Së gi¸o dôc & ®µo t¹o VÜNH PHóC Trêng thpt nguyÔn duy th× Họ và tên : Vũ Thị Kim Oanh Môn: Tiếng anh Số tiết bồi dưỡng :12 tiết NĂM HỌC: 2013 - 2014 Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 1 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU Ngoại ngữ nói chung và Tiếng Anh nói riêng đã, đang và sẽ trở thành một môn văn hóa cơ bản trong chương trình giáo dục phổ thông. Đồng thời việc giảng dạy ngoại ngữ - Tiếng Anh cũng đang được các nhà trường, các nhà giáo dục, nhiều dự án giáo dục và đông đảo giáo viên quan tâm và đưa ra nhiều phương pháp dạy học thích hợp. Trong chương trình Tiếng Anh THPT, Câu Điều Kiện – Conditional Sentences, là một trong các phần ngữ pháp lớn có trong các kì thi tốt nghiệp THPT, ĐHCĐ và thi học sinh giỏi. Tuy nhiên, đại đa số học sinh mới nắm được cấu tạo và cách sử dụng của câu điều kiện loại 1 (type 1), loại 2 (type 2) và loại 3 (type 3). Các em thường vẫn lúng túng khi gặp các loại câu điều kiện có hình thức hỗn hợp. Do vậy nhiều học sinh đã gặp khó khăn trong việc phân biệt và làm các bài tập liên quan câu điều kiện. Vì vậy tôi mạnh dạn đưa ra một số hình thức nhận biết câu điều kiện theo quan niệm cũ và quan niệm mới cùng một số dạng bài tập thường gặp nhằm giúp các em củng cố ngữ pháp và luyện tập một cách hiệu quả và đạt kết quả cao trong các kì thi. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 2 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì NỘI DUNG I. DEFINITION (Định nghĩa): Câu điều kiện (Conditional sentences) có hai phần: mệnh đề If (If – clause) và mệnh đề chính ( Main clause). Ví dụ: If it rains, I will stay at home. If- clause: If it rains Main clause: I will stay at home. II. TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Các loại câu điều kiện) A. Câu điều kiện theo quan điểm cũ Có ba loại câu điều kiện: 1. Câu điều kiện loại 1 (Conditional sentences: type 1) - Diễn tả những hành động, sự việc có khả năng thực hiện được, hoặc có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. FUTURE ACTIONS Eg. If you don’t work hard, you will not pass the exam. THÓI QUEN (HABITUAL) If + S + simple present tense ... + simple present tense . If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits every patiens in the affternoon. I usually walk to school if I have enough time. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 3 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì MỆNH LỆNH (COMMAND) If + S + simple present tense ... + command form of verb + ... If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me. Please call me if you hear anything from Jane. 2. Câu điều kiện loại 2 (Conditional sentences: type 2) - Diễn tả những hành động, sự việc không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại; hoàn toàn trái ngược với thực trạng ở hiện tại. Eg. If I were you, I would make friend with her. 3. Câu điều kiện loại 3 (Conditional sentences: type 3) - Diễn tả những sự việc, hành động không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ; hoàn toàn trái ngược với thực trạng trong quá khứ. Eg. If he had called the police, he would not have been in trouble. B. Các cách diến đạt khác của câu điều kiện 1. “Or” Eg. Keep silent or you will wake the baby up. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 4 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 2. “When” Eg. I will call you when I go home. 3. “Without” Eg. Without the sun, man would live in the darkness. 4. “Unless” Eg. Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam. 5. Supposed (that) / Supposing (that) Provided (that) / Providing (that) Eg. Supposed that he were in Hanoi now, I would visit him. 6. On condition that Eg. I will help you on condition that you help me. 7. Assuming Eg. Assuming you went to Britain, what place would you want to visit first? 8. If only Eg. If only I were 10 cm taller, I would become to model. 9. Cách sử dụng will, would, could, should trong một số trường hợp khác Thông thường các trợ động từ này không được sử dụng với if trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện, tuy nhiên vẫn có một số ngoại lệ như sau: If you (will/would): Nếu ..... vui lòng. Thường được dùng trong các yêu cầu lịch sự. Would lịch sự hơn will. If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here. • If + Subject + Will/Would: Nếu ..... chịu. Để diễn đạt ý tự nguyện. If he will listen to me, I can help him. Will còn được dùng theo mẫu câu này để diễn đạt sự ngoan cố: Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 5 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì Nếu ..... nhất định, Nếu ..... cứ. If you will turn on the music loudly so late tonight, no wonder why your neighbours complain. • If you could: Xin vui lòng. Diễn đạt lịch sự 1 yêu cầu mà người nói cho rằng người kia sẽ đồng ý như là một lẽ đương nhiên. If you could open your book, please. • If + Subject + should + ..... + command: Ví phỏng như. Diễn đạt một tình huống dù có thể xảy ra được song rất khó. If you should find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me. 10. Cách sử dụng if trong một số trường hợp khác • If... then: Nếu... thì If she can’t come to us, then we will have to go and see her. • If dùng trong dạng câu suy diễn logic (không phải câu điều kiện): Động từ ở các mệnh đề diễn biến bình thường theo thời gian của chính nó. If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice. If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand. If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello. • If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diễn đạt sự không chắc chắn. If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 6 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì If.. was/were to... Diễn đạt điều kiện không có thật hoặc tưởng tượng. Nó gần giống câu điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại. If our boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real trouble. What would we do if I was/were to lose my job. Hoặc có thể diễn đạt một ý lịch sự khi đưa ra đề nghị If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down. Note: Cấu trúc này tuyệt đối không được dùng với các động từ tĩnh tại hoặc chỉ trạng thái tư duy Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you. Incorrect: If I was/were to know... • If it + to be + not + for: Nếu không vì, nếu không nhờ vào. Thời hiện tại: If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, that couple wouldn’t have any thing to talk about. Thời quá khứ: If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what to do. Not đôi khi được thêm vào những động từ sau if để bày tỏ sự nghi ngờ, không chắc chắn. (Có nên ... Hay không ...) I wonder if we shouldn’t ask the doctor to look at Mary. • It would... if + subject + would... (sẽ là... nếu – không được dùng trong văn viết) It would be better if they would tell every body in advance. How would we feel if this would happen to our family. