Ddng thdi, sU hien hen cua cac chuyen gia Lien Xd tren nhieu hnh •vUc quan sil, chinh tri, kinh te, van hda - giao due.., cung chinh la n h i m thie't lap mpt sil kiem soat chat che hdn
Trang 1GOP PHAN DANH GIA VE MOI QUAN HE GIUA LIEN XO VA CAC NOtirC XA HOI CHU N G H I A DONG AU QUA N H O N G BIEN CO NAM 1956 0 BA LAN VA HUNGGARI
DAO TUAN THANH*
1 D a t v a n d e
Nam 1956 la mpt nam xay ra nhieu bie'n
cd' quan trpng ddi vdi phe Xa hpi chu nghia
(XHCN) the gidi, lam nay sinh sil bat ddng,
gia tang mau thuan gifla cac nUdc trong npi
bp phe XHCN Sau nhflng c h i n dpng do tac
dpng cua sil xung dot ve quan (hem va ldi
ich gifla Lien Xd va Nam TU nam 1948, l i n
nay, sil cang thang trong md'i quan he gifla
Lien Xd va cac nildc XHCN Ddng Au, ma
trUdc tien la Ba Lan va Hunggari da dUa
lai nhflng tac dpng da chieu trong npi khd'i
Lieu nhflng bie'n cd' xay ra nam 1956 cd
phai la khue dao d i u trong hang loat b i t
ddng gifla Lien Xd va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng
Au trong thap nien 60 cua the ky XX, ma
(hnh cao la sil kien Tiep Khac, dien ra vao
mua Xuan nam 1968 va trong nhieu nam
tie'p theo Hien nay, cd nhieu cau hdi cdn
dang bd ngd can dUdc cac nha nghien cflu
lam sang td Dd la, c i n danh gii nhU the
nao ve hien tUdng "Nga hda" ddi sd'ng kinh
te, chinh tri, van hda, tU tudng b cac nUdc
Ddng Au tfl sau nam 1945? Sil "can thiep"
cua Lien Xd cd vai trd nhU the nao dd'i vdi
cong cupc xay dilng chu nghia xa hpi d cac
nUdc Ddng Au trong nhflng nam 1947, 1948-1956? Dau la cdi ngudn nhflng mau thuan nay sinh gifla mpt bp phan nhan dan Ddng Au, mpt bd phdn dang •vien Dang Cpng s i n vdi cac chinh sach ma Lien Xo
thUc thi b Ddng Au? Lien Xd cd vai trd gi va
thanh cdng nhU the nao trong viec trd giup cac lanh tu Cpng san Ddng Au dU(3c dao tao
d Lien Xd - nhflng ngUdi c h i p thudn vai trd lam "con rdi chinh tri" cua Lien Xd Vi sao ngay sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thd Hai
"tinh thdn ddn tgc" lai nay sinh va phat
trien ngay cang manh me d mpt so' nUdc Dong Au (Nam Tu, Tiep Khic, Ba Lan, Hunggari, Rumani) va dUdc bpt phat ngay cang manh me trong thap nien 50, 60 cua the ky XX? Cd nen danh gia r i n g sU p h i hoai cua chu nghia de quo'c, sU tie'p tay cua cac the lilc phan dpng cho cac lUc lUdng ddi cai cach/ddi mdi md hinh phat trien cua chu nghia xa hpi la nguyen nhan chinh tao
nen nhflng bie'n dpng chinh tri b Dong Au
trong nhflng nam 1956, 1968 hay chinh nhflng khiem khuyet cua ban than md hinh xay diing chu nghia xa hpi, nhflng tdn tai cua chinh ban t h a n cac Dang Cpng sin,
"PGS.TS Khoa Lich sd - TrUdng Dai hpc Sfl pham Ha Npi
Trang 2Sop phan danh gia ve md'i quan he 33
cung nhu sU can thiep thd bao cua Lien Xd
da lam nay sinh nhflng b i t man trong npi
bp dang •vien cac Dang Cpng san va nhan
dan cac nUdc Ddng Au, dUa den sU bflng nd
cac cupc dau tranh dam tinh bao lUc? Nen
danh gia nhu the nao ve lilc lUdng cai each,
ddi doi mdi md hinh/ lilc lUdng "dan tpc chii
nghia" trong cac bie'n cd' nam 1956 va nam
1968? Cd nen coi hp la "lilc lUdng phan
dpng"? hay dd la lUc lUcfng di trUdc thdi dgi,
cd tdm nhin xa trong rgng, ddm ndi, ddm
ddu tranh, ddm chi ra nhang khiem khuyet
cua chu, nghia xd hgi, ddm dUa ra mgt mo
htnh phdt trien khdc vdi cdch ldm cua Lien
Xo - que hUcfng eda chu nghla xd hgi? Cd
tra ldi dUdc nhflng cau hdi nay diia tren
nhflng tu lieu lich sd thi mdi giup chung ta
cd the danh gia dUdc thilc c h i t cua md'i
quan he gifla Lien Xd va cac nUdc xa hpi
chu nghia Ddng Au, gdp p h i n giai dap cau
hdi: Cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au la nhflng
nUdc ddng minh hay chU hiu/nUdc le thupc
Lien Xd?
