LANGUAGE AND LEARNING The philosophers and scholars of the Hellenistic world laid the foundations upon which the Western tradition based analytical grammar, linguistics, philosophy of language, and other disciplines probing the nature and origin of human communication Building on the pioneering work of Plato and Aristotle, these thinkers developed a wide range of theories about the nature and origin of language which reflected broader philosophical commitments In this collection of ten essays a team of distinguished scholars examines the philosophies of language developed by, among others, Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, the Stoics and Lucretius They probe the early thinkers’ philosophical adequacy and their impact on later theorists With discussions ranging from the Stoics on the origin of language to the theories of language in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the collection will be of interest to students of philosophy and of language in the classical period and beyond d o rot h e a f re d e is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Hamburg She has written numerous articles on Greek philosophy and her previous publications include Philebos (1992) and (with Andr´e Laks) Traditions of Theology, Studies in Hellenistic Theology (2002) b r a d i n wo o d holds the Canada Research Chair in Ancient Philosophy at the University of Toronto His recent publications include The Poem of Empedocles (Second edition, 2001) and The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics (2003) LANGUAGE AND LEARNING Philosophy of Language in the Hellenistic Age Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium Hellenisticum e d i t e d by DOROTHEA FREDE AND BRAD INWOOD cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521841818 © Cambridge University Press 2005 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2005 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-11344-4 eBook (NetLibrary) 0-511-11344-7 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-84181-8 hardback 0-521-84181-x hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of contributors Preface List of abbreviations page vii ix xi Introduction 1 The Stoics on the origin of language and the foundations of etymology 14 James Allen Stoic linguistics, Plato’s Cratylus, and Augustine’s De dialectica 36 A A Long Epicurus and his predecessors on the origin of language 56 Alexander Verlinsky Lucretius on what language is not 101 Catherine Atherton Communicating Cynicism: Diogenes’ gangsta rap 139 Ineke Sluiter Common sense: concepts, definition and meaning in and out of the Stoa 164 Charles Brittain Varro’s anti-analogist 210 David Blank The Stoics on fallacies of equivocation Susanne Bobzien v 239 vi Contents What is a disjunction? 274 Jonathan Barnes 10 Theories of language in the Hellenistic age and in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 299 Sten Ebbesen References Index nominum et rerum Index locorum 320 336 341 Contributors j a m e s a l l e n Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh c at h e r i n e at h e rto n Professor of Philosophy and Classics, University of California, Los Angeles j o n at h a n b a r n e s Professor of Philosophy, Sorbonne, Paris d av i d b l a n k Professor of Classics, University of California, Los Angeles s u s a n n e b o b z i e n Professor of Philosophy, Yale University c h a r l e s b r i t ta i n Associate Professor of Classics, Cornell University s t e n e b b e s e n Professor at the Institute of Greek and Latin, University of Copenhagen a a lo n g Professor of Classics, University of California, Berkeley i n