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 7 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì • If...’d have...’d have: Dùng trong văn nói, không dùng trong văn viết, diễn đạt điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ • If I’d have known, I’d have told you. If she’d have recognized him it would have been funny. • If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bị lược bỏ) If in doubt, ask for help. (= If you are in doubt, ...) If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good nights sleep. (= If you are about to go on... ) . If dùng với một số từ như any/anything/ever/not để diễn đạt phủ định • • There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers. (There is little evidence, if there is any at all, for flying saucers) I’m not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised. Cách nói này còn diễn đạt ý kiến ướm thử: Nếu có... I’d say he was more like a father, if anything He seldom if ever travel abroad. Usually, if not always, we write “cannot” as one word If + Adjective = although (cho dù là) Nghĩa không mạnh bằng although Dùng để diễn đạt quan điểm riêng hoặc vấn đề gì đó không quan trọng. His style, if simple, is pleasant to read. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 8 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì The profits, if little lower than last year’s, are still extremely wealthy Cấu trúc này có thể thay bằng may..., but His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read. 11. Hình thức đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện Type 1: If-clause = Should + S (+not) + V(bare-inf.)… Eg. If he has money, he will buy a new car. à Should he have money, he will buy a new car. If Linda does not do her homework, she will be punished. à Should Linda not do her homework, she will be punished. Type 2: If-clause = Were + S (+not) + to V… Eg. If he knew the answer, he would tell you. à Were he to know the answer, he would tell you. If I were you, I would go abroad for studying. à Were I you, I would go abroad for studying. Type 3: If-clause = Had + S (+ not) + P2… Eg. If they had not gone to Huong pagoda by coach, they would not have got carsick. à Had they not gone to Huong pagoda by coach, they would not have got carsick. C. Câu điều kiện theo quan điểm mới Theo quan điểm mới, Tiếng Anh có hai loại câu điều kiện chủ yếu. Đó là: Câu điều kiện biểu thị và câu điều kiện giả định. 1. Câu điều kiện biểu thị a) Mệnh đề điều kiện (If – clause) Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 9 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì Thì của động từ và trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian phải tương ứng nhau (tức là cùng nằm trên một bậc). Adverbials of time Present simple or future Present progressive Tense of verbs Present simple tense Present progressive tense or present Present perfect simple tense Present perfect tense or present Past simple Past progressive Past perfect perfect progressive tense Past simple tense Past progressive tense Past perfect tense or past perfect progressive tense Eg. If it does not rain tomorrow, … If my mother is at home now, … If he is living in London at present, … If John was in the theatre yesterday, … If she has been learning English for seven years, … b) Mệnh đề chính (main clause) - Trợ động từ : WILL / CAN - Động từ nguyên mẫu sau trợ động từ WILL: + present simple / future à Nguyên mẫu đơn (bare infinitive) + present progressive à Nguyễn mẫu tiếp diễn (be V-ing) + present perfect / past simple / past perfect à Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành (have PII) + past progressive / persent perfect progressive / past perfect progressive à Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành tiếp diễn (have been V-ing) Eg. If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go swimming. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 10 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì If my mother is at home now, she will be cooking dinner. If he is living in London at present, he will be working as an engineer. If John was in the theatre yesterday, he will not go there again today. If she has been learning English for seven years, she will have spoken this language fluently. 2. Câu điều kiện giả định a) Mệnh đề điều kiện (If-clause) Thì của động từ và trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian không tương ứng (tức là không cùng nằm trên một bậc). Adverbials of time Present simple or future Present progressive Tense of verbs Past simple tense Past progressive tense or past simple Present perfect tense Past perfect tense or past perfect progressive tense Past perfect tense Past perfect progressive tense Past simple Past progressive Eg. If there were no air, … If I were you, … If he were staying at home now, … If they had been living here for 6 years now, … If we had not gone to Huong pagoda by coach yesterday, … b) Mệnh đề chính (main – clause) - Trợ động từ: WOULD / COULD - Động từ nguyên mẫu sau trợ động từ WOULD: + present simple / future à Nguyên mẫu đơn (bare infinitive) + present progressive à Nguyễn mẫu tiếp diễn (be V-ing) + present perfect / past simple / past perfect à Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành (have PII) Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 11 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì + past progressive / persent perfect progressive / past perfect progressive à Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành tiếp diễn (have been V-ing) Eg. If there were no air, no species would exist. If I were you, I would make friend with her. If he were staying at home now, he would be watching his favourite football matches. If they had been living here for 6 years now, they would have had a lot of friends. If we had not gone to Huong pagoda by coach yesterday, we would not have got carsick. CÁC DẠNG BÀI TẬP VỀ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN 1. DẠNG BÀI TẬP TỰ LUẬN 1.1. Conditional sentences: Type 1 Example: If he runs, he will get there in time. The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1. David will leave for Ren tomorrow if the weather ................. (be) fine. 2. What will you do if you .................... (not / go) away for the weekend ? 3. The game .................................. (start) if you put a coin in the slot. 4. If you ......................... (be) scared of spiders, don’t go into the garden. 5. We’ll have to go without John if he ( not arrive)…………….soon. 6. Please don’t disturb him if he ................................. (be) busy. 7. If she ...... (accept) your card and roses, things will be very much hopeful. 