Trong khudn khd cua bai •viet nay,
chung tdi mud'n gdp p h i n nhin nhan lai
md'i quan he gifla Lien Xo va cac nfldc
XHCN Ddng Au qua nhflng bien cd' xay ra
trong nam 1956 d Ba Lan va Hunggari
2 Noi d u n g
Sau khi Chie'n tranh lanh dUdc My phat
dpng (1947), b i u khdng khi chinh tri the
gidi ngay cang cang thang Ca Lien Xd va
My ben canh viec trien khai nhflng ke
hoach quan sii, chinh tri, ngoai giao nham
the hien sflc manh va tham vpng cua minh
cdn rat quan tam de'n -viec thie't chat ky
luat trong hang ngu cac ddng minh cua
minh Cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au vd'n la khu
vile anh hudng dpc quyen cua Lien Xo, la
ddng minh than can n h i t cua nUdc nay b
chau Au nen ludn ludn chiu sil giam sat
chat che cua Lien Xd Sau khi Chien tranh
the gidi thfl Hai ke't thuc, de dam bao an ninh cua minh Lien Xd van tiep tuc duy tri
mpt Ilic lUdng quan sU ldn b cac nUdc Dong
Au Ddng thdi, sU hien (hen cua cac chuyen gia Lien Xd tren nhieu hnh •vUc (quan sil, chinh tri, kinh te, van hda - giao due ,) cung chinh la n h i m thie't lap mpt sil kiem soat chat che hdn dd'i vdi Dang Cpng s i n va ban lanh dao cua cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au Sil kien Stalin mat nam 1953 da dUa lai nhflng thay ddi quan trpng khdng chi tren san k h i u chinh tri Lien Xd ma cdn tac dpng sau sac tdi md'i quan he gifla Lien Xo va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au Ban lanh dao mdi cua Lien Xd, dflng d i u la Tdng Bi thfl Khdrutxd'p (Khrushchev) da cd sii (heu chinh trong chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua minh
so vdi thdi Stalin n h i m giam sU cang thang trong quan he qud'c te, song van khong lam anh hudng de'n •viec hien thilc hoa muc tieu cuo'i cung: thie't lap chu nghia cpng s i n tren the gidi Nhflng nhan to' chu ye'u da khie'n cho Lien Xo cd sil dieu chinh trong chinh sach dd'i ngoai la: sil suy ye'u cua Lien Xd sau cai chet cua Stalin; niem tin cua ban lanh dao mdi d (hen Kremlin r i n g viec Stalin da md rpng cac ldi ich cua Lien
Xd sau chie'n tranh da bupc phUdng Tay phai phan khang lai b i n g -viec tao ra nhflng td chflc kinh te, quan sU n h i m t i n
cong lai cac nUdc XHCN (vi du •vdec thanh
lap NATO); sil can thiet phai giam nguy cd cua mpt cupc chie'n tranh tdng liic do mo'i nguy hiem td •viec sd dung vu khi hat nhan; sU leo thang gia ca cua cac loai vu khi hien dai; niem tin r i n g •vdec giam bdt cac cang thang qud'c te se bupc phUdng Tay phai giam nd lUc ve quan sil (song Lien Xd
se khdng lam nhU vay (1)
Viec Khdrutxd'p dUa ra trUdc Dai hpi XX cua Dang Cpng s i n Lien Xd dien ra tif ngay
14 de'n ngay 25 thang 2 nam 1956 nhieu
Trang 334 Rghien euru Licdi sit s61.2Q11
van de cd ban (2) nhU: cdng khai nhflng
lam dung quyen lUc va sai pham cua Stalin
da tflng gay c h i n dpng cho dU luan; dinh
hudng lai nguyen tac cung tdn tai hda binh;
thfla nhan sU da dang cac con dUdng phat
trien cua chu nghia xa hpi; phe phan tU
tudng sung bai ca nhan (3); de p h i t trien,
Lien Xd san sang gdp p h i n vao viec loai bd
nhflng diem ndng chie'n tranh dang tdn tai,
ngan chan sU x u i t hien nhflng diem ndng
mdi b chau Au va chau A; cai thien md'i
quan he vdi Tay Dflc va vdi Nam Tu (tie'p
tuc qua trinh da b i t d i u tfl nam 1953)
Nhflng dieu chinh trong chinh sach dd'i
ngoai cua Lien Xd da cd anh hudng manh
me tdi quye't dinh cua cac nha lanh dao
dang va chinh quyen d Ddng Au nam 1956
(4)
Trong khi dd, ban lanh dao dang cua cac
nUdc XHCN Ddng Au cung dang phai dd'i
mat vdi nhflng v i n de phflc tap nay sinh
nhU: sU phan hda npi bd va chia re do tac
dpng cua •viec gia tang quang ba ldi ich dan
tpc; sU xua't hien tU tudng xem xet lai vai
trd cua sil hien dien cua Hdng quan tren
lanh thd cac nUdc Dong Au (cd nha nghien
cflu phUdng Tay da cho ring, neu khdng cd
sU cd mat cua quan dpi Xd vie't d Ddng Au
thi r i t cd the he thd'ng XHCN khdng the
hoat dpng dUdc (5)
TrUdc tinh trang dd Lien Xo khdng he
cd y dinh de cho cac sU kien trong ddi song
chinh tri d cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au dien
ra theo hUdng til do, m i t quyen kiem soat,
lam tdn hai den cac tinh toan chien lUdc
cua Lien Xd hay tao ra nhflng vat can cho
qua trinh hien thilc hda muc tieu hang d i u
cua nUdc nay la md rdng anh hudng cua
phe XHCN tren the gidi Dd'i vdi Lien Xd,
nUdc nay van c i n de'n cac nUdc XHCN
Ddng Au dudi cac gdc dp quan sU, kinh te
va chinh tri Trong trUdng hdp xay ra mpt
cudc t i n cdng ciia cac nUdc phUdng Tay
n h i m vao Lien Xd, vai trd ve quan sil va vi tri lanh thd cua Ba Lan, Ddng Dflc, Tiep Khac cd mpt y nghia dac biet quan trpng dd'i vdi Lien Xd TUdng tu, Hunggari, Rumani va Bungari se cd vai trd la chan che chd cho Lien Xd tfl phia nam Ddng thdi, nhflng ldi ich ve kinh te cung cd anh hudng rat ldn de'n cac chinh sach cua Lien
Xd dd'i vdi cac nUdc Ddng Au (Tong s i n pham qud'c npi (GNP) cua cac nUdc Ddng
Au chie'm 2/5 so vdi cua Lien Xd, nen cdng nghiep chie'n t r a n h ciia Lien Xd can nhieu nguyen lieu quan trpng tfl Ddng Au, trong
dd dac biet la urani (6)
Nhflng (hin bie'n trong ddi sd'ng chinh tri Lien Xd trong nhflng nam 1955-1956 da
cd tac dpng trilc tiep tdi quan he gifla Lien
Xd va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au trong nam
1956, gay ra cupc khung hoang t r i m trpng trong npi bp phe XHCN, de dpa trilc tie'p de'n sU tdn tai ciia ca mpt he thd'ng
