DEPOSITION OF FUNCTIONAL BIOMEDICAL COATING VIA DROP-ON-DEMAND MICRO-DISPENSING TECHNIQUE CHANG LEI National University of Singapore 2013 DEPOSITION OF FUNCTIONAL BIOMEDICAL COATING VIA DROP-ON-DEMAND MICRO-DISPENSING TECHNIQUE CHANG LEI (B.Eng., Northeastern University, China) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013 Declaration Declaration I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for any degree in any university previously Chang Lei 30 September 2013 i Abstract Abstract Silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite (SiHA) and silver-substituted hydroxyapatite (AgHA) have been shown to provide enhanced bioactivity and anti-bacterial properties over pure hydroxyapatite (HA), respectively In this work, a dual-layer nanoSiHA-nanoAgHA/nanoHA (nSiHA-nAgHA/nHA) coating consisted of a bottom nHA layer and a top hybrid nSiHA-nAgHA layer was developed and fabricated via the Drop-on-Demand (DoD) micro-dispensing technique, to achieve fast bone growth and reduce bacterial adhesion Phase-pure nHA, nSiHA containing 0.7 wt.% silicon (Si), and nAgHA containing 0.5 wt.% silver (Ag) powders were synthesised in-house via a wet precipitation method, and deposited onto the glass substrates using the DoD technique Dispensing parameters were optimised using Taguchi method with an L16 orthogonal array The S/N ratio and ANOVA analysis revealed that the parameters of on-time and pressure had more significant effects on the droplet formation The dual-layer coating retained its physicochemical properties of as-synthesised powders, and exhibited a thickness of 34.5 ± 1.0 µm It exhibited a critical load of 69 mN before failure, and Si and Ag were uniformly distributed on the top layer In addition, adipose-derived stem cells grew and differentiated well on the dual-layer coatings, with up-regulated expression of alkaline phosphatase activity, type I collagen and osteocalcin The growth of S.aureus was inhibited on the dual-layer coating within 24 h In short, this report evaluates the capability of DoD micro-dispensing technique for the deposition of dual-layer nSiHA-nAgHA/nHA coatings, and explores the ii Abstract physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of coatings, indicating its potential usage in the orthopaedic implants iii Acknowledgements Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisors, Prof Thian Eng San and Prof Jerry Fuh Ying Hsi, for their valuable guidance, scientific advices and the best encouragement throughout the entire duration of my research This Ph.D degree and dissertation would not have been possible to be completed without their great support It was my fortune to have this precious opportunity to study with these two greatest supervisors Special thanks go to Prof Wong Yoke San and Prof Hong Geok Soon for their valuable comments in project related issues I would like to thank Dr Sun Jie for her continuous support, scientific suggestions and encouragement on my research I would like to express my special thanks to Ms Lim Poon Nian for her greatest help and support She gave me a lot of valuable advices and helped me solved many research-related problems My sincere thanks also go to all the people in BioFab and Biomat Lab: Ms Li Jinlan, Ms Guo Yilin, Ms Chen Juexuan, Mr Wu Yang, Mr Jie Zequn, Ms Zhang Qinyuan, Ms Lam Ruey Na, Ms Tan Yi Min, Mr Wang Zuyong and Mr Feng Yong Yao Jason for their kindest help and enthusiastic encouragement throughout my Ph.D study My sincere gratitude goes to Ms Lee Lan Yin, Mr Li Jinfu, Dr Yang Rui, Dr Zhang Ming, Dr Li Erqiang, Dr Zhou Jinxin, Mr Ng Jinh Hao, Dr Wang Yan, Ms Xu Qian, Ms Wu Yaqun, iv Acknowledgements Mr Lim Jing, Mr Thian Chen Hai Stanley and Dr Ma Sha for their assistance and knowledge in carrying out the project They are also my friends and make my graduate study in Singapore colourful and memorable My sincere gratitude also goes to the exceptional staffs of Advanced Manufacturing Lab (AML), Material Science Lab and Tissue-Inspired Engineering Lab (NTU) for their support and technical expertise in overcoming many difficulties encountered during the research Last but not least, I dedicate this small achievement to my family for their love, understanding, patience and inspiration v Publications Publications Journal Articles L Chang, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh, E.S Thian Deposition and characterization of a dual-layer silicon- and silver- containing hydroxyapatite coating via a dropon-demand technique RSC Advances, (28) (2013) 11162-11168 L Chang, E.S