8. If a holiday .................................... (fall) on a weekend, go to the beach. 9. If she (come)…………………………. late again, she’ll lose her job. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 12 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 10. If he (wash)…………………………..my car, I’ll give him $20. 11. He’ll be late for the train if he (not start)…………. at once. 12. If I lend you $100, when you (repay)………………………… me? 13. Unless I have a quiet room I (not be able)…to do any work. 14. If we leave the car here, it (not be)……… in anybody’s way. 15. Someone (steal)……… your car if you leave it unlocked. 16. Unless he (sell)….more, he won’t get much commission. 17. If you come late, they (not let)……… you in. 18. If you (not go)…………away I’ll send for the police. 19. If he ..................................... (eat) all that, he will be ill. 20. What .................................. (happen) if my parachute does not open? 1.2. Conditional sentences: Type 2 Example: If I had a map, I would lend it to you. If I were you , I’d plant some trees round the house. Were they stronger, they could lift the table Exercise 2: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1. If I knew his address, I (write)............. to him. 2. If the sun (be)................ shining now, we would go to the beach 3. If you (paint)………the walls white, the room would be much brighter. 4. If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come)……………… 5. I (buy)………shares in that company if I had some money. 6. If you drove more carefully, you (not have)……so many accidents. 7. If I (be)…. you , I (not worry)………...............about going to university. 8. If I (have)………any money, I would give you some. 9. Mary doesn’t study hard. She (not pass)… the examination unless she worked harder. 10. What you (buy)…………………….if your father gave you $200? Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 13 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 11. If I ( know)………..his phone number, I would call him. 12. We would need less money if we ( live)…………….in the country 13. How (you/ feel)……………. if you were in my position? 14. If he ............................ (get) up earlier, he’d get to work on time. 15. If I ....................... (be) you, I ...................... (tell) them the truth. 16. They would go to the beauty spot if they ........................... (have) time. 17. If we .............................. (have) a car, we would drive to work everyday. 18. Where you ........... (choose) if you could live anywhere in the world ? 19. You ................................ (catch) the train if you left earlier. 20. If I ...................................... (pass) the exam, he would be astonished. 21. I wouldn’t agree with him if he ......... (tell) me about his plan. 22. If she ....(elect) the Prime Minister, she would invest more on education. 23. If I ............................... (be) rich, I would live in a castle. 24. If you ............................. (not – work) so hard, you would find the time. 25. If he .................................. (work) harder, the result would be better. 1.3. Conditional sentences: Type 3 Example: - If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life. - If the patient had got the treatment, he wouldn’t have đie. - Had he studied hard, he would have passed the exam Exercise 3: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1. If Mary (wear)…………a raincoat, she would not have got a cold. 2. There (not have)….....……an accident if the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly. 3. If she had eaten something, she (not feel)………………………. hungry. 4. If I (have)………………a sound sleep last night I would have been well. 5. If it (not rain)…………yesterday we would have had lunch in t he garden. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 14 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 6. If it had not been very expensive I (buy)…………………………..it. 7. If the teacher (speak)………………more slowly Peter would have understood the lessons. 8. If I ................. (have) my camera with me yesterday, I ...................... (take) a picture of Alex standing on his head. 9. The cowboy pulled his gun to shoot at the rattlesnake, but he was too late. If he ....(be) quicker to pull the trigger, the snake .. (not-bite) him on the foot. 10. If you ........... (be) more careful, you wouldn't have cut yourself. 11. If Martin had set his alarm clock, he ................... (not oversleep). 12. If you (speak)............more slowly, he might have understood you. 13. If he had known the whole story, he (not be)................so angry. 14. If I (be)...........ready when he called, he would have taken me with him. 15. I didn't know you were in hospital. If I .......... (know), I ...........(go) to visit you. Exercise 4: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1. If I (be)…………… you, I (apply) …………for a job as soon as possible. 2. I could understand the French teacher if she (speak)...............more slowly. 3. If you (make) ………………………a run for it, you’ll catch the train. 4. If Laura (not eat) ……so much, she wouldn’t have put on weight. 5. I (accept)......................if they invite me to the party. 6.The earthquake would have caused less damage if the house (be) ……of stronger construction. 7. If there (be) ……a good breeze on Sunday, we’ll go hang-gliding. 8.You can get there more quickly if you (take) …………the short cut across the playing field. 9. If he (be) ……………taller, he (be able) ………………to join the police. 10. If she (read)............................ in bad light, she’ll ruin her eyes. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 15 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 11. If I were you, I (wear)....…some warm clothes today. It’s quite cold outside. 12. Don’t worry about getting home. If you (miss) ……......……the last bus, I’ll give you a lift in my car. 13. Jim would get better marks at school if he (do) ……more homework. 14. He (not leave) …………………his last job if the salary had been better. 15. What you (do) ………………if you saw someone drowning in the sea? 16. If I had any news, I (phone) ………………………you yesterday. 17. I don’t have much money, but if I (have) …......…, I (travel) …...…… around the world. 18. If you (tell) ……………me he was ill, I (visit) ………him. 19. If you go in the rain without a raincoat, you (catch) ……a cold. 20. If you had been at the party last Sunday, you (meet) …some old friends. 21. I’d change this old motorcycle if I (have) …………enough money. 22. He would have died if the doctors (not operate) …………on him. 23. If I had a car, I (give) ………………………you a ride. 24. If I meet Paul tomorrow, I (give) ………………………him your letter 25. If the weather (be)……nice next weekend, they (go) …to the country. 