Cud'i thang 6 nam 1956, tai Poznan (Ba Lan) da bflng nd cupc dinh cdng cua cdng nhan LUc lUdng an ninh da thang tay dan
ap cupc da'u tranh cua cdng nhan, khie'n 53 ngUdi thiet mang (7) Ben canh mpt so' yeu ciu ve kinh te la sU xuat hien cua nhflng yeu sach mang mau s i c chinh tri nhU, rut cac liic lU(?ng quan dpi Xd •vie't, thdm chi tfl
bd ca •viec xay dung Chu nghia xa hpi (8) Ngay lap tflc, cudc da'u tranh lan rpng ra khap d i t nUdc Ba Lan, bao gdm ca thu dd Vacsava, thu h u t dUcfc sU quan tam chu y cua du luan xa hdi Dieu dang ndi la, trong npi bp Dang Cpng san Ba Lan x u i t hien
mpt khuynh hudng cdi cdch ("xet lai" - theo
quan niem cua Lien Xd), chinh lUc lU(?ng nay da thanh cdng trong viec dUa trd lai ban lanh dao dang mot sd nha lanh dao chu chd't tflng bi loai ra khdi bp may vao d i u thap nien 50 cua the ky XX do bi bupc tpi
Trang 4Qdp phan danh gia ve mdi quan he 35
theo chu nghia Tito (Wladislaw Gomulka,
Spychalski, Kliszko) Cac cupc tranh luan
cua thanh vien nhdm cai each khong chi
gidi han d nhflng van de nhU sil c i n thie't
cai thien tinh trang kinh te cua da't nU6c
hay lam the nae de giam bdt cang thang xa
hpi ma hp con de cap ca de'n vai trd va •vi tri
cua Dang Cpng s i n trong xa hpi Hau qua
la, da x u i t hien nhieu tie'ng noi ung hp •viec
tfl bd vai trd ' l a n h dao" cua dang (9)
Tfl ngay 19 de'n ngay 21 thang 10 nam
1956, tai Dai hpi VIII cua Uy ban Trung
Udng Dang Cpng san Ba Lan, Wladysla^w
Gomulka da dUdc b i u lam Bi thU thfl N h i t
Ban chip hanh Trung Udng Dai hpi diin
ra trong b i u khong khi cang thang Doan
dai bieu Lien Xd do Khdrutxo'p d i n d i u da
sang Ba Lan nham kiem soat tinh hinh,
trong khi dd cac ddn vi quan dpi Lien Xd
chuyen quan theo hudng tien ve thu do
Vacsava (10)
TrUdc dien bie'n cua ddi sd'ng chinh tri
Ba Lan, Khdrupxd'p khong he cd y dinh de
cho mpi •viec thoat ra khdi t i m kiem soat
Vdi sil hp td'ng cua Molotov, Mikoian va
Kagano^vic, Khdrutxd'p da den Vacsava
ngay 19 thang 10 nam 1956, quyet dinh sfl
dung cac bien phap manh Tuy nhien, dung
nhu "nhflng toan tinh d nha thUdng khong
dung vdi d ch(3", khi de'n Ba Lan, ngUdi
dflng d i u Lien Xd tam thdi phai chip nhan
viec da rdi, cdng nhan V^ladisla^w Gomulka
lam Bi thU thfl N h i t cua Dang Cpng s i n
Ba Lan (11) Cdn ve phia lilc lUdng cai each
Ba Lan, nhflng muc tieu cd ban ma hp de
ra cung khdng dat dfldc, sU til do tranh
luan ve tU tudng tren cac td bao cung cham
dflt mpt thdi gian ngan sau do Sfl thanh
cdng it di cua Ba Lan cd the ke den chinh la
sfl dpc lap ldn hdn ve kinh te Cd y kien cho
rang, khdng cd ben nao gianh dflpc thang
Icii qua nhflng gi chen ra b Ba Lan vao
thang MUdi nam 1956 (12) Viec Wladisiaw Gomulka duy tri sU kiem soat tinh hinh
b i n g mpi gia da giup cho Wla(hslaw Gomulka va nhflng ngUdi ddng chi cua dng thanh cdng trong •viec ngan chan mpt cupc
can thiep quan sU cua Lien Xd, diiu da xay
ra d Hunggari mpt thdi gian ngan sau do
Sil bie'n b Hunggari nam 1956 trUdc tien
bat d i u tfl cupc bieu tinh td tinh doan ket vdi cupc d i u tranh cua nhan dan Ba Lan dien ra d trUdng Dai hpc Bach khoa ngay
22 thang 11 nam 1956 Dieu dang chu y la
do sU tham gia tich cUc cua rat nhieu tri thflc va sinh •vien Hunggari vao cupc d i u tranh (ma hat nhan la Cau lac bp Petdfi (13) da khie'n cho cupc bieu tinh cd tie'ng vang ldn ve chinh tri Nhflng yeu sach ve chinh tri ke't hdp vdi kmh te, d i u tranh doi dfla Imre Nagy tham gia vao bp may lanh dao Hunggari, coi day la nhan to' quyet dinh bao dam hien thilc hoa nhflng yeu sach cua lilc lUdng each mang (14) Ngay 24 thang 10 nam 1956, tai Hpi nghi Ban chap hanh Trung Udng cua Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari da quyet dinh td chflc lai Bp Chinh tri va Ban Bi thU GerdErnd (ngUdi gianh dupc sil tin cay va ung hp ciia Lien Xd) dupc tai khang dinh chflc Bi thfl thfl Nha't cua Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari va Imre Nagy dUpc cu lam Thu tUdng Chinh phu Hunggari Tuy nhien, mpt ngay sau do (25 thang 10), Bp Chinh tri cua Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari nhom hpp tai Thu do Budapesta da quyet dinh Kadar Janos la ngUdi thay the GerdErnd gifl chflc Bi thU thfl Nhat Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari (15)
Ngay tfl diu, cupc da'u tranh d Hunggari
da the hien tinh c h i t quyet liet, cip tien (tfl viec ha be va pha huy tupng Stalin, mot so' nha lanh dao Hunggari chay ty nan vao Dai sfl quan Nam Tu) Nhung ngUdi tdp hdp xung quanh Imre Nagy doi Hunggari
Trang 536 Rghi(2n eiru Lieh sit 56I.2QII
dupe hudng mpt nen tU tri ldn hdn, sU dpc
lap ve kinh te, r u t cac lUc lUpng quan dpi
Xo •viet Tham chi cdn co ca nhflng yeu ciu
ciic doan hdn nhU ddi Hunggari rut ra khdi
td chflc Hiep Udc Vacsava, tfl bd cac nguyen
tac s i n xua't va sd hflu XHCN, trd lai che
dp chinh tri nhU trUdc Chie'n tranh the gidi
thfl Hai (16) Thu tUdng Imre Nagy (17) - la
ngUdi lanh dao Dang Cpng san Hunggari
ngay tfl giai doan gifla hai cupc chien tranh
the gidi, tflng lam viec trong to chflc Qud'c
te Cpng san da tin r i n g Lien Xd cd the
chap thuan nhflng yeu ciu cua Hunggari
ne'u •viec nay khdng lam anh hudng de'n he
tho'ng phong thu cua hp (18)
Dieu dang suy ngam la tai sao Lien Xo
lai quye't dinh can thiep quan sU, sd dung
bien phap bao lilc nham dap tat phong trao
da'u tranh d Hunggari? Dau la li do khien
Lien Xd co each do'i xd vdi Hunggari khac
vdi Ba Lan?