Thian, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh, G.S Hong, Y.S Wong, W Wang Fabrication of functionally-graded hydroxyapatite/titanium oxide coating via drop-on-demand technique NanoLIFE, (1) (2012) 12500091-12500098 E.S Thian, L Chang, P.N Lim, B Gurucharan, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh, B Ho, B.Y Tay, E.Y Teo, W Wang Chemically-modified calcium phosphate coatings via drop-on-demand micro-dispensing technique Surface & Coatings Technology, 231 (2013) 29-33 J Sun, L Chang, E.S Thian, J.L Li, J.Y.H Fuh, G.S Hong, Y.S Wong, E.J.W Wang Bio-inspired organic-inorganic composite coatings for implants via a micro-dispensing technique Advanced Materials Research, 500 (2012) 662-672 vi Publications Conference Proceedings  L Chang, E.S Thian, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh Synthesis and characterization of functionally-graded nano-hydroxyapatite/titania bioactive coating via dropon-demand technique Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nanoscience and Technology, (2011) 14-17 Conference Presentations (Oral Presentation) J Sun, L Chang, E.S Thian, J.L Li, J.Y.H Fuh, G.S Hong, Y.S Wong, E.J.W Wang Bio-inspired organic-inorganic composite coatings for implants via a micro-dispensing technique 10th Asia-Pacific Conference on Materials Processing, Jinan, China, 14th June – 17th June 2012 L Chang, E.S Thian, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh Synthesis and characterization of functionally-graded nano-hydroxyapatite/titania bioactive coating via dropon-demand technique International Symposium on Nanoscience and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, 18th November – 19th November 2011 E.S Thian, L Chang, B Gurucharan, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh, W Wang Chemically-modified calcium phosphate coatings via drop-on-demand inkjet printing Taiwan Association for Coating and Thin Films Technology Conference, Kenting, Taiwan, 20th November – 23rd November 2011 vii Publications L Chang, E.S Thian, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh, W Wang Micro-dispensing of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) thin coating on biomedical implants 6th International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies, Singapore, 26th June - 1st July 2011 Conference Presentations (Poster Presentation) L Chang, J Lee, S Maleksaeedi, B.Y Tay, E.S Thian Dip-coated nanohydroxyapatite films on metallic 3D scaffold International Conference of Young Researchers on Advanced Materials, Singapore, 1st July – 6th July 2012 L Chang, E.S Thian, J Sun, J.Y.H Fuh, G.S Hong, W Wang Compositional-graded titania/nanohydroxyapatite bioactive coating via a micro-dispensing technique 9th World Biomaterials Congress, Chengdu, China, 1st June – 5th June 2012 viii References 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 Brown, W and L Chow, Thermodynamics of apatite crystal growth and dissolution Journal of Crystal Growth, 1981 53(1): p 31-41 Denissen, H., et al., Tissue response to dense apatite implants in rats Journal of biomedical materials research, 1980 14(6): p 713-721 Posner, A., A Perloff, and A Diorio, Refinement of the hydroxyapatite structure Acta Crystallographica, 1958 11(4): p 308-309 Kay, M.I., R.A Young, and A.S Posner, Crystal Structure of Hydroxyapatite Nature, 1964 204(4963): p 1050-1052 Young, R., DIVISION OF BIOPHYSICS: DEPENDENCE OF APATITE PROPERTIES ON CRYSTAL STRUCTURAL DETAILS*,† Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1967 29(7 Series II): p 949-959 Grant AA, D.E., Apatite ceramics for use in implantation, in Mechanical properties of biomaterials, G.W Hastings, et al., Editors 1980, J Wiley: Chichester ; New York Chen, P.Y., J McKittrick, and M.A Meyers, Biological materials: Functional adaptations and bioinspired designs Progress in Materials Science, 2012 57(8): p 1492-1704 Best, S., et al., Bioceramics: past, present and for the future Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2008 28(7): p 1319-1327 Wang, P.E and T Chaki, Sintering behaviour and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite and dicalcium phosphate Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1993 4(2): p 150-158 Łatka, L., et al., Mechanical properties of suspension plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings submitted to simulated body fluid Surface and Coatings Technology, 2010 205(4): p 954-960 Wang, G and H Zreiqat, Functional coatings or films for hard-tissue applications Materials, 2010 3(7): p 3994-4050 Kokubo, T., et al., Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W3 Journal of biomedical materials research, 1990 24(6): p 721-734 Subramanian, B., et al., Biosynthesis of Calcium Hydroxylapatite Coating on Sputtered Ti/TiN Nano Multilayers and their Corrosion Behavior in Simulated Body Solution Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 2012 26(6): p 687-705 Ntsoane, T and R Bucher, Near-surface in vitro studies of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings Powder Diffraction, 2011 26(02): p 138-143 Xu, S., et al., Integrated plasma-aided nanofabrication facility: Operation, parameters, and assembly of quantum structures and functional nanomaterials Vacuum, 2006 80(6): p 621-630 Verestiuc, L., et al., Chemical growth of calcium phosphate layers on magnetron sputtered HA films Journal of Crystal Growth, 2004 264(1): p 483-491 Ahmed, R., et al., Neutron diffraction residual strain measurements in nanostructured hydroxyapatite coatings for orthopaedic implants Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2011 4(8): p 2043-2054 d'Haese, R., et al., Phase evolution of hydroxapatite coatings suspension plasma sprayed using variable parameters in simulated body fluid Surface and Coatings Technology, 2010 204(8): p 1236-1246 Page 209 / 223 References 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 Aparicio, C., D Rodriguez, and F Gil, Variation of roughness and adhesion strength of deposited apatite layers on titanium dental implants Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2011 31(2): p 320-324 Li, H., et al., Characterization of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite/ZrO2 graded coating Materials & Design, 2009 30(9): p 3920-3924 Van Der Wal, E., et al., Adsorption and desorption of Ca and PO4 species from SBFs on RF-sputtered calcium phosphate thin films Applied Surface Science, 2006 252(10): p 3843-3854 Wu, G., W Hsiao, and S Kung, Investigation of hydroxyapatite coated polyether ether ketone composites by gas plasma sprays Surface and Coatings Technology, 2009 203(17): p 2755-2758 Chen, Y., et al., Silver release from silver-containing hydroxyapatite coatings Surface and Coatings Technology, 2010 205(7): p 1892-1896 Gomes, P.S., et al., Evaluation of human osteoblastic cell response to plasmasprayed silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings over titanium substrates Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2010 94(2): p 337-346 Kim, H., et al., In vitro dissolution and mechanical behavior of c-axis preferentially oriented hydroxyapatite thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition Acta biomaterialia, 2010 6(8): p 3234-3241 Sima, L.E., et al., Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells onto highly adherent radio frequency-sputtered carbonated hydroxylapatite thin films Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2010 95(4): p 1203-1214 Hong, Z., et al., Osteoblast proliferation on hydroxyapatite coated substrates prepared by right angle magnetron sputtering Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2010 93(3): p 878-885 Cairns, M., et al., Influence of surface topography on osteoblast response to fibronectin coated calcium phosphate thin films Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010 78(2): p 283-290 Saju, K., et al., Polycrystalline coating of hydroxyapatite on TiAl6V4 implant material grown at lower substrate temperatures by hydrothermal annealing after pulsed laser deposition Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 2009 223(8): p 10491057 Roy, M., et al., Compositionally graded hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate coating on Ti by laser and induction plasma Acta biomaterialia, 2011 7(2): p 866-873 Bai, X., et al., Deposition and investigation of functionally graded calcium phosphate coatings on titanium Acta biomaterialia, 2009 5(9): p 3563-3572 Rautray, T.R., et al., Surface modification of titanium and titanium alloys by ion implantation Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2010 93(2): p 581-591 Gomes, P.S., et al., Evaluation of human osteoblastic cell response to plasma‐ sprayed silicon‐substituted hydroxyapatite coatings over titanium substrates Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2010 94(2): p 337-346 Page 210 / 223 References 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Xu, S., et al., RF plasma sputtering deposition of hydroxyapatite bioceramics: synthesis, performance, and biocompatibility Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2005 2(5): p 