26. If people (not eat) ……so many sweets, their teeth wouldn’t fall out. 27. If we (take) ………your advice, we’d have saved a lot of time. 28. If you don’t hurry, we (be) ………………………late for the match. 29. If you didn’t smoke so many cigarettes, you (feel) ………………better. 30. She would be better-looking if she (not have) ………such a big nose. 1.4. “Unless” * “Unless” = If... not (nếu ...không, trừ phi) Example: If you don’t study hard, you will fail the exam.  Unless you study hard, you will fail the exam. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 16 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì If she doesn’t water these trees, they will die.  Unless she waters these trees, they will die. If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.  Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster. Form: If- clause -> Thể phủ định -> Unless Khẳng định Main clause Không đổi. Thể khẳng định -> Khẳng định Đổi động từ sang thể ngược lại. Exercise 5: Rewrite the following sentences using “Unless” 1. I won’t go to school if I don’t feel better. Unless ..................................................................................... 2. Tony will talk to you if you question him. Unless ..................................................................................... 3. If you don’t put on your overcoat, you’ll be cold. Unless ..................................................................................... 4. You will fail the exam if you don’t work hard. Unless ..................................................................................... 5. You’ll get a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry. Unless ..................................................................................... 6. If I don’t leave now, I’ll miss my flight. Unless ..................................................................................... 7. If you aren’t going to the party, I won’t go. Unless ..................................................................................... 8. I can’t send you a postcard if you don’t give me your address. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 17 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì Unless ...................................................................................................... 9. If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d build a school for the poor. Unless....................................................................................... 10. I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone. Unless……………………………………………………… 1. 5. Changing situations into conditional sentences * So + clause => Main clause * That’s why + clause => Main clause * Because + clause => If- clause * Indicating clause of cause => If – clause Clause of result => Main clause Example: They don’t have enough time so they cannot do me a favour. => If they had time, they could do me a favour. She has a sore throat. She doesn’t stop smoking. => If she stopped smoking, she wouldn’t have a sore throat a. Change present situations into conditional sentences ( Type 2) Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences: type 2 1. They are poor, so they can’t help us. If they ......................................................................... 2. He doesn’t do his homework. He is always punished. If he ............................................................................. 3. He doesn’t have enough time. He can’t help me. If he ............................................................................. 4. She doesn’t take any exercise, so she is overweight. If she ......................................................................................................... Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 18 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 5. He doesn’t have a bicycle, so he always goes to class late. He wouldn’t ............................................................................................. 6. I am bad at English, so I can’t do homework. I could ...................................................................................................... 7. He doesn’t practise speaking French, so he doesn’t speak it fluently. If he .......................................................................................................... 8. The meeting can be cancelled because it snows heavily. If it ..................................................................................................... 9. We don’t go because it will rain. If it ........................................................................................................ 10. John is fat because he eats so many chips. If John .................................................................................................. b. Change past situations into conditional sentences ( Type 3) Exericse 7: Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences: type 3 1. He didn't hurry, so he missed the train. If ................................................................................................................... 2. We didn't go because it rained. If it hadn't .................................................................................................... 3. We got lost because we didn't have a map. If we ............................................................................................................. 4. He lost his job because he was late every day. If he .............................................................................................................. 5. The airport was closed. She didn't fly to Rome. If ................................................................................................................... 6. Sue felt sick because she ate four cream cakes. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 19 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì If Sue ............................................................................................................ 7. My brother didn't leave the car keys, so I couldn't pick him up at the station. If my brother ................................................................................................ 8. We didn't go on holiday because we didn't have enough money. If we ............................................................................................................. 9. He didn't have the ticket to the game last week. He wasn't be able to get in. If ................................................................................................................... 10. Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes. If Robert ....................................................................................................... Exercise 8: Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given 1. It’s too cold, they can’t go swimming. If it……………………………………………………………………….. 