Mpt sd^ nha nghien cflu da dUa ra hai ly
do chii yeu de li giai nhflng cau hdi tren:
Tha nhdt, do ban lanh dao Dang Cpng san
Ba Lan da kiem soat thanh cong khuynh
hu6ng cai each (19); Thd hai, an ninh cua
Lien Xo khong bi tdn hai Chinh -vi (heu dd
da khie'n cho each do'i xii cua Lien Xd vdi
Ba Lan td ra on hoa hdn (20) Ben canh do,
nhflng dien bie'n d Hunggari da co anh
hudng rat ldn tdi quye't dinh cua ban lanh
dae Lien Xd Ngay 28 thang 10 nam 1956,
trong bai phat bieu qua dai phat thanh,
Thu tu6ng Imre Nagy tuyen bd': "Chinh
phu td chdi viec coi cdc nhom ddu tranh
cua nhdn ddn la cdc to chdc phdn cdch
mgng" (21) Do'i mat vdi cac cupc dau tranh
ngay cang manh me cua nhan dan
Hunggari so vdi Ba Lan, cpng them tinh
hinh cang thang, leo thang d khu •vUc kenh
dao Suez, ngay 28 thang 10 nam 1956 Lien
Xd chip nhan •viec thao luan ve rut cac lUc
lUdng Xd vie't khdi Hunggari Tuy nhien, chi hai ngay sau dd Lien Xd da thay ddi y dinh Lien Xo khdng chi ngflng hoan toan
•viec thao luan rut quan, ma cdn tang cUdng them lUc lupng cho cac ddn vi Lien Xo dang ddng quan tren lanh thd Hunggari, theo ngudn tai lieu cua Hunggari, 1300 xe tang
Xd •vie't da tham nhap vao Hunggari (22)
Su cang thang trong quan he Lien Xo -Hunggari leo thang sau cupc gap gifla Imre Nagy vdi Dai sfl Lien Xd tai Hunggari Andropov ngay 2 thang 11 nam 1956 Tai cupc tie'p xuc, phia Hunggari da ddi td chflc cupc thUdng lupng cap cao n h i m dpn dfldng cho •viec Hunggari rut khdi khoi Hiep fldc Vacsava va r u t cac ddn •vi quan dpi Xd •viet Kadar da tuyen bd' giai tan dang va thanh lap mpt dang mdi - Dang Cdng nhan XHCN Hunggari (23), Viec Thu tUdng Imre Nagy tuyen bd' c h i m dflt che dp cai tri dpc dang
va rut hoan toan cac lUc lUdng quan dpi Lien Xd ra khdi Hunggari dUdc coi la mpt hanh dpng tie'n xa hdn nhieu so vdi nha lanh dao Ba Lan Wladisla^w Gomulka va
"cd le, dii khong chdc chdn, ong da vUgt qua nhang gidi hgn md ngUdi Nga cd the dung thi^'{2A)
Su kien Imre Nagy tuyen bd Hunggari rut ra khdi td chflc Hiep Udc Vacsava, tuyen bd' trung lap da't nUdc va yeu ciu cac cUdng qud'c cong nhan Hunggari thilc sU la
"gipt nUdc lam t r a n ly" Vao thdi diem dd, ban lanh dao Lien Xd phai lifa chpn gifla cac kha nang: hoac khdng can thiep va de tinh hinh dien bie'n theo hUdng lam tdn hai de'n ldi ich chien lUdc cua Lien Xd; hoac phai can thiep de chflng minh mpt sU that
la nen dpc lap cua Hunggari (hoac bat cfl nUdc XHCN nao) tuy thupc vao each hanh
xd cua Lien Xd De t r a n ap dUdc sU chdng doi (hen ra ngay cang manh me d Hunggari, Lien Xo tim kie'm sU ung hp ciia
Trang 6Qop phan danh gia ve moi quan he 37
cac nudc XHCN Dong Au khac N h i m c6
dupc sU ddng t h u a n cua cac lanh tu Cpng
san khac, thuyet phuc hp ung hp quan
diem can thiep, cflu Chu nghia xa hpi,
Khdrutxd^p da thilc hien hang loat cac
chuye'n ngoai giao con thoi bi mat trong
cac ngay 1-3 thang 10 nam 1956: gap gd
cac nha lanh dao Ba Lan tai Brest, vieng
tham thu dd Bucaret (Rumani), gap gd
ngUdi dflng d i u Rumani, Gheorghe
Gheorghiu - Dej va Bi thU thfl N h i t Dang
Cpng s i n Tiep Khic dang co mat d
Rumani; sau dd bay sang Thu dd Sofia,
gap gd cac nha lanh dao Bungari Ben
canh dd, ban lanh dao Lien Xd cdn tham
khao y kie'n cua Trung Qud'c T i t ca cac
nha lanh dao cac nUdc XHCN deu cd
chung quan diem rang cac sU kien dien ra
d Hunggari da thupc pham tru "phdn cdch
mgn^' (25) Tren cd sd dd Lien Xd quye't
dinh can thiep quan sU n h i m chim dflt