e k e s lu i t e r Professor of Classics, University of Leiden a l e x a n d e r ve r l i n s k y Professor of Classics, University of St Petersburg and researcher at the Bibliotheca Classica Petropolitana vii Preface The ninth Symposium Hellenisticum was held in Haus Rissen at Hamburg, 23–28 July 2001 under the sponsorship of Hamburg University Nine of the ten papers presented here are revised versions of drafts distributed to the participants in advance and discussed at the meetings; Bobzien’s paper could not be presented at the conference and the editors are pleased to be able to include it The final versions of all the papers bear the mark of much discussion, reflection and revision over the months following the conference The participants at the Symposium (and their affiliations at the time) were: Keimpe Algra (University of Utrecht), James Allen (University of Pittsburgh), Julia Annas (University of Arizona), Catherine Atherton (Oxford University), Jonathan Barnes (University of Geneva), G´abor Betegh (Central European University, Budapest), David Blank (University of Reading), Susanne Bobzien (Oxford University), Tad Brennan (Yale University), Charles Brittain (Cornell University), Myles Burnyeat (Oxford University), Walter Cavini (University of Bologna), Sten Ebbesen (University of Copenhagen), Theodor Ebert (Erlangen University), Dorothea Frede (Hamburg University), Nikolai Grintser (Moscow State University), Christoph Horn (Bonn University), Fr´ed´erique Ildefonse (University of Paris), Anna Maria Ippolo (University of Rome), Brad Inwood (University of Toronto), Andr´e Laks (University of Lille), Anthony Long (University of California), Gretchen Reydam-Schils (Notre Dame University), David Sedley (Cambridge University), Ineke Sluiter (University of Leiden), Gisela Striker (Harvard University), Alexander Verlinsky (University of St Petersburg), Hermann Weidemann (M¨unster University) Thanks are due to all participants for their engagement in discussion and to the readers for their helpful suggestions that are reflected in the revisions of the contributions We are especially grateful to our editor, Michael Sharp, and the production editor, Mary Leighton, for their support and patience, and to the two anonymous readers for their careful and helpful criticism, in particular to ix Index nominum et rerum logos 44, 45, 54–5 (sentence), 249 (argument) internal (endiathetos) 75 Lucretius 57, 60, 62, 65–9, 83–7, 102–21, 126–38 Marius Victorinus 204, 209 Martianus Capella 50 Martinus 308 meaning (vs linguistic expression) 248–9, 256, 263; see also signification and semantic medical school empirical 192, 195 pneumatic 193 medicine 105 memory 79, 80, 81, 131, 132, 168, 170 Meno’s paradox 180 meteorological phenomena 112 methodology 113 Middle Ages 299 mimesis 36, 62, 105 mind (mens, animus) 112, 132 common 205, 206 modistic theory 307–12 morphology 304–5, 308, 315 music 31 names 22–3, 64 (natural), 71 (generic) correctness of 18, 19–23, 30–1, 32, 35, 42, 43, 46 name-giver 39, 67, 108, 113, 308, 311 naturalness of 41, 309 narratology 223 natural attachments (oikei¯osis) 27 nature and naturalism 18–19, 36–7, 43–9, 63–4, 101, 103, 109, 114, 123 necessity 118, 122, 135 Neoplatonism 300 newborns 85 nonsense 284 onomatopoeia 31, 37–8, 41, 48 opinion 38, 39–40, 75, 206 opposition, see contrariety organic parts 123 organs of speech 68–9, 95, 133; see physiology Origen 16, 18, 34, 36, 37, 169, 179 orthography 216, 222 outline (typos) 132 painting 31 parabasis 155 parrh¯esia (freedom of speech) 154, 155, 157 parts of speech 16, 220 peculiar characteristic (idion) 186 Pergamene school, criticism 211, 215, 221 