2. We didn’t know you were in hospital, so we didn’t visit you. If we………………………………………………………………………….. 3. The doctors can’t find out the remedy, they can’t save a lot of people. If the doctors………………………………………………………… 4. We don’t use public bus service, we will not get rid of pollution in the city. If we………………………………………………………………………… 5. The patient didn’t get the treatment so he died. If……………………………………………………… 6. I didn’t have an umbrella so I got wet in the rain. If……………………………………………………… 7. I am tired so I can’t cycle to work. If I ………………. ……………………………………………. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 20 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 8. That house is too expensive, so I can’t buy it. If ………………………………………………………………… 9. Because he didn’t work hard last term, he lost his job. If ……………………………………………………………….. 10. It was cold yesterday, so I didn’t not go for a walk. If it ……………………………………………………………… 11. Mary didn’t have money with her, so she couldn’t buy that present. If ……………………………………………………………….. 12. There was a test yesterday. You didn’t know that, so you didn’t study. If I had known that ….. ………………………………………….. 13. The building is too high, so he can’t climb up. If ……………………………………………………………………. 14. I don’t know her phone number so I can’t phone her. If……………………………………………………………………… 15. He won’t receive the letter tomorrow if you don’t post it today. Unless ...................................................................................................... 2. BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM Exercise 9: Choose the best answer by circling A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences. 1. If I …………hungry now, I……………..five sandwiches, but I’m not. A. am – can eat B. were – can eat C. were – could eat D. were – will eat 2. What would you do if you ……………..a lottery. A. win B. will win C. won D. had won 3. If you………………….a millionaire, you might be happy. A. became B. will become C. become D. had became 4. If you had tried your best, you…………………………the job. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 21 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì A, will get B. got C. had got D. would have got 5. If he …………………now, he…………………..the rush hour. A. leaves / missed B. leaves / will miss C. leaves / would miss D. left/ missed 6. If I…………..in his shoes, I ……………..the Browns. A. am / wouldn’t invite B. were / wouldn’t invite C. were / won’t invite D. would be/ invite 7. If he…………………..late, he would have caught his bus. A. worked B. has worked C. had not worked D. would work 8. It ............................... quicker if you use a computer. A. will be B. would be C. were D.been 9. If I knew his address, I ................................. round and see him. A. go B. will go C. would go D. went 10. If we want to get higher salary, we………………….harder. A. work B. would work C. worked D. must work 11, If I …………………her, I……………….her your love. A. see / would give B. see / will give C. saw / gave D. saw / will give 12. If I were him, I………………..somebody for help A. asked B. would ask C. will ask D. had asked 13. If you fell, you……………….yourself. A. would hurt B. are hurting C. will hurrt D. hurt. 14. What …………..you do if you stop this work? A. would B. do C. are D. will. C. had had D. will have 15. If I ….. time, I’ll help you A. have B. had 16. If I found a wallet in the street, I ……….take it to the police. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 22 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì A. will B. should C. would D. B and C 17. What would you do if you …. a million pounds? A. win B. won C. will win D. A and C 18. If Ken ……….. the train, he would have been late for his interview. A. missed B. has missed C. miss D. had missed 19. It ............................. be a pity if she married Fred. A. will B. would C. can D. may 20. I know I’ll feel better if I .................................. smoking. A. will stop B. stopped C.stop D. had stopped 21. I … that coat if I ….you. A. wouldn’t buy/ were B. didn’t buy/ were C. don’t buy/ am D. won’t buy/ am 22. If the driver in front … so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t have happened A. hasn’t stopped B. hadn’t stopped C. didn’t stop D. don’t stop 23. If I … a lot of money now, I … .....a new car. A. have/ will buy B. have/ would buy C. had/ will buy D. had/ would buy 24. If you ….here yesterday, you …me. A. were/ would meet B. had been/ would meet C. were/ would have met D. had been/would have been 25. If I find it, I … you. A. will tell B. shall tell C. would tell D. A and B 26. If I … you were in hospital, I … to see you. A. know/ will go B. knew/ would go C. had known/ would have gone D. all are incorrect Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 23 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 27. You are late. If you …… a few minutes earlier, you …… him. A. came / would meet B. had come / would have met C. come / will meet D. had come / would meet 28. I’d have gone swimming yesterday afternoon if I …… time. A. had B. have had C. had had D. would have had 29. If you didn’t do this, you …… punished. A. are B. will be C. should D. would be 30. If he had told me the truth, I …… him. A. will not punish B. would not have punished C. would not punis D.would have not punished 31. “What do you think about the U.S?” “If I had known it was so industrialized, I …… come here” A. would never have B. would never C. will never D. have been 32. If they had not given me advice, I …… again. A. would have failed B. would fail C. would have been failed D. wouldn’t fail 33. If I …… a scholarship to England, my parents would be very proud of me. A. get B. got C. had got D. will get 34. Bill …… more photographs if he …… more film. A. would take / had had B. would have taken / had C. would take / has had D. would have taken / had had 35. I would have met you at the bus terminal if I …… that you were arriving. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 24 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì A. know B. had known C. knew D. would know 36. If there …… no floods last year, the crop …… better. A. had been / would have been B. were / would be C. had / would have been D. was / would have been 37. I don’t have enough time. If I …… more time, I …… to see you. A. have / will come B. had / would come C. have had / will have come D. had had / would have come 38. Peter failed the final exam. If he …… harder, he ……. A. has worked / will succeed B. worked / succeeded C. had worked / would succeed D. had worked /would have succeeded 39. If he …… taller, he …… able to join the police. A. is / will be B. was / would be C. were / would be D. were / will be 40. If I had known it would rain, I …… my umbrella. A. will take B. would take C. am going to take D. would have taken 41. If he worked harder, he ……. A. will not be sacked B. will not have been sacked C. had not been sacked D. would not be sacked 42. If he had arrived late, we …… without him. A. would have begun B. would begin C. would have began D. will begin 43.We …… on time if we waited for him. A. will not be B. would not be C. would not have been D. had not been Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 25 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 44. I would not have got lost if I …… the map. A. studied B. have studied C. had studied D. would study 45. If energy …… inexpensive an unlimited, many things in the world would be different. A. is B. will be C. were D. would be 46.We …… the game if we’d had a few more minutes. A. might have won B. won C. had won D. will win 47. Unless you …… all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you. A. answered B. answer C. would answer D.are answering 48. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I …….............. it. A. would never have believed B. don’t believe C. hadn’t believed D. can’t believe 49. If I …...............… you, I’d get some rest before the game tomorrow. A. am B. could be C. were D. had been 50. “Here’s my phone number” “Thanks. I’ll give you a call if I ……............... some help tomorrow” A. will need B. need C. would need D. needed 51. If I were you, I …...............… that job. A. would apply for B. will ask for C. will have changed D. can take 52. If I …… a wish, I’d wish for happiness for my family. A. have B. am having C. had D. having 53. If we …… enough rain, we could have grown rice. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 26 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì was A. had had B. had C. have had D. didn’t have 54. If he … us the truth in the first place, things wouldn’t have gone so wrong. A. has told B. had told C. would have told D. should have told 55. I’ll be able speak English well if I …… hard. A. studied B. study C. have studied D. has studied 56……................... if I take a map. A. I will get lost B. I will not get lost C. I would get lost D. I would not get lost 57......……, I’d have told you the answer. A. If you asked me B. Unless you asked me C. You had asked me D. Had you asked me 58. If you …… careful with electricity, you may get a shock. A. don’t B. won’t C. wouldn’t D. aren’t 59. If I ……the trick with my own eyes, I would never have believed it possible. A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. hadn’t seen D. haven’t seen 60. If someone …… into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?” A. comes B. came C. come D. come Exercise 10. Choose the best answer 1. If I _______you, I ________him the secret. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 27 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì could A. was/ would tell B. were/would tell C. had been/would tell D. had been/would have told 2. He _______tired now if he didn’t work hard yesterday. A. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. won’t have been D. wouldn’t have been 3. If Mr. Tom had left Paris two hours ago, he _______in London an hour ago. A. would arrive B. may arrive C. may have arrived D. would have arrived 4. If Mary _______ to the movies last night, she may still be sleeping now. A. went B. had gone C. would go D. would have gone 5. Unless you start at once, you ________late. A. are B. will be C. would late D. won’t late 6. I _______ you when I go to bed. A. phone B. would phone C. will phone D. don’t phone 7. Supposing you saw a flying saucer, what ____________? A. would you do B. you would do C. will you do D. you will do 8. He _______now if he watched football late last night. A. is sleeping now B. sleeps C. would be sleeping D. will be sleeping 9. If they _________to Huong Pagoda by coach, they wouldn’t have got carsick. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 28 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì A. didn’t go B. had gone C. hadn’t gone haven’t gone 10. I ________on condition that you go with me. A. won’t go B. shall go C. shan’t go D. didn’t go 11. Assuming we had good weather now, we _________be there by dusk. A. will be B. won’t be C. would be D. wouldn’t be 12. If only he _______me some money, I could have bought that new hi-fi. A. gave B. has given C. hadn’t given D. had given 13. Should you want to get good marks, you ______harder. A. must learn B. mustn’t learn C. had to learn D. would learn 14. Had we only thought of it in time, we ________troubles. A. wouldn’t get B. would get C. would have got D. wouldn’t have got 15. Were we to find them at home, we ________them to go to the cinema with us. A. will invite B. would invite C. would have invited D. will have invited 16. If Jack and Alice get married next year, they ________their sweetmoon in Paris. A. would have B. have C. had D. will have 17. If our baby ________a girl, we will call her Marilyn. A. is B. was C. will be D. shall be 18. If her sister is at home now, she ________with her mother. A. is cooking B. will cook C. will be cooking D. will be cooked Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 29 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 19. They will have had some children if they ________married for 15 years. A. are married B. were C. had be D. had been 20. Peter ________on the Great Wall if he had visited China last week. A. will be visiting B. would visit C. would be visiting D. would have visited Exercise 11: Error identification 1. If I had had some money, I would give you some. A B C D 2. If he jogs regularly, his health wouldn’t be so bad as it is now. A B C D 3. I won’t go to school tomorrow unless I don’t feel better. A B C D 4. I didn’t know about it. If I had known about it I would come. A B C D 5. I would make a very interesting film about mathematicians if I am a film A B C D director. 6. We could have saved more time if we took the plane. A B C D 7. If the class is full, we would find another one. A B C D 8. If I graduated from college, I wouldn’t have missed the opportunity last A B C year 9. If I were in your position, I would have changed the job. A B Vũ Thị Kim Oanh C D 30 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì D 10. If she bought that house now, she ran out of money. A B C D 11. Were our train arrived punctually, we should have time to visit your A B C D sister. 