cupc "bao loan" d Hunggari (26),
Dieu dang ndi la, tuy gifla Lien Xd va
Nam Tu tiing nay sinh mau thuan, cang
t h i n g trong nhflng nam 1948-1953 (27),
song de tao them dU luan cho •viec sd dung
vu liic, Khdrutxd'p quye't dinh cin phai cd
them sU ung hd cua losip Broz Tito (28),
lanh tu Nam TU - ngifdi ma Imre Nagy tin
tudng va dat nhieu hy vpng Ngay sau
chuye'n vieng tham Sofia, Khdrutxo'p cung
vdi Malenkov da gap mat Tito d Brioni, tie'n
hanh cupc gap gd bi mat trong 10 gid khdng
nghl Npi dung cupc thao luan cua cac nha
lanh dao Lien Xd va Nam TU chu ye'u xoay
quanh v i n de ai se la ngUdi lanh dad mdi
ciia Hunggari (29) Dieu quan trpng n h i t
lam Khdrutxd'p hai long la Tito da khdng
phan dd'i •viec can thiep (30) Khdng chi co
vay, theo nha nghien cflu Csaba Bekes, qua
khao cflu tai lieu lUu trfl cua Nga da chi ra
r i n g : "nhd ldnh dgo Nam TU khong chi
ddng y vdi sU cdn thiet cua viec can thiep
md con hda giup logi bo Imre Nagy vd cdc dong chi thdn can ong ta ra khdi ddi song chinh tri" (31)
Sau khi cd dUdc sU ung hp va ddng thuan cua cac nUdc XHCN, Lien Xd quye't dinh hanh dpng, nguyen soai Jukov da phe chuan ke hoach can thiep, tUdng Malinin dupc cii lam Tdng chi huy lilc lUcJng can thiep Ngay 4 thang 11 nam 1956, cac sU dean Xd vie't ddng loat md hang loat cupc
t i n cdng vao nhflng •vi tri do lUc lUdng noi day Hunggari kiem soat Thilc te trong cac ngay 3-4 thang 11, nhieu ngUdi dan Budapesta (chu ye'u la sinh vien, tri thflc
va cong nhan) da cim •vu khi chdrig lai cupc
t i n cdng cua Hdng quan Lien Xd Xung dot
vu trang da khie'n mau dd nhieu Theo mpt nha nghien cflu, cd it nha't 3000 ngUdi chet,
g i n 15.000 ngUdi bi thUdng, 25-26.000 ngUdi bi quang vao nha tfl, nhieu nghin ngUdi bi day sang Lien Xd (32) Ngay trong dem ngay 3, rang sang ngay 4 thang 11,
p h i n ldn nha lanh dao cupc each mang Hunggari, cung vdi gia (finh chay vao Dai sfl quan Nam Tu xin ty nan chinh tri Hp
da d day cho de'n ngay 22 thang 11 Day la giai doan den toi doi vdi hp cung giorig nhU ban than cupc each mang Sau nay, Imre Nagy da bi hanh hinh vao ngay 16 thang 6 nam 1958 (33)
Mac du Imre Nagy ra ldi keu gpi My va cac nUdc phUdng Tay ung hp cupc each mang Hunggari va ban than Imre Nagy cung cac ddng chi than can cua dng tin rang My va ddng minh se cd nhflng dpng thai ngan chan sU can thiep c-ua Lien Xo
b i n g vu lilc, ddng thdi se phan flng gio'ng nhu cupc chien tranh nd ra tren ban dao Trieu Tien trong nhflng nam 1950-1953, song mpi -viec lai (hen ra khac vdi tinh toan cua ho Cd the do nam 1956 la mot nam
Trang 73S Rghien euu Lieh sit so 1.2Q11
nhay cam vdi ngUdi My - nam b i u cd Tdng
thd'ng nen khdng mpt flng cd vien nao dam
mao hiem Cdn ban than Anh va My thi lai
bat d i u can thiep vao cupc khung hoang d
kenh dao Suez tfl ngay 30 t h i n g 11 Trong
bd'i canh do, sU iing hp ma phUdng Tay
danh cho nhflng ngUdi ndi day d Hunggari
ehl dflng d mflc dp tuyen truyen qua lan
sdng dien cua dai phat thanh "Chau Au Tu
do"
Sau khi Lien Xd tran ap thanh cong sil
choang dd'i cua lUc lUdng ndi day/each mang
Hunggari do Imre Nagy dflng d i u (34),
trong cac ngay 1-4 thang 1 nam 1957 da
(hen ra cupc hpp gifla dai dien dang va
chinh phu cac nUdc Bungari, Tiep Khac,
Rumani, Hunggari va Lien Xd Mpt ban
tuyen bd' da dUdc thdng qua, trong dd len
an sii "phan bpi" cua Imre Nagy (35)
3 Ke't l u a n
Vay sU kien Hunggari nam 1956 cd tac
dpng nhu the nao tdi he thd'ng XHCN?
