penetration of wind turbines Dr Yasuda is now an executive director of Japan Wind Energy Association He is also a member of the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and other domestic associations... 13.1 GW The states with the highest wind power concentration are Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh In 2010 the official wind power potential estimates for India were revised upwards from 45 to 49.1 GW by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) However, the estimations of various industry associations and wind power producers are more optimistic,... North America According to American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) statistics the U.S wind energy industry installed 5,115 MW in 2010 This is barely half of 2009s record pace, but the fourth quarter was strong, showing new momentum for 2011 1 Introduction 3 Fig 1.1 Regional distribution of global installed wind power capacity in MW (Source: GWEC) (Fig 1.7) Further wind projects are expected to start... 4,000 MW Ontario leads Canada’s wind energy development with 1 Introduction 5 Fig 1.3 Installation scenario for the top 10 countries in 2010 (Source: GWEC) Fig 1.4 Global cumulative installed capacity 1996–2010 (Source: GWEC) 1.5 GW of installed wind capacity Other leading wind energy provinces include Quebec (806 MW) and Alberta (663 MW) 1.1.3 Europe During 2010, 9,883 MW of wind power was installed across... associate professor at the Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan He also holds the position of Vice President of the university Currently he is a professor at the Kitami Institute of Technology He also holds the position of Vice President of the university His research areas include Rotating Electrical Machine, Power System, and Wind Energy He has published about 100 technical papers in Transactions and international