12. If Jack had not been honest, he would have returned the money. A B C D 13.We would be making a profit if all will go according to the plan. A B C D 14. I’ll be at the cinema on time unless I’ll have to work overtime. A B C D 15. If you had been careless, you wouldn’t have had an accident. A B C D 16. If I die, please to inform my wife. A B C D 17. If it hadn’t rain yesterday, I would have come to see you. A B C D 18. If we had known the news, we would have been told you. A B C D 19. If we were serious about pollution, we spent more money on research. A B C D 20. They would be glad unless the rain stopped soon. A B C D 21. Tom would feel better if he takes the medicine. A Vũ Thị Kim Oanh B C D 31 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 22. If I am 10 centimeters taller, I would play basketball. A B C D 23. If I were you, I will go to the dentist’s and have the tooth checked. A B C D 24. If the weather weren’t too bad, we would to go swimming. A B C D 25. If the doctors could find in the remedy, a lot of people would be saved. A B C D 26. Unless there had been a heavy storm, the climber will not have died. A B C D 27. What would you have do if you were in my position? A B C D 28. If I had knew the time when the match started, I would have told you. A B C D 29. If had I known you were in financial difficulty, I would have helped you. A B C D 30. If she had listened to my direction, she will not turn down the wrong A B Vũ Thị Kim Oanh C D 32 street. THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì K ẾT LU ẬN Trong quá trình giảng dạy Tiếng Anh tại trường , tôi đã giới thiệu cho các em những kiến thức cơ bản về câu điều kiện trong Tiếng Anh. Đối với từng đối tượng học sinh khác nhau thì yêu cầu về kiến thức cũng khác nhau. Đối với những học sinh yếu tôi chỉ giới thiệu những kiến thức cơ bản để các em phân biệt được ba loại câu điều kiện trong bài tập tự luận và trắc nghiệm. Đối với học sinh có lực học khá giỏi tôi cung cấp kiến thức cao hơn. Vì vậy trong quá trình giảng dạy tôi nhận thấy phần lớn học sinh đã nắm được các kiến thức cơ bản và áp dụng làm được các bài tập trắc nghiệm phục vụ cho thi tốt nghiệp THPT và Cao Đẳng- Đại H ọc Khi thực hiện chuyên đề này giáo viên nên chú ý đến chủ điểm, cấu trúc ngữ pháp và từng đối tượng học sinh để đề ra yêu cầu phù hợp. Hướng dẫn cho học sinh hiểu rõ yêu cầu, song nó phải mang tính logic, mặt khác phải tôn trọng tính độc lập và sáng tạo của học sinh. Khi nghiên cứu chuyên đề nầy tôi mong muốn áp dụng những nội dung yêu cầu của lí thuyết và dạng bài tập rèn luyện ngữ pháp vào việc giảng dạy môn Tiếng Anh trong trường THPT. Đồng thời tôi cũng mong muốn được sự tham gia đóng góp của bạn bè đồng nghiệp để nội dung vấn đề thêm phong phú và hoàn hảo hơn. Tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn! Người viết Vũ Thị Kim Oanh TTCM 33 Hiệu Trưởng THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì V ũ Th ị Kim Oanh V ũ Thị T âm Cao Thế Quang ANSWER KEY Exercise 1: 1. is 2. don’t go 3. will start 4. are 5. doesn’t arrive 6. is 7. accepts 8. falls 9. comes 10. washes Exercise 2 : 1. would write 2. were 3. painted 4. wouldn’t come 5. would buy 6. wouldn’t have 7. were - wouldn’t worry 8. had 9. wouldn’t pass Exercise 3: 11. doesn’t start 12. will you repay 13. won’t be able 14. won’t be 15. will steal 16, sells 17. won’t let 18. don’t go 19. eats 20. will happen 10. would you buy 11. knew 12. lived 13. would you feel 14. got 15. were – would tell 16. had 17. had 18. would you choose 1. had worn 2. wouldn’t have had 3. wouldn’t have felt 4. had had 5. hadn’t rained 6. would have bought 7. had spoken 8. had had – would have taken Exercise 4: Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 19. would catch 20. passed 21. told 22. were elected 23. were 24. didn’t work 25. worked 9. had been – wouldn’t have bitten 10. had been 11. wouldn’t have overslept 12. had spoken 13. wouldn’t have been 14. had been 15. had known – would have gone 34 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 1. were – would apply 2. spoke 3. make 4. didn’t eat 5. will accept 6. had been 7. is 8. take 9. were – would be able 10. reads 11. would wear 12. miss 13. did 14. wouldn’t have left 15. would you do Exercise 5: 16. would phone 17. had – would travel 18. had told – would have visited 19. will catch 20. would have met 21. had 22. hadn’t operated 23. would give 24. will give 25. is – will go 26. didn’t eat 27. had taken 28. will be 29. would feel 30. didn’t have 1. Unless I feel better, I won’t go to school. 2. Unless you question Tony, he won’t talk to you. 3. Unless you put on your overcoat, you’ll be cold. 4. Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam. 5. Unless you keep your feet dry, you will get a cold. 6. Unless I leave now, I’ll miss my flight. 7. Unless you are going to the party, I won’t go. 8. Unless you give me your address, I can’t send you a postcard. 9. Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor. 10. Unless you leave me alone, I’ll call the police. Exercise 6: 1. If they weren’t poor, they could help us. 2. If he did his homework, he wouldn’t be punished. 3. If he had enough time, he could help me. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 35 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 4. If she took some exercise, she wouldn’t be overweight. 5. He wouldn’t go to class late if he had a bicycle. 6. I could do homework if I weren’t bad/ were good at English. 7. If he practised speaking French, he would speak it fluently. 8. If it didn’t snow heavily, the meeting couln’t be cancelled. 9. If it didn’t rain, we would go. 10. If John didn’t eat so many chips, he wouldn’t be fat. Exercise 7: 1. If he had arrived, he wouldn’t have missed the train. 2. If it hadn’t rained, we would have gone. 3. If we had had a map, we wouldn’t have got lost. 4. If he hadn’t been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job. 5. If the airport hadn’t been closed, she could have flown to Rome. 6. If Sue hadn’t eaten four cream cakes, she wouldn’t have felt sick. 7. If my brother had left the car keys, I could have picked him up at the station. 8. If we had ahd enough money, we would have gone on holiday. 9. If he had had the ticket to the game last week, he could have got in. 10. If Robert hadn’t started smokinng cigarettes, he wouldn’t have got a bad cough. Exercise 8. 1. If it weren’t too cold, they could go swimming. 2. If we had known you were in hospital, we would have visited you. 3. If the doctors could find out the remedy, they could save a lot of people. 4. If we used public bus service, we would get rid of pollution in the city. 5. If the patient had got the treatment, he wouldn’t have died. 6. If I had had an umbrella, I wouldn’t have got wet. Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 36 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 7. If I weren’t tired, I could cycle to work. 8. If that house weren’t too expensive/ were cheaper, I could buy it. 9. If he had workes hard last term, he wouldn’t have lost his job. 10. If it hadn’t been cold yesterday, I would have gone for a walk. 11. If Mary had had money with her, he would have bought that present. 