Theo chung tdi, tuy cupc ndi day/each mang
(bao dpng "phan each mang" nhU each gpi
cua Lien Xo) bi t r i n ap Lien Xd da kiem
soat dupc tinh hinh d cac nUdc XHCN Ddng
Au, duy tri dUdc khu -vUc anh hudng cua
minh, seng tieng vang cua no khdng phai la
nhd Dd'i vdi he tho'ng XHCN, day la vet ran
nflt thfl hai sau sil cang thang trong quan
he Lien Xd - Nam Tu trong nhflng nam
1948 - 1953 (36) Khdng chi co vay, bie'n cd
d Ba Lan va Hunggari vao mua he va mua
thu nam 1956 da cd tac dpng manh me tdi
cac nudc XHCN Ddng Au Lo sd ve kha
nang xay ra nhflng cupc bao loan phan each
mang noi theo tam gUdng Hunggari da la
noi am anh nhieu nha lanh dao Dong Au
XHCN khi do Rieng 6 Bungari, chinh
quyen da b i t giam 10.000 ngUdi va md lai
trai tap trung noi tie'ng tren dao Belene
(37) Co the thay, viec Lien Xd phai sd
dung mpt lilc lupng quan dpi ldn (200.000 quan va 2.000 xe tang (38) de tran ap cupc ndi day cua ngUdi dan Hunggari (dUdc Lien
Xd gpi la 'lUc l-j:dng phan dpng") da cho
t h i y tinh bao lilc ciia sii bie'n De lap lai trat tu va duy tri dUdc ky luat trong hang ngu cac nude XHCN Ddng Au vao thdi (hem cang thang ciia cudc Chien tranh lanh cung nhu bao ve dUdc khu vUc anh hudng ciia minh Lien Xd da quye't dinh sif dung bao lilc Viec Imre Nagy va chinh phu cua dng
da cd nhflng h a n h dpng •vUdt qua gidi han cho phep cua Lien Xd da lam tan bie'n mpi
cd hpi giai quyet mau thuan bang con dudng hda binh nhU each ma Lien Xd da lam vdi Ba Lan
Dang chu y la sau sU kien Hunggari nam 1956, trong npi bp he thd'ng da dien ra qua t n n h tim kie'm mpt md hinh phat trien mdi, cai td lai he thd'ng, cd' gang tim kiem mpt Chu nghia xa hpi vdi bp mat nhan van Ngay c i Lien Xd cung da cd nhflng thay doi trong quan he vdi mdt so nUdc XHCN Ddng
Au (•Vl du, thang 6 nam 1958, Lien Xo da ki vdi Rumani thda thuan rut cac lUc lUdng quan dpi Xd viet ra khdi lanh thd cua nUdc nay (39)
Cd the tha'y, chlnh mau thuan gifla Lien
Xo va cac nUdc phUdng Tay, dac biet vdi Anh va My sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl Hai, sfl hinh thanh trat tfl the gidi hai cflc, sfl nay sinh cupc Chie'n tranh lanh tfl nam
1947 da tac dpng manh me tdi thai dp ciia Lien Xd dd'i vdi cac nUdc Ddng Au vd'n dUdc coi la khu •vUc anh hudng cua nUdc nay Vi ldi ich quan sil, an ninh trong trUdng hdp xay ra cac cupc xung dot gifla hai phe, Lien
Xo da tang cUdng sU kiem seat ve kinh te', chinh tri, quan sU d Ddng Au, khong chi
n h i m ddi phd vdi phUdng Tay ma cdn
n h i m phuc •vu cho mUu dd chie'n lUdc cua minh He qua la, cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au
Trang 8Q6p phan danh gia ve mo'i quan he 39
khong the la nhflng ddng minh cua Lien Xd
theo dung nghia cua nd, ma thilc chat chi
la "nhflng cai dudi" ciia Lien Xd, la khu •viic
anh hudng ddc quyen cua Lien Xo, la nhflng con td't tren ban cd chinh tri ma Lien Xd dang d i u vdi My va phUdng Tay
CHU THICH
(1) National Archives and Record
Administration, Washington D.C, RG 263,
CIA/NIE, Box 3, Folder 83 [Din theo, Comeliu
Mihai Lungu, M i h a i Retegan, 1956 Explozia
Perceptii romdne, iugoslave si sovietice asupra
evenimentelor din Polonia si Ungaria (1956 Su
biing no Cdc quan niem cua Rumani, Nam Tu vd
Lien Xo vi cdc sii kien dien ra d Ba Lan vd
Hunggari), Nxb Univers Enciclopedic, Bucaret,
1996, tr 17, ti^ng R u m a n i ] ,
(2), (3), (6), (7), (9), (10), (12), (15), (16), (18),
(21), (22), (23), (25), (29), (31), (35), (39) D i n theo,
Comeliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, 1956
Explozia Perceptii romdne, iugoslave si sovietice
asupra evenimentelor din Polonia si Ungaria, sdd,
tr, 19, 46, 18, 46, 20, 46, 20, 47, 21, 21, 22, 22, 48,
22, 23, 23, 48, 26,
(4) Mot sU kien q u a n trong do'i vdi phong trao
Cong san va Cong n h a n quoc te da xay r a ngay 17
t h a n g 4 nfim 1956 do la sfl xua't hien ban thong
bao ve viec cha'm dflt hoat dong cua Cue Thong tin
cac dang Cong s a n va Cong n h a n (Nguon: Comeliu
Mihai Lungu, M i h a i Retegan, sdd, tr 46)
(5) J o h n W Y o u n g , Cold War Europe
1945-1989 A political History, London, 1 9 9 1 ,
p p 2 0 4
(8) Andr6 Fontaine, Istoria rdzboiului rece
( i i c h sfl chien t r a n h lanh), t a p III: De la
rdzboiului din Coreean la criza aliantelor
1950-1967 (Tfl cuoc Chien t r a n h Trieu Tien de'n cugc
k h u n g h o a n g cac lien minh 1950-1967), Bucaret,
1993, tr, 287-288 (tieng Rumani); J o h n W, Young,
Cold War Europe 1945-1989 A political History,
London, 1991, pp 206-207
(11) Dang chfl y la den t a n ngay 13 thang 12 nfim 1954, Wladyslaw Gomulka mdi dUdc giai phong khoi n h a tu Sau do mot nfim, viec bfit giam ong dU(3c tuyen bo la "phi ly vfi ba't h(3p phap" (Nguon: Cdrneliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr 45)