Peripatetics 183, 239, 241, 242, 285 339 Peter of Spain 301 Petrus Ramus 319 phantasmata 168 Philo of Larissa 201 Philodemus 68, 237 philology 216, 222 philosophical inquiry 185 phonematics 308 phonetic label or marking 105, 107, 114, 134 physiology 70, 111, 122, 128 Plato 23, 37–8, 41, 62, 141, 152, 154, 158, 163, 314, 317 Platonic Forms 203 Platonists and Platonism 19 Plotinus 193 plover 129 Plutarch 168, 169, 170, 174, 179, 267, 269 pointing out 83, 137 Porphyry 65, 79–80, 165, 186, 193, 195, 300, 302 Posidonius 193, 280, 285 pragma (object or meaning) 241, 293 pragmatics 248 preconception (prolepsis) 69, 81, 82, 122, 132, 133–4, 135, 165, 168–74, 176, 183, 203, 206 of God 180, 183 predisposition 59, 69 primary message systems 142 primitive wisdom 33, 34 Priscian 307, 312, 314 Proclus 29, 122–5, 177 Prometheus 29 proposition 173–4, 210, 256–8, 271, 274, 275; see also lekton Protagoras 30, 94 protreptic 147 proxemics 143 proximity (vicinitas) 17, 32, 37, 42 Ptolemy 57, 72–7, 126 Pyrrhonian skeptics 212, 217 Quintilian 212, 214, 299, 305–6, 315, 319 rational 165, 166, 170 (thought) faculty (reason) 25, 26–7, 29–30, 33, 35, 64, 65, 77, 80, 81, 83, 128, 135, 168, 170–1, 178, 214, 231 reasoning (logismos) 122 empirical 127 reference 40, 133, 134, 137 refinement (elegantia) 219, 237 rendition (apodosis) 197 representations (phantasmata) 65, 66 res 53–4; see also pragma resemblance 17, 32, 33, 34, 36, 41–2, 135, 219–20, 221, 223, 228–34; see also analogy 340 Index nominum et rerum rhetoric, rhetorical practice 139, 155, 164, 199–209, 221 rules 211–12, 221, 222, 228 rule-following 129 satire 140, 155 scepticism 127 scholastics 301 Second Sophistic 157 seismic phenomena 112 self-fashioning 139, 141, 142, 144 semantic 42, 44, 49, 73, 84, 136, 166 semiotic disposition 107 senses and sense perception (sensus, aisth¯esis) 81, 93, 94, 107, 111, 132, 133, 195, 206 sentence 229 declarative 258, 260 Sextus Empiricus 183, 190, 191, 197–8, 211, 215, 217, 229, 234, 236, 237, 250, 265, 266–7, 269, 276–7, 285, 286–7 (vs the Dogmatists) 299, 303, 304, 306, 316 sexual desire 111, 130 shadows and reflections 123 shame and shamelessness 161 sign 44, 45, 54–5, 108, 109, 132, 137, 307, 314 significant (meaningful) speech 166, 171 signification 44, 84–5, 89, 197, 241, 242, 247, 260, 261, 264, 309–12, 315 similarity, see resemblance Simplicius 239–41, 245, 249, 254, 260, 265, 268, 270 simulacra, films 120, 123, 127 society and social relations 27, 59, 60 socio-linguistics 142 Socrates 141, 158 solecism 305 sophism 239, 241, 249; see also fallacy Sophocles 58 stag 128 Stobaeus 189, 190 Stoics and Stoicism 14–35, 36–55, 140, 159, 164, 166, 215, 221, 239–73, 274–94, 300, 306, 307, 308–9, 314, 319 subsistence 249 supposition 301 swerve 119, 127 syllogism 240, 241, 245, 254–5, 288–9 symbolic action 141, 144, 161 syntax 45, 210, 217 teaching and learning 21, 27, 179, 191 techn¯e (art, skill, expertise) 77, 79, 124, 212, 215, 216, 217, 221, 233, 235, 237, 319 teleology 38, 49, 93, 94, 124, 184 territoriality (space) 143; see also proxemics theatricality 140, 144 theology 24–5, 38, 49, 303; see also divine Theophrastus 215, 285 time 256–8, 262 token 82, 108, 249 (vs type) tools 96 topical relationship 312, 313 total interpenetrative mixture 175 tragedy 157 transfer 254–5, 257–8, 265 transgression 139, 144–9 transition 173 translatio 317–18 translation 302–3, 311 tropes 302 truth 250, 258, 271, 276, 277, 292 understanding, see intelligibility universals 301, 304, 309 (katholikon) usefulness (utilitas) 65, 79–80, 85, 86, 91–3, 104, 105, 109, 114, 121, 129, 133–4, 136, 137, 214, 219, 237 usus, see consuetudo validity 241, 246, 247, 