12. If I had known that there was a test yesterday, I would have studied. 13. If the building weren’t too high, he would climb up. 14. If I knew her phone, I would phone her. 15. Unless you post it today, he won’t receive. Exercise 9: 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. D Exercise 10: 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. C 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A Exercise 11: 1. A 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. D 7. C Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. C 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. D 31. A 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. B 38. D 39. C 40. D 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. D 11. B 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. C 16. C 17. B 41. D 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. C 50. B 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. D 51. A 52. C 53. A 54. B 55. B 56. B 57. D 58. D 59. C 60. A 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. D 21. A 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. B 37 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 8. B 9. D 10. C 18. D 19. C 20. B 28. B 29. A 30. D TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 1.. A Practical English Grammar - A. J. Thomson & A. V. 2. Bài tập trắc nghiệm ngữ pháp Martinet. - Đỗ Tuấn Minh – Hoàng Tuấn Tiếng Anh THPT 3. Bài tập trắc nghiệm ngữ pháp - Quang Minh Tiếng Anh 4. Advanced Language Practice - Michael Vince 5. English Grammar In Use - Raymond Murphy 6. Thực hành kiến thức Tiếng Anh 12 - Đỗ Bích Hà - Đặng Kim Anh 7. Bài tập Tiếng Anh 12 Huỳnh Túy Phượng - Võ Thị Thúy Anh Tôn Nữ Phương Chi Lưu Hoằng Trí 8. Tiếng anh 12 Vũ Thị Kim Oanh - Hoàng Văn Vân 38 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì [...]... các bài tập trắc nghiệm phục vụ cho thi tốt nghiệp THPT và Cao Đẳng- Đại H ọc Khi thực hiện chuyên đề này giáo viên nên chú ý đến chủ điểm, cấu trúc ngữ pháp và từng đối tượng học sinh để đề ra yêu cầu phù hợp Hướng dẫn cho học sinh hiểu rõ yêu cầu, song nó phải mang tính logic, mặt khác phải tôn trọng tính độc lập và sáng tạo của học sinh Khi nghiên cứu chuyên đề nầy tôi mong muốn áp dụng những nội... situations into conditional sentences ( Type 2) Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences: type 2 1 They are poor, so they can’t help us If they 2 He doesn’t do his homework He is always punished If he 3 He doesn’t have enough time He can’t help me If he 4 She doesn’t take any exercise, so she is overweight If she Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 18 THPT... của lí thuyết và dạng bài tập rèn luyện ngữ pháp vào việc giảng dạy môn Tiếng Anh trong trường THPT Đồng thời tôi cũng mong muốn được sự tham gia đóng góp của bạn bè đồng nghiệp để nội dung vấn đề thêm phong phú và hoàn hảo hơn Tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn! Người viết Vũ Thị Kim Oanh TTCM 33 Hiệu Trưởng THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì V ũ Th ị Kim Oanh V ũ Thị T âm Cao Thế Quang ANSWER KEY Exercise 1: 1 is 2 don’t... 9 We don’t go because it will rain If it 10 John is fat because he eats so many chips If John b Change past situations into conditional sentences ( Type 3) Exericse 7: Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences: type 3 1 He didn't hurry, so he missed the train If 2 We didn't go because it rained If it hadn't 3 We got lost because... she will not turn down the wrong A B Vũ Thị Kim Oanh C D 32 street THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì K ẾT LU ẬN Trong quá trình giảng dạy Tiếng Anh tại trường , tôi đã giới thi u cho các em những kiến thức cơ bản về câu điều kiện trong Tiếng Anh Đối với từng đối tượng học sinh khác nhau thì yêu cầu về kiến thức cũng khác nhau Đối với những học sinh yếu tôi chỉ giới thi u những kiến thức cơ bản để các em phân biệt... the theatre yesterday, he will not go there again today If she has been learning English for seven years, she will have spoken this language fluently 2 Câu điều kiện giả định a) Mệnh đề điều kiện (If-clause) Thì của động từ và trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian không tương ứng (tức là không cùng nằm trên một bậc) Adverbials of time Present simple or future Present progressive Tense of verbs Past simple tense Past... Thị Kim Oanh 25 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì 44 I would not have got lost if I …… the map A studied B have studied C had studied D would study 45 If energy …… inexpensive an unlimited, many things in the world would be different A is B will be C were D would be 46.We …… the game if we’d had a few more minutes A might have won B won C had won D will win 47 Unless you …… all of my questions, I can’t do anything... I can’t send you a postcard if you don’t give me your address Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 17 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì Unless 9 If I won a big prize in a lottery, I’d build a school for the poor Unless 10 I’ll call the police if you don’t leave me alone Unless……………………………………………………… 1 5 Changing situations into conditional sentences * So + clause => Main clause * That’s why + clause => Main clause... crops would grow faster  Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster Form: If- clause -> Thể phủ định -> Unless Khẳng định Main clause Không đổi Thể khẳng định -> Khẳng định Đổi động từ sang thể ngược lại Exercise 5: Rewrite the following sentences using “Unless” 1 I won’t go to school if I don’t feel better Unless 2 Tony will talk to you if you question him Unless ... to Huong pagoda by coach yesterday, … b) Mệnh đề chính (main – clause) - Trợ động từ: WOULD / COULD - Động từ nguyên mẫu sau trợ động từ WOULD: + present simple / future à Nguyên mẫu đơn (bare infinitive) + present progressive à Nguyễn mẫu tiếp diễn (be V-ing) + present perfect / past simple / past perfect à Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành (have PII) Vũ Thị Kim Oanh 11 THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì + past progressive ... chung Tiếng Anh nói riêng đã, trở thành môn văn hóa chương trình giáo dục phổ thông Đồng thời việc giảng dạy ngoại ngữ - Tiếng Anh nhà trường, nhà giáo dục, nhiều dự án giáo dục đông đảo giáo... pháp dạy học thích hợp Trong chương trình Tiếng Anh THPT, Câu Điều Kiện – Conditional Sentences, phần ngữ pháp lớn có kì thi tốt nghiệp THPT, ĐHCĐ thi học sinh giỏi Tuy nhiên, đại đa số học sinh... hiệu đạt kết cao kì thi Vũ Thị Kim Oanh THPT Nguyễn Duy Thì NỘI DUNG I DEFINITION (Định nghĩa): Câu điều kiện (Conditional sentences) có hai phần: mệnh đề If (If – clause) mệnh đề ( Main clause)