(13) Cau lac bo Petofi la t r u n g t a m cua cuoc
t r a n h luan va ba't m a n cua gidi tri thflc Hunggari nfim 1956
(14) Sau day chflng toi xin gidi thieu noi dung
cua ban Tuyin ngdn "hy vgng" gom 14 diem, dfldc
soan thao b3i nhflng ngfldi Hunggari, n h u mot bieu hien cua h a n h dong ilng ho va dong cam vdi nhflng ngUdi cong n h a n va sinh vien Vacsava (Ba Lan) dang da'u t r a n h -vi "nen doc lap cua Ba Lan" Noi dung ban Tuyen ngon da the hien nhflng yeu cau va doi hoi ciia gidi tre d cac trUdng dai hcc va nhflng ngfldi cdng n h a n Budapesta
"1 Trieu tap ngay lap tic dgi hgi cua Ddng Cong nhdn Hunggari (MDP); liia chgn nhing nhd ldnh dgo mdi cua ddng, thdnh lap uy ban Trung Ucfng mdi
2 Cdi td chinh phu, trong do co sit tham gia thdnh phdn chinh phi cua dong chi Imre Nagy
3 Su hop tdc giia Hunggari - Lien Xo vd Hunggari - Nam Tu cdn phdi diia tren ca sd binh ddng, khong can thiep vdo cong viec noi bg cua nliau
4 Rut tdt cd cdc dem vi qudn doi Xo viit theo tinh thdn cua nhing dieu khodn trong hiep dinh hoa binh vdi Hunggari
5 To chic cugc tdng tuyen ci mdi tren cd sd bdu
ci bi mat vdi sit tham gia nhiiu ddng phdi vd cua nhing ing ci vien tranh ci vdo Qudc hgi
Trang 940 Rghien euru Lich sit s6' 1.2011
6 To chic lgi nin kinh te Hunggari vdi sU ung
hg cua chuyen gia thugc cdc linh vUc vd cdc qudng
chia urani cua ddt nUdc se chi dUcic si dung cho
sii cdn thiet cua ddn tgc Hunggari
7 Xem xet lgi todn bg nin cong nghiep, cdc
hinh thic trong lao dgng dp dgt cho cdng nhdn;
xdc dinh mic lUcfng dam bdo cugc sdng tdi thieu ;
thiet lap che do tii tri lien quan den viec to chic
cong nhdn trong cdc xi nghiep, cong xUdng
8 Xem xet lgi che do hgn nggch I chi tieu trong
nong nghiep; trc) giup cho ngUdi ngUdi sd hiu nho
trong ndng nghiep;
9 Xem xet lgi he thdng cua tdt cd cdc vu xet xi
chinh tri vd kinh te; dn xd cho tdt cd cdc tii chinh
tri vo tgi, thiet lap lgi tU cdch phdp ly cho hg vd
boi thudng cho nhing ton hgi md hg phdi gdnh
chiu
10 To chic mgt phien toa xet xi cong khai ddi
vdi trudng hdp Mihdly Farkas; md cugc diiu tra vi
vai trb cua Rdkosi; dUa nhing th chinh tri
Hunggari tiNga vi nUdc
11 Thay the' qudc huy hien thdi - xa lg vdi
truyin thddng cua nhdn ddn - bdng qudc huy thdi
Kossuth; khoi phuc lgi cdc ngdy le hgi quo'c gia vdo
cdc ngdy 15 thdng 3 vd 6 thdng 11 (dUdc coi nhU
nhing ngdy nghi tii do) Thay doi trang phuc qudn
dgi
12 Tli do hodn todn vi quan diem vd tU do bdo
chi Phdt hdnh mgt sdlUOng ldn ciia cdc td bdo trite
thugc td chic MEFESZ Ti bo cdc ho sa theo doi bi
mat cd nhdn sau khi cong bd ngi dung cua chiing
cho nhing ai quan tdm
13 Tuang cua Stalin, bieu tUdng cua dgc tdi vd
sii dp bic cdn phdi logi bo khong chgm tre
14 Dodn ke't tdt cd mgi ngUdi Hunggari"
(Nguon: Tibor M6ray, "Budapeste 1956 Atunci
si dupd 44 de ani" ("Budapet 1956 Khi do vd sau
44 ndm"), Nxb Compania, 2000, Bucuresti, tr
43-44 (tieng Rumani)
(17) Trong phien hop d i i n r a trong nhflng ngay 3-4 t h a n g 7, Quoc hoi H u n g g a r i da b i u Imre Nagy gifl chflc -vu T h u tUdng chinh phii t h a y t h e cho Rakosi M a t y a s (Nguon: Corneliu M i h a i Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr 44)
(19) Trong Hoi ky cila minh, Khdrutxo'p chi
d a n h may dong de ghi ve nhflng sfl kien xay r a 6
Ba L a n t h a n g 10 nfim 1956 Khdrutxop da cho
r^ng: "Mgt chinh phu co the chdp nhgn dUdc, dUdc
thdnh lap bdi Gomulka vd Cyrankiewicz, tap hap mgt sd ngudi md chung ta co the tin tudng dugc Chung ta CO ca sd de tin rdng tinh hinh d ddt nUdc ndy bdy gid dd dn dinh" ( D i n theo, Jean-Fransfois
Soulet, Istoria Europei de Est de la al doilea rdzboi
mondial pindin prezent (Lich si Ddng Au ti Chien tranh the gidi thi hai den nay), Nxb Polirom, lasi,
2008, t r a n g 101 (tieng Rumani)
(20) Theo q u a n diem cila n h a nghien cflu Peter Calvocoressi, sci di Lien Xo co each doi xii va h a n h dgng trudc nhflng gi xay r a fl Ba L a n nfim 1956 khac vdi H u n g g a r i bfit n g u o n tfl n h i e u ly do vfi sfl
toan t i n h P e t e r Calvocoressi cho rfing: "Ket cue
cua nhing sii kien ndy (tflc nhflng bien dong xay
r a 6 Ba L a n mfla h6 nfim 1956 - Dfio Tua:n T h a n h
chu thich) la ngUdi Nga dd den Vacsava vdi y
dinh ngdn chgn Gomulka vd ddng cua ong ta, sau khi xem xet nhanh dd chdp nhgn hg Bien phdp si dung triic tiip qudn dgi Nga tgi Ba Lan
Id qud mgo hiem bdi cdc liic lUdng cua Nga co the vdp phdi sU cho'ng cU quyei Hit cua qudn dgi Ba Lan vd mgt cugc ngi chii'n tgi Ba Lan co the ddn tdi rdc rdi nghiem trgng 6 nhing qudc gia khdc Gomulka Id mgt ngUdi cgng sdn vd khong co bd't