249, 254–5, 256, 258 Varro 34, 37, 41, 210–38, 300 verbum 54–5 virtue of style or speech 215, 221, 237 vis (dynamis) 317 Vitruvius 60, 61, 62–3, 126 vocative 284 voice 229 volition 112, 127–8 William of Ockham 299, 301 Wittgenstein 53 words 225 (compound), 227 (foreign) attend to 274–5 customary vs technical 74 primary 30, 31, 36–7, 46 spontaneous formation of 63, 68, 69, 70 Zeno 54 Index locorum [ a e s c h y lu s ] Prometheus vinctus 447 30 a e¨ t i u s De placitis reliquiae 4.9.13 172 4.11 26, 168, 169, 171, 173, 179, 181, 207 a lc i n o u s Introductio in Platonem 14, 19 a l e x a n d e r a ph ro d i s i e n s i s De mixtione 154.28–30 168 213.10 177 216.14 (=SVF 2.473) 175 217.2–4 175 218.11–20 175, 176, 177 In Aristotelis Analyticorum priorum librum i commentarium 2.1 243, 306 17.3 265 17.23 265 18.26–7 265 19.8 243 21.28 243 22.6 243 In Aristotelis Metaphysica commentaria 176.25 189 982a–b 176 In Aristotelis Topicorum libros octo commentaria 8.20–2 246 18.20 176 25.15 189 42–3 187 421.28–31 189 ammonius In Aristotelis Categorias commentarius 11.8–12, 18 11.8–14 28 13.7 18 In Aristotelis librum De interpretatione commentarius 34.20 ff 18 91.9–10 279 In Porphyrii Isagogen sive quinque voces 54.6–7 189 56 195 69 195 anaximenes Ars rhetorica 1438a21–2 219 a ph t h o n i u s Progymnasmata 3–4 149 vol.ii.p.49 (Spengel) 207 Scholia Anonymi in Aphthonium 10.3.3 (Walz) 219 a p o l lo n i u s d y s co lu s De coniunctionibus 213.7–10 279 213.11–15 279 214.1–5 280 214.8–10 285 216.11–16 276 216.16–217.2 285 216.16–218.19 280 218.20–7 278, 280 De syntaxi 1.13 210, 217 1.60 217 1.73–9 284 1.107 284 1.135 284 1.182.27–183.4 284 2.51 283 2.70 284 2.71 284 3.5 284 3.8–10 305 3.9 284 a r i s to ph a n e s Acharnenses 440–4 158 Ecclesiazusae 165–9 155 Equites 595 79 341 342 Nubes 921–4 158 Ranae 8–10, 479, 322 156 a r i s tot e l e s Analytica posteriora 1.4.28–9 304 Categoriae 1a 177 1a 1–2 240 8b 25 193 De anima 1.1.402b1–9 188 2.1.413a9–10 188 De interpretatione c.8 260 6a6 47 16a3–8 70 16a9–11 258 16a19 19 16b33–17a3 258 17a2 19 18a18–26 259 18a24–5 260 Historia animalium 536b11–20 70 Metaphysica 1010a13 39 1024b32–4 153 1042a 243 Politica 1253a9–15 59, 69 Rhetorica 1357a8 243 1395b25 243 1407a19 215 Sophistici elenchi c.4 263 c.17 263 c.19 239, 263 166a4–5 263 166a8 263 166a12–14 263 166a14 263 166a18–21 263 166a20–1 263 171b18–19 241 175b28–31 262 175b30 263 175b39–176a5 259, 260 175b39–176a18 261 176a3–5 262 176a14–16 262 176a15 259 177a6–8 260, 264 177a9–15 261 177a18–24 262 Index locorum 177a21–2 261 177a24–6 263 181a2 189 Topica 1.4 187 8.7 263 104b20 153 160a23–9 260, 262, 263 160a24–8 263 160a25 259 160a26 261 160a29–32 263 [ a r i s tot e l e s ] Problemata 14 102 arrianus Anabasis 7.2, 1–2 143 au g u s t i n u s Confessiones 1.8 53 De civitate Dei 8.7 26, 179, 180, 182 De dialectica c.5 315 c.6 14, 41 c.9 252, 301 9.3 34 9.18–20 33, 34 c.10 302 10.1–3 16 10.9–11 17, 29 10.10–13 17 10.13–21 17 10.21–3 17 10.23–11.9 16, 17 11.11–12 33 11.13–14 17 11.18 ff 17 111.84–6 (Pinborg) 246 De trinitate 5.8.9 302 Rhetorica 207 b aco n De signis 3.2.48 301 boethius De hypotheticis syllogismis iii 285 In Categorias Aristotelis commentaria 1159a–c 300 159b–c 302 166d–167a 302 In Topica Ciceronis commentaria 1092b–1093b 202 1092d 202 Index locorum 1099a–b 209 1106c–1107a 204 1108a–b 302 b o e t h i u s d ac u s De aeternitate mundi 6.2: 347–8 307 Modi significandi sive Quaestiones super Priscianum maiorem Q.8 313 4: 6–7 310 4: 12 311 4: 27–8 307 4: 32.106–8 310 4: 47 312 4: 55.61–56.7 310 4: 56 313 4: 56.79–82 311 4: 68f 313 4: 97.63–98.65 312 4: 203.35–6 314 Quaestiones super librum Topicorum 6.1: 6.65 313 