373-390 Junker, R., et al., Effects of implant surface coatings and composition on bone integration: a systematic review Clinical oral implants research, 2009 20(s4): p 185-206 Silva, M., et al., New titanium and titanium/hydroxyapatite coatings on ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene-in vitro osteoblastic performance Biomedical Materials, 2010 5(3): p 035014 Socol, G., et al., Hydroxyapatite thin films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition and magnetron sputtering on PMMA substrates for medical applications Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2010 169(1): p 159-168 Massaro, C., et al., Surface and biological evaluation of hydroxyapatite‐based coatings on titanium deposited by different techniques Journal of biomedical materials research, 2001 58(6): p 651-657 Negroiu, G., et al., Biocompatibility evaluation of a novel hydroxyapatitepolymer coating for medical implants (in vitro tests) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2008 19(4): p 1537-1544 Lu, X and Y Leng, Comparison of the osteoblast and myoblast behavior on hydroxyapatite microgrooves Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2009 90(1): p 438-445 Yuan, Q., et al., Effect of implant surface microtopography on proliferation, neurotrophin secretion, and gene expression of Schwann cells Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2010 93(1): p 381-388 Kim, H., et al., Control of phase composition in hydroxyapatite/tetracalcium phosphate biphasic thin coatings for biomedical applications Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2005 16(10): p 961-966 Sato, M., et al., Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite/titania coatings on titanium improves osteoblast adhesion Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2008 84(1): p 265-272 Cleries, L., et al., Mechanical properties of calcium phosphate coatings deposited by laser ablation Biomaterials, 2000 21(9): p 967-971 Hulshoff, J.E.G., et al., Interfacial phenomena: An in vitro study of the effect of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) ceramic on bone formation Journal of biomedical materials research, 1998 40(3): p 464-474 Tan, F., et al., Cellular and transcriptomic analysis of human mesenchymal stem cell response to plasma-activated hydroxyapatite coating Acta biomaterialia, 2012 8(4): p 1627-1638 Takahashi, K., et al., Characterization and in vitro evaluation of biphasic calcium pyrophosphate–tricalciumphosphate radio frequency magnetron sputter coatings Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2008 84A(3): p 682690 Xue, W., et al., Preparation and cell–materials interactions of plasma sprayed strontium-containing hydroxyapatite coating Surface and Coatings Technology, 2007 201(8): p 4685-4693 Hashimoto, Y., et al., Cytocompatibility of calcium phosphate coatings deposited by an ArF pulsed laser Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2007 18(7): p 1457-1464 Page 211 / 223 References 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 Yan, Y., et al., Growth behavior of rat bone marrow cells on RF magnetron sputtered hydroxyapatite and dicalcium pyrophosphate coatings Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2006 78(1): p 42-49 Ueda, K., et al., Fabrication of calcium phosphate films for coating on titanium substrates heated up to 773 K by RF magnetron sputtering and their evaluations Biomedical Materials, 2007 2(3): p S160 Hansson, U., L Ryd, and S Toksvig-Larsen, A randomised RSA study of PeriApatite™ HA coating of a total knee prosthesis The Knee, 2008 15(3): p 211216 Goodman, S.B., et al., The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants Biomaterials, 2013 Rahbek, O., et al., Sealing effect of hydroxyapatite coating on peri-implant migration of particles an experimental study in dogs Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume, 2001 83(3): p 441-447 Geesink, R.G., Osteoconductive coatings for total joint arthroplasty Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 2002 395: p 53-65 Lee, J.M and C.W Lee, Comparison of Hydroxyapatite-Coated and NonHydroxyapatite-Coated Noncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty in Same Patients The Journal of arthroplasty, 2007 22(7): p 1019-1023 Lombardi Jr, A.V., K.R Berend, and T.H Mallory, Hydroxyapatite-coated titanium porous plasma spray tapered stem: experience at 15 to 18 years Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 2006 453: p 81-85 Søballe, K., Hydroxyapatite ceramic coating for bone implant fixation: mechanical and histological studies in dogs Acta Orthopaedica, 1993 64(S255): p 1-58 Jarcho, M., Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 1981 157: p 259-278 Sun, L., et al., Surface characteristics and dissolution behavior of plasma‐ sprayed hydroxyapatite coating Journal of biomedical materials research, 2002 62(2): p 228-236 Overgaard, S., et al., The influence of crystallinity of the hydroxyapatite coating on the fixation of implants mechanical and histomorphometric results Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume, 1999 81(4): p 725-731 de Lima, I.R., et al., Understanding the impact of divalent cation substitution on hydroxyapatite: an in vitro multiparametric study on biocompatibility Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2011 98(3): p 351-358 Landi, E., et al., Biomimetic Mg-substituted hydroxyapatite: from synthesis to in vivo behaviour Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2008 19(1): p 239-247 Boanini, E., et al., Osteopenic bone cell response to strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2011 22(9): p 2079-2088 Ni, G.X., et al., The effect of strontium incorporation in hydroxyapatite on osteoblasts in vitro Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2011 22(4): p 961-967 Capuccini, C., et al., Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings synthesized by pulsed-laser deposition: in vitro osteoblast and osteoclast response Acta biomaterialia, 2008 4(6): p 1885-1893 Page 212 / 223 References 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 Barralet, J., et al., Thermal decomposition of synthesised carbonate hydroxyapatite Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2002 13(6): p 529-533 Legeros, R.Z., et al., Apatite crystallites: effects of carbonate on morphology Science, 1967 155(3768): p 1409-1411 Spence, G., et al., Carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite: resorption by osteoclasts modifies the osteoblastic response Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2009 90(1): p 217-224 Chen, Y and X Miao, Thermal and chemical stability of fluorohydroxyapatite ceramics with different fluorine contents Biomaterials, 2005 26(11): p 12051210 LeGeros, R., et al., Fluoride-cation interactions in the formation and stability of apatites Journal of fluorine chemistry, 1988 41(1): p 53-64 Bhadang, K.A and K.A Gross, Influence of fluorapatite on the properties of thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings Biomaterials, 2004 25(20): p 49354945 Cheng, K., et al., In vitro behavior of osteoblast-like cells on fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings Biomaterials, 2005 26(32): p 6288-6295 Eslami, H., M Solati-Hashjin, and M Tahriri, The comparison of powder characteristics and physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties between nanostructure ceramics of hydroxyapatite and fluoridated hydroxyapatite Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2009 29(4): p 1387-1398 Wang, Y., et al., Initial attachment of osteoblastic cells onto sol‐gel derived fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2008 84(3): p 769-776 Porter, A.E., et al., Ultrastructural comparison of dissolution and apatite precipitation on hydroxyapatite and silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite in vitro and in vivo Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2004 69(4): p 670679 Jugdaohsingh, R., et al., Increased longitudinal growth in rats on a silicondepleted diet Bone, 2008 43(3): p 596-606 San Thian, E., et al., The role of electrosprayed apatite nanocrystals in guiding osteoblast behaviour Biomaterials, 2008 29(12): p 1833-1843 Hing, K.A., et al., Effect of silicon level on rate, quality and progression of bone healing within silicate-substituted porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds Biomaterials, 2006 27(29): p 5014-5026 Cai, Y., et al., Osteoblastic cell response on fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings: the effect of magnesium incorporation Biomedical Materials, 2010 5(5): p 054114 Okazaki, M., Crystallographic properties of heterogeneous Mg-containing fluoridated apatites synthesized with a two-step supply system Biomaterials, 1995 16(9): p 703-707 Okazaki, M., Magnesium-containing fluoridated apatites Journal of fluorine chemistry, 1988 41(1): p 45-52 Hidouri, M., et al., Thermal behaviour of magnesium-containing fluorapatite Materials chemistry and physics, 2003 80(2): p 496-505 Page 213 / 223 References 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 