ky mgt do tudng ndo vi viec Ba Lan duy tri quan
he to't vdi Lien Xo Ong khong di xud't viic Ba Lan
ra khoi Hiip Udc Vacsava hoac chia se quyin lUc tgi Ba Lan vdi nhing ngUdi phi cgng sdn Co thi chung sdng dUdc vdi Gomulka Ne'u ngUdi Ba Lan luc ddu e nggi Id mgt chinh phu Ba Lan mdi se di qud xa trong viec ldm phUOng hgi tdi nhiing ldi ich cdn bdn vd thie't ye'u cua Nga, hg kit ludn sau khi
Trang 10Qop phan danh gia ve mo'i quan he 41
suy nghl lgi Id Gomulka se khong vUdt qud nhing
ranh gidi cua nhiing diiu co thi dung thi dUdc
Thdng 12, chinh phu mdi dd ddnh cho Nga quyin
duy tri liic lUOng qudn dgi tgi Ba Lan" (Peter
Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau ndm 1945,
Nxb Lao Dong, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr, 280),
(24) Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau
ndm 1945, sdd, tr, 281
(26) Trong Hoi ky cua minh, nha lanh dao
Lien Xo, Khdrutxop da danh hfin mgt chfldng de de
cap den nhflng sU kien dien ra cl Hunggari nfim
1956 Khdrutxo'p cho rfing "Do Id mgt thdi diem
lich si Chung ta ding trUdc sii liia chgn co tinh
budc ngoat: chung ta gii qudn dgi di'n thd do
(Hunggari - Dao Tua'n Thfinh chu thich) yd trd'n dp
cugc noi day, hay to't hcfn la chung ta dai lUc lUOng
cdch mgng tU gidi phong vd ddn dp bgn phdn
dpng" (Dan theo, Jean-Frans9ois Soulet, Istoria
Europei de Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pind
in prezent, sdd, tr 103)
(27) De CO the hi§u sau sfic hdn mo'i quan he
gifla Lien Xo vfi Nam Tu trong giai doan nay, theo
chiing toi, nhflng nhan dinh sau cua nha nghien
cflu Peter Calvocoressi trong cong trinh nghien
cflu: "Chinh tri Thi'gidi sau ndm 1945" la mot ggi
mfl rat dang de chung ta suy ngam Peter
Calvocoressi da viet rfing: "Cugc tranh cai gifla
cac nha lanh dao Nga va Nam Tu dugc tien hanh
thong qua thU tin trong cac thang 3,4 va 5 nfim
1948 Tam diem cua va'n de la viec Tito tfl choi
cha'p nhan sfl chi dao cfla Matxcdva va viec ong
kien quye't doi co quyen giai quyet cac va'n de cfla
Nam Tu trong boi canh cua chinh hg va ap dung
nhflng giai phap cua chinh hg hdn la nhflng
nguyen tfic va chUdng trinh cila Nga Tito khfing
dinh Nam TU khong chi tdch biet md con hodn
todn khdc biit vdi Liin Xo, \a hcc thuyet cgng
san cung nhfl thflc tiin cua no khSng qua khd
cflng den dg khcng the tinh tdi nhflng khac biet
nay Nhung ve p h i n minh, Stalin da tfl be quan
niem ve nhflng con dUcJng khac nhau dan tdi chil
nghia xa hgi va trfl nen nghi ngd Tito, ngUdi ong
muon thay the bfing mgt trong nhflng ngfldi ong ling hg (Andriye Hebrang hofic Sreten Zujovic) Ong muon bao dam fl Nam Tu mgt che do biet phuc tung nhu ba't cfl quoc gia nao thugc Dong
Au Neu Tito to ra cflng diu cflng co thi v i n con nhieu ngUcii Nam Tu khac sfin sang phuc tflng menh lenh va di theo dUdng loi cua Stalin Stalin khong CO y dinh gat bo Nam Tu ma co y dinh loai
bo Tito, va sfl trflng phat ha khfic cua Tito dgi xuo'ng dau nhflng ngUdi thee dUdng ldi Stalin (dfic biet tai Serbia) sau khi hai ben cfit dflt quan
he noi len rfing cugc da'u tranh ben trong dang Nam Tfl da trfl nen het sflc gay gfit vfi chien thfing cua Tito chi la mgt chien thfing mong manh Cugc tranh cai nay xoay quanh nhieu chu
de nhfl each td chflc hdp ly mgt nha nUdc cgng san, vai tro cua Dang Cgng san, nhflng chinh sach rugng dat, sU Id la cua Nam Tu trong viec thii tieu chii nghia tu ban va con ngUdi cua Ngoai truflng Nam Tu, Vladimir Velebit, ngUdi bi Nga bugc tgi Ifim gian diep cho Anh Mo'i bat hoa ngay cang tfing do sfl co mfit cua cac cd van quan sU va dan sfl Nga fl Nam Tu, ma ngUdi Nam TU cho rfing nhflng vien cd van nay thflc eha't la dai dien cho tinh sieu viet ciia Nga va dfldc tra lUdng fl mflc qua cao; nhflng no Iflc cua Nga nhlm gay sflc 6p len Nam Tu bao gdm ca viec de dga rut het chuyen gia ve nU6c Thong qua trao ddi thfl tin, ngUdi Nam Tu ro rang rat mudn tranh mgt sfl cfit dflt, do v5, mot thai do co the dan tdi viec cung cd quyet tam cua Nga vach ro sU thfla nhan sai llm
ve nhflng diem dang tranh cai NhUng ket qua la Nam Tu khong chap nhan vi the cua mgt hgc tro vfi thang 6 nfim 1949, sU tuyet giao dUdc tuyen
bd cong khai bfing quyet dinh khai trfl Nam Tu
ra khoi Cominform, hiep hgi qudc te cua cac Dang Cgng san, trfldc dc dfldc hinh thfinh vao thang 9 nhlm dam bao sU thdng nha't va tuan thu ly tuflng Tito la mgt nha cgng san tu tin nhUng khong phai la mgt nha cgng san di vang ldi Ong da tflng tinh tdan trudc viec gfin bo cua nudc cgng hoa cgng san Nam Tu vdi Lien Xo nhUng trong nhflng ngay diu, ong lai tuhg lo Ifing