6.1: 14–15 313 6.1: 17–24 314 c i c e ro Academica posteriora 1.5 172 1.30–2 203 1.32 14 1.42 54, 168, 180, 208 2.17 179 2.21 174, 187 2.21–2 168, 174 2.21–3 179 2.30–1 168, 179, 203 2.95 190 2.121 110 Academica priora 93 266 De fato 11–15 246 De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.30 130 2.45 27 2.46 27 3.17 27 3.21 168 3.33–4 135, 168, 172, 179 3.55 198 3.65–6 27 4.21 165 4.55 165 4.67–8 165 De inventione 2.52–6 200 2.53 204 De legibus 1.22–34 168 1.23 177 1.30 207 1.30–4 169, 208 27 25 De natura deorum 1.43 132 1.44 203 2.4–15 184 2.13 168, 203 2.45 168 2.63–4 38 2.81 124 2.133 27 2.148 27 2.149 25, 28, 61 2.153 28 3.45–6 182 3.63 14 29–30 165 De officiis 1.12–13 27 1.23 34 1.35 159 1.50 27 De oratore 1.12 207, 208 1.44 208 1.189 188, 200, 205 2.68 207 3.109–19 207 3.115 200, 205, 206 3.195 207 3.213–25 142 De re publica 3.3 27, 135 Epistulae ad Atticum 13.12.3 210 Epistulae ad Familiares 1.8.2 91 Orator 116–17 200, 204, 205 Partitiones oratoriae 41 200 62 200 123 206, 207 123–4 200 126 207 Topica 203 8–10 200 343 344 26–7 201, 202 26–34 200 28–9 201, 202 31 203, 205 81–3 200 Tusculanae Disputationes 4.53–4 168, 183, 191, 208 [ c i c e ro ] Rhetorica ad Herennium 1.14 219 c l e a n t h e s(ap Stobaeum, Eclogae) i 1.12 177 clemens alexandrinus Stromata 6.14 179 co r n u t u s De natura deorum 23.3 15 32.8–11 30 33.6–8 30 34.3–6 29 39.15 15 76.2–5 38 c r at e s (Broggiato) f 23 222 f 31 222 f 35 222 f 66 223 d e m e t r i u s l aco n Opus incertum (P Herc 1012) l x i v 67 [demetrius] De elocutione 259–61 145, 153, 156 democritus fr 297b 79 fr 68b 20 228 demosthenes Exordia 5.3 79 dexippus In Aristotelis Categorias commentarium 13–16 302 26–7 302 d i o d o ru s s i c u lu s Bibliotheca historica 1.3.3 61 1.8.3–4 60, 66, 87, 108, 126 1.16.1 126 3.17.1 88 3.17.3 88 3.18.2 88 3.18.6 87 3.18.7 88 d i o g e n e s l a e rt i u s Vitae philosophorum 2.117 147 Index locorum 5.18 150 6.17 153 6.22 143 6.26 141, 162 6.27 154 6.32 147 6.34 149 6.35 141, 148 6.36 148 6.38 143, 157 6.39 145 6.40 152 6.41 141 6.43 143 6.44 143 6.46 145 6.54 141 6.58 161 6.59 154 6.60 143, 145 6.63 161 6.67 151 6.68 143 6.69 145 6.73 143 6.87–8 158 6.94 146 6.103 153 6.104–5 159 7.19 182 7.42 179, 180 7.43–83 49 7.44 241 7.51 166, 170, 171, 181 7.52–3 26, 135, 172, 173, 179 7.54 136, 169, 171, 176, 179 7.55 179, 194 7.55–9 45 7.56 45, 54 7.57 54 7.58 167, 187 7.59 219 7.60 186 7.60–1 204 7.60–2 186, 203 7.62 245, 250 7.63 52, 166, 242 7.68–76 277 7.70 54 7.72 275 7.75 246 7.78 243 7.79–81 246 7.82 249, 266 Index locorum 7.83 48 7.89 179 7.94 194, 198 7.96 198 7.147 34, 36, 181 7.159 171 7.183 184 7.189 182 7.192 236 7.196 249 7.197 249 7.199 182, 188 7.200 14 7.201–2 177 9.88 234 10.13 237 10.31 75, 127, 132 10.32 107, 135 10.33 75, 106, 132, 135 10.34 113 10.75 237 d i o g e n e s o e n oa n d e n s i s 8.3 113 10 19 10.2.1 109 10.3.1f 102 12 57, 67 12.3.2 125 12.4.3f 109 12.4.6–14 102 40.1.2 102 d i o g e n i a n u s (ap Eusebium, Praeparatio Evangelica) 6.8.1–10 14, 18 6.8.11–24 18 dionysius halicarnassensis De compositione verborum 16 29 dionysius thrax Ars grammatica c 12 18 Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Artem grammaticam 107, 1–21: 627 (H¨ulser) 187 165.16ff (Scholia Vaticana) 217 d o n at u s Ars grammatica (= Ars Maior) 3.1.2 306 3.6 302 e b e r h a rd u s b e t h u n i e n s i s Graecismus i 94–7 302 epictetus Dissertationes i 3.5 177 i 22.1 178, 198 i i.11.17 179 i i.19.1 249 i i i.22.1 178 i i i.22.2–50 160 i i i.22.92 143 i v.8.10 178 e p i c u ru s Epistula ad Herodotum 36 109 37 106, 132 37–8 81 38 75, 80, 130 59 80 70–1 80, 81 72 101 72–3 81 73 80, 81 74 103 75 24, 64, 71, 