Landi, E., et al., Biomimetic Mg-and Mg, CO3-substituted hydroxyapatites: synthesis characterization and in vitro behaviour Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2006 26(13): p 2593-2601 Gibson, I and W Bonfield, Preparation and characterization of magnesium/carbonate co-substituted hydroxyapatites Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2002 13(7): p 685-693 Kim, S., et al., Synthesis of Si, Mg substituted hydroxyapatites and their sintering behaviors Biomaterials, 2003 24(8): p 1389-1398 Landi, E., et al., Human osteoblast behavior on as-synthesized SiO4 and B-CO3 cosubstituted apatite Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2010 94(1): p 59-70 Sprio, S., et al., Physico-chemical properties and solubility behaviour of multisubstituted hydroxyapatite powders containing silicon Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2008 28(1): p 179-187 Schmidmaier, G., et al., A new electrochemically graded hydroxyapatite coating for osteosynthetic implants promotes implant osteointegration in a rat model Journal of biomedical materials research, 2002 63(2): p 168-172 Ding, S.J., Properties and immersion behavior of magnetron-sputtered multilayered hydroxyapatite/titanium composite coatings Biomaterials, 2003 24(23): p 4233-4238 Chen, C.C., et al., Characterization of functionally graded hydroxyapatite/titanium composite coatings plasma-sprayed on Ti alloys Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2006 78(1): p 146-152 Khor, K., et al., Plasma spraying of functionally graded hydroxyapatite/Ti–6Al– 4V coatings Surface and Coatings Technology, 2003 168(2): p 195-201 Cannillo, V., L Lusvarghi, and A Sola, Production and characterization of plasma-sprayed TiO2–hydroxyapatite functionally graded coatings Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2008 28(11): p 2161-2169 Lu, Y.P., et al., Plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite+ titania composite bond coat for hydroxyapatite coating on titanium substrate Biomaterials, 2004 25(18): p 4393-4403 Rabiei, A., et al., Microstructure, mechanical properties, and biological response to functionally graded HA coatings Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2007 27(3): p 529-533 He, J., et al., Collagen-infiltrated porous hydroxyapatite coating and its osteogenic properties: In vitro and in vivo study Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2012 100(7): p 1706-1715 Ou, K.L., et al., Effect of collagen on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite coatings Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2011 4(4): p 618-624 Manara, S., et al., Electrochemically-assisted deposition of biomimetic hydroxyapatite–collagen coatings on titanium plate Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2008 361(6): p 1634-1645 Yang, X., et al., Recombinant human-like collagen modulated the growth of nano-hydroxyapatite on NiTi alloy Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2009 29(1): p 25-28 Page 214 / 223 References 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 Hench, L., Glass surfaces Le Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982 43(C9): p C9625-C9-636 Wilson, J., A Yli-Urpo, and H Risto-Pekka, Bioactive glasses: clinical applications Advanced Series in Ceramics, 1993 1: p 63-74 Jugdaohsingh, R., et al., Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal women of the Framingham Offspring cohort Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2004 19(2): p 297-307 Kim, M.H., et al., Silicon supplementation improves the bone mineral density of calcium-deficient ovariectomized rats by reducing bone resorption Biological trace element research, 2009 128(3): p 239-247 Damen, J and J Ten Cate, Silica-induced precipitation of calcium phosphate in the presence of inhibitors of hydroxyapatite formation Journal of dental research, 1992 71(3): p 453-457 Nielsen, F.H and R Poellot, Dietary silicon affects bone turnover differently in ovariectomized and sham-operated growing rats The journal of trace elements in experimental medicine, 2004 17(3): p 137-149 Porter, A.E., Nanoscale characterization of the interface between bone and hydroxyapatite implants and the effect of silicon on bone apposition Micron, 2006 37(8): p 681-688 Gibson, I., S Best, and W Bonfield, Chemical characterization of siliconsubstituted hydroxyapatite Journal of biomedical materials research, 1999 44(4): p 422-428 Gibson, I., et al., Enhanced in vitro cell activity and surface apatite layer formation on novel silicon-substituted