85, 97, 101–2, 107, 121 75–6 56, 64, 66–7 76 75–6, 77, 83, 106, 121 79 113 82 132 Epistula ad Pythoclem 86 113 99 80 116 80 De natura x i i 57, 103 x xv 1056 127 x xv 1191 127 x xv i i i 80 Ratae Sententiae 88 31–3 81, 88 31–8 81 32 127 fr 22 Us 76, 77 fr 117 Us 77 fr 167 Us 77 fr 271 Us 76 euripides Supplices 201–4 58 Troades 671 58 e u s t r at i u s In Ethica Nicomachea commentaria 41.12–15 188 f o rt u n at i a n u s Ars rhetorica 1.1 207 galenus Ars medica i 306.12–15 K 193 De differentia pulsuum 704–11 193 708–9 192, 199 720.5–9 192, 195 345 346 Index locorum De libris propriis xix.11.7 188 De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis 2.5 171 3.1.15 184 4.2 191 4.5 190, 191 5.2–3 170 5.3 169, 170, 178 104, 17–26 14 206, 6–12 14 206, 13 ff 33 De sophismatis penes dictionem (Gabler) 13.4–5 245 13.4–6 239, 241 13.4–7 241, 245 De tremore, palpitatione, convulsione et rigore liber vii.607 and 609.17 K 193 De usu partium 1.3, i i i.6 94 17.6–12 124 In Hippocratis Prognosticum commentaria 195 Institutio logica c.4 288 4.4 290, 291 4.6 293 c.14 288 14.3 288 14.4 288, 289 14.5 289 14.6 290 14.7 290 14.7–8 291 14.9 289 Protrepticus 161 Synopsis librorum suorum de pulsibus 9.431.5 188 Thrasybulus v.811.9–15 K 193 [galen] Definitiones medicae 1.6 187, 188, 192, 199 gellius Noctes Atticae 2.25.1–11 211 2.25.5 220 10.4 18, 19 11.12.1 256, 301 16.2 267–8 16.8.6–14 210 h e r ac l i t u s 22 b 48 19 hermogenes Progymnasmata (Rabe) 3–4 149 6.10 151 17 207 h e ro d i a n u s De prosodia catholica (Lentz) 3.1.108.9–16 14 h e ro d ot u s Historiae 5.92f–g 144 h o r at i u s Epistulae 1.16.18 306 i s o c r at e s 6.83 79 8.4 79 l ac ta n t i u s Divinae Institutiones 6.10.10–13 126 6.10.13–14 62 lu c i a n u s Demonax 154 11 154 61 158 64 145 lu c re t i u s De rerum natura 1.263–71 96 1.323 119 1.409 119 1.456 80 1.590 105 1.603 109 1.897 109 1.976 119 1.1010 119 2.146 105 2.215 127 2.248 94 2.257 112 2.258 127 2.265 128 2.268 128 2.270 128 2.272–6 127 2.279 127 2.282 119 2.284–93 119 2.420 119 2.541 68 2.850 94 Index locorum 2.869 119 2.887 119 2.1070–91 58 3.60 119 3.68 119 3.197 119 3.288 111, 128 3.294 111 3.296 111 3.299 128 3.302 128 3.319–22 119 3.487 119 3.523 119 3.741 105 3.753 128 3.1076 118 3.1077 118 3.1489 104 3.1490 127 4.189 119 4.299 135 4.322 119 4.379–85 127 4.473 109 4.536 104 4.549–50 91 4.686 119 4.762 119 4.822–57 95 4.823–42 95 4.824 24 4.837–40 134 4.843–52 96, 136 4.853–5 92, 95 4.877–906 127 4.970–2 96 4.984–1010 128 4.986 111 4.1192 111 5.71–2 91, 105 5.453 135 5.487 91, 135 5.526–33 106, 113 5.564 75 5.703–11 113 5.837–56 95 5.860–1 87 5.868–70 128, 129 5.871–7 95 5.925–1010 98 5.957 119 5.966–9 96 5.1014 90 5.1019–23 57, 81, 86, 87, 89, 90, 97 5.1019–27 79 5.1020 88 5.1021–7 69 5.1022 81, 87 5.1028 103, 108, 114, 118, 130 5.1028–9 57, 65, 84, 86, 89, 90, 96–7 5.1028–33 83 5.1028–40 84–5, 90, 97 5.1028–90 57, 102, 104, 127 5.1029 93, 103, 107, 115, 129 5.1031 103 5.1030–2 109, 112, 119, 131–2, 134 5.1033 94 5.1041 103 5.1041–3 108 5.1041–90 19, 108 5.1043–4 112, 131, 134 5.1043–5 69, 104, 107, 134 5.1043–9 109, 113 5.1046–9 92, 105, 133 5.1048 131 5.1050–5 109, 113 5.1055 95 5.1056–8 66 5.1056–61 68 5.1056–90 25, 84, 86, 89, 90, 109, 110 5.1057 114, 130 5.1058 73, 85, 106–7 5.1059–61 130 5.1061 111, 125 5.1062 112 5.1062–86 130 5.1067–9 128 5.1075 105 5.1078 105 5.1078–86 137 5.1085–8 115 5.1086 119 5.1087–8 118, 130 5.1087–90 68, 69, 130 5.1089 110, 130 5.1090 85, 107 5.1098 91 5.1159 119 5.1167 119 5.1183–1203 76 5.1213 94 5.1283 96 5.1362 103 5.1372 109 5.1379–81 96 5.1450 119 6.16 119 6.55 119 6.181 135 347 348 6.212 135 6.275 135 6.464 119 6.478 135 6.564 119 6.703–11 