hydroxyapatites 2009 Leventouri, T., C Bunaciu, and V Perdikatsis, Neutron powder diffraction studies of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite Biomaterials, 2003 24(23): p 4205-4211 Riu, D.H., et al., Synthesis and characterization of silicon substituted hydroxyapatite Key Engineering Materials, 2001 218: p 85-88 Arcos, D., J Rodriguez-Carvajal, and M Vallet-Regi, Silicon incorporation in hydroxylapatite obtained by controlled crystallization Chemistry of materials, 2004 16(11): p 2300-2308 Porter, A., et al., Comparison of in vivo dissolution processes in hydroxyapatite and silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite bioceramics Biomaterials, 2003 24(25): p 4609-4620 Botelho, C., et al., Structural analysis of Si-substituted hydroxyapatite: zeta potential and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2002 13(12): p 1123-1127 Qiu, Z., et al., Fine structure analysis and sintering properties of Si-doped hydroxyapatite Biomedical Materials, 2012 7(4): p 045009 Arcos, D., J Rodrı ́guez-Carvajal, and M Vallet-Regı ́, The effect of the silicon incorporation on the hydroxylapatite structure A neutron diffraction study Solid state sciences, 2004 6(9): p 987-994 Chou, L., B Marek, and W Wagner, Effects of hydroxylapatite coating crystallinity on biosolubility, cell attachment efficiency and proliferation in vitro Biomaterials, 1999 20(10): p 977-985 Thian, E., et al., Silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite: The next generation of bioactive coatings Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2007 27(2): p 251-256 Page 215 / 223 References 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 Schwarz, K Proceedings: Recent dietary trace element research, exemplified by tin, fluorone, and silicon in Federation proceedings 1974 Keselowsky, B.G., D.M Collard, and A.J Garcí Surface chemistry modulates a, fibronectin conformation and directs integrin binding and specificity to control cell adhesion Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2003 66(2): p 247-259 Thian, E., et al., The role of surface wettability and surface charge of electrosprayed nanoapatites on the behaviour of osteoblasts Acta biomaterialia, 2010 6(3): p 750-755 Aparicio, C., F Gil, and J Planell, Human-osteoblast proliferation and differentiation on grit-blasted and bioactive titanium for dental applications Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2002 13(12): p 1105-1111 Shirkhanzadeh, M., M Azadegan, and G Liu, Bioactive delivery systems for the slow release of antibiotics: incorporation of Ag+ ions into micro-porous hydroxyapatite coatings Materials Letters, 1995 24(1): p 7-12 Chen, W., et al., Antibacterial and osteogenic properties of silver‐containing hydroxyapatite coatings produced using a sol gel process Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2007 82(4): p 899-906 Ciobanu, C.S., et al., Structural and physical properties of antibacterial Ag-doped nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized at 100 C Nanoscale research letters, 2011 6(1): p 1-8 Oh, K.S., Y.K Jeong, and S.H Park Durability in antimicrobial effects of silver doped hydroxyapatite depending on the synthesis route in Materials Science Forum 2004 Trans Tech Publ Knetsch, M.L and L.H Koole, New strategies in the development of antimicrobial coatings: the example of increasing usage of silver and silver nanoparticles Polymers, 2011 3(1): p 340-366 Gordon, O., et al., Silver coordination polymers for prevention of implant infection: thiol interaction, impact on respiratory chain enzymes, and hydroxyl radical induction Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2010 54(10): p 4208-4218 Torres, N., et al., Stability of antibacterial self-assembled monolayers on hydroxyapatite Acta biomaterialia, 2010 6(8): p 3242-3255 Badrour, L., et al Synthesis and physical and chemical characterization of Ca10xAgx (PO4) (OH) 2-x&unknown; x apatites in Annales de Chimie Science des Materiaux 1998 Elsevier Stanić, V., et al., Synthesis of antimicrobial monophase silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanopowders for bone tissue engineering Applied Surface Science, 2011 257(9): p 4510-4518 Chung, R.J., et al., Anti-microbial hydroxyapatite particles synthesized by a solgel route Journal of sol-gel science and technology, 2005 33(2): p 229-239 Roy, M., et al., Mechanical, in vitro antimicrobial, and biological properties of plasma-sprayed silver-doped hydroxyapatite coating ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2012 4(3): p 