106, 122 6.734 119 6.787 118 6.995 119 6.1119 105 6.1136 105 m a rc u s au re l i u s a n to n i n u s Ad se ipsum libri XII 4.4 177 6.35 177 m a r i u s v i c to r i n u s De difinitionibus 893b–c 204 899a–b 202 902b 209 m a rt i n u s d ac u s Modi Significandi i i: 308 i i: 35–7 308 n i co l au s Progymnasmata (Spengel) vol.iii, p.493 207 origenes Contra Celsum 1.24 16, 18, 37 342.62–3 249 Exhortatio ad martyrium 46 18 ap SVF 2.964 168 2.988.10–11 179 2.1052 169, 171, 177 3.218 168 3.225 and 229–30 179 ov i d i u s Heroides 1.88 306 ph i lo j u d a e u s De opificio mundi 148 18, 26 Quaestiones in Genesim 1.20 18, 26 ph i lo d e m u s De musica 4.22 76 De pietate 1.8.225–31 57 Index locorum 1.9.519–41 57 1.71.2035 79 Volumina rhetorica (Sudhaus) vol i p.141.15 80 vol i p.260.6 80 i v P.Herc 1423 cols.11.4–12.13 237 ph i lo p o n u s In Aristotelis Categorias commentarium 11, ff 19 167.12–17 188 In Aristotelis de Anima libros commentaria 38.11–17 188 ph ot i u s Bibliotheca 250.450a41–b11 87 250.450b12–5 88 p l ato Cratylus 384c–d 20 385c 47 385d7–9 43 385d–e 43, 62 385d–386a 44 387c 47 387e6 125 388b 21 388b–390a 43 390a 19, 20, 44, 46 390d–e 22 393d 43 394b 317 396a 34, 43 396a–b 36 397c 39 397d 39 397e 38, 39 399d 39 401b 39 402b 38, 39 406c 38, 39 409d 39 411b 39 421c–425c 36 421d–426b 43 422c–d 30, 31 422e–423b 62 423d 31, 39 423e 31 424b–c 31, 40 425b 19 425d 21 429a 31 429b 20 430b 31 431b 47 Index locorum 431d–e 21, 31 433c 21 434c–e 42 434e 21, 22 434e–435d 22 435a–b 22 435a–c 44 435b 23 435b–d 22 435d 21 435a–436c 21 436b–437c 39 438a–b 21 438a–439b 39 438c 20, 21 438d 22 438d–439d 48 Leges 965b 80 Phaedo 92d3 79 Phaedrus 105 195 254d 80 Protagoras 322a 58 333d 195 Respublica v 450d–451b 147 v 474d3–475a2 154 v i 493b3–c6 154 v i i i 560e–561a 154 Sophista 261–2 314 Theaetetus 185a 195 p lot i n u s Enneades 6.1.10.1 193 p lu ta rc h u s Adversus Colotem 1124a 258, 267 Alexander 14.2–5, 671d –e 143 De communibus notitiis adversus Stoicos 1058f 168 1059b 169 1059e 176 1060a 176 1070c 169, 176 1075e 182 1077e 175, 207 1084f 170 32 171 44 171 47 170, 174 31e 14 De exilio 15.605d –e 143 De sollertia animalium 961c 170, 174 De Stoicorum repugnantiis 17 167, 176 17 1041e 169, 176 21 159 38 167, 171, 172, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183 1051f 180, 182 1052b 183 Pyrrhus 28.4 80 fr 215f (Sandbach) 169, 179, 180 p o ly b i u s Historiae i v 20 f 102 i v 21.2 102 p o ly s t r at u s De contemptu i –i v 69 xv i i 80 p o r ph y r i u s De abstinentia 1.9.4 79 1.10.2 79 1.10.4 79, 81 1.12.7 127 2.52 189 In Aristotelis Categorias commentarium 57–8 300 57.20–58 18, 28 57.32–3 302 62.16–29 177 In Ptolemaei Harmonia 52.3–4 189 8.7–11 187 Isagoge sive quinque voces 3.19 195 posidonius fr 190 EK 193 p ro c lu s In Platonis Cratylum commentaria 7.18 18 8.4–7 29 16 62 16.18 19 17 67 17.1–5 123, 124 17.13–16 122 18.14 19 349 350 In primum Euclidis elementorum librum commentarii 193–6 177 p to l e m a e u s De judicandi facultate et animi principatu 2.3–5 73 2.6 75 4.2 75 4.2–6 57, 72 4.3 73, 75 4.5–6 74, 76 5.4 75 5.6 75 6.2 75 7.1–2 75 7.2 75 7.18–22 92 qu i n t i l i a n u s Institutio Oratoria 1.1.15–16 26 1.4.25 315 1.5.5 316 1.5.36 305 1.5.37 306 1.6.1.1 214 1.6.3–4 215 1.6.28 14, 34 1.9.5 151 4.2.32 219 8.6.1–2 302 8.6.5–6 302 9.3.8 306 11.3, 65–71 142 Scholium A in Homeri Iliadem 15.365a 222 21.323b1 222 24.253b 222 seneca Ad Lucilium epistulae morales 90, 22–4 26, 29 117.13 52 De beneficiis 1.3.6–10 14 sextus empiricus Adversus mathematicos 1–6 237 (= Adversus grammaticos) 215 1.1–7 217 1.44 236 1.49 76, 77 1.49–53 217 1.50 237 1.79 221 Index locorum 1.93 216 1.143 125 1.143–4 18, 67 1.155–8 229 1.170 234 1.173 234, 305 1.176 215, 237, 238 1.177 217 1.177–9 223 1.178 235 1.179 216 1.184–5 216 1.189 217 1.191–2 217 1.192 238 1.191–3 237 1.194 237 1.195 235, 305 1.199 216 1.212 305 1.213 305 1.214 216, 306 1.221 304 1.224–5 223 1.225 304 1.236–9 232 1.237 223 1.237–9 305 1.241–7 14, 18 1.241 216 1.248–9 221 1.278 216 3.40–2 172 6.4–6 217 7.9 14 7.57 53 7.211–16 113 7.246 174 8.11–12 53 8.12 52, 53, 190 8.56 26 8.56–60 172 8.70 52 8.89–90 280 8.95 277 8.98 54 8.141–51 133 8.145–50 281 8.275–6 173 8.303 265 8.316–19 133 8.430 258 9.8 246 9.10–11 246 9.28 15, 26 Index locorum 9.30–3 57, 63 9.123 168, 171, 176, 177, 183 9.137–66 165 9.196 168, 177, 183 9.393–5 172 10.219–24 80, 81 11.8–11 172, 187 11.22 167, 168, 175, 176 11.22–4 198 11.22–7 197 11.25 194 11.27 198 11.241–2 81 Pyrrhoneae hypotyposes 1.90 234 1.164–5 234 1.190 279 1.198 279 2.1–12 179, 180 2.97–9 133, 281 2.131 286 2.132 286 2.157–8 246 2.185 276 2.186 286 2.189 276, 287, 294 2.191 276, 278 2.205–11 191 2.228–9 243 2.229 241, 249 2.232 265 2.253 265, 266–7 2.256–7 244 3.267–8 18 simplicius Commentarius in Epicteti Enchiridion 68–9 168 68.19–25 198 In Aristotelis Categorias commentarium 15.6–13 18 24.5–6 239 24.9–21 240 30.5–15 189 40.6 ff 18 73.22 195 186.37 74 187.7 ff 18 213.8–28 194, 198, 199 222.30 187 406.34–407.5 270 In Aristotelis De anima commentaria 13.1–21 188 In Aristotelis Physicorum libros commentaria 1012.22–6 151 s o ph o c l e s Antigone 354–6 58 s t e ph a n u s In librum Aristotelis de Interpretatione commentarium 9.7–10, 13 18 9.19–22 19 10.7 19 s to b a e u s Eclogae i 136.21–137.6 249 i i 15, 43 153 i i 60 179 i i 68 189 i i 69 194, 198 i i 88.8–9 190 i i 89.14–16 190 i i i 4, 83 148, 161 Stoicorum veterum fragmenta 1.102 181 1.120 181 1.124 15 1.149 179 1.171–2 181 2.93–7 170 2.310 181 2.500 269 2.652 181 2.739 15 2.777 and 780 194 3.4 and 12–15 170 Suda s.v apartian, i 264 187 s.v horos, iii 562 187 p.142 221 themistius In libros Aristotelis de anima paraphrasis 188 13.16–14.11 188 theon Progymnasmata (Spengel) 96–100 149 98.29–99.2 151 121 207 t h u c yd i d e s Historiae 1.73.2 79 3.82.4 154 t ry ph o n i n u s Digesta 41.1.63.3 61 va r ro De Lingua Latina 2–4 213, 214 351 352 212 4–5 212 5–7 213 5–10 212 5.1 212, 213 5.2 34 5.3 18 5.9 236 6.2 236 6.3 18 6.56 25, 46 6.97 213 212 7.1–2 18, 33 7.109 213, 218 7.110 213 211, 212, 215, 238, 300 8–10 213, 214 8.1 210, 214 8.1–2 34 8.3 218 8.1–24 218 8.5 32, 218 8.6 224 8.7 32 8.8 218 8.10 224 8.9–12 218 8.13–20 218 8.21 218 8.23 211, 219, 220 8.24 214 8.25 214, 218, 219, 223 8.26 237 8.26–7 219 8.26–38 223 8.27 218, 223, 237 8.27–32 223 8.28 223 8.28–30 219 8.31–2 219 8.33 219, 223 8.33–4 223 8.33–8 223 8.34–6 219 8.34 223 8.35 223 8.36 223 8.37–8 223 8.38 220 8.39 220, 229 8.39–43 224, 228 8.40 224 8.40–1 229 8.40–3 220 Index locorum 8.41 229, 230 8.42–3 229 8.44–51 220 8.44 224 8.47 224 8.50 224 8.51 224 8.52–74 220 8.53–62 220 8.53 224 8.55 224 8.56–7 224 8.59 224 8.61 224 8.61–2 225 8.63 225 8.63–4 233 8.63–5 221, 225 8.63–74 220, 225 8.64 225, 227, 230 8.65 225, 227 8.66 225, 235 8.67 225, 236 8.67–9 230, 231 8.68–9 221, 225, 229 8.69 232 8.70 225 8.71 225 8.72 225 8.73 225 8.75–8 220 8.79 220 8.80–4 220 9–10 212 9.1 211, 221, 236 9.4–6 235 9.38 230, 233 9.39 233 9.40 233 9.40–2 229 9.43 230, 233 9.51 226, 227 9.57–8 235 9.62 235 9.90 235 9.91 231, 236 9.92 233 9.92–3 233 9.95–109 220 9.111–12 220, 233 9.112 235 10.9 228 10.12 228 10.51 18 Index locorum 10.59 236 10.60 18 10.63–9 228 10.77 228 11 212 13 212 22–4 212 fr 113 (Goetz/Schoell) 41 v i t ru v i u s De architectura 2.1.1 61, 126 xe n o ph o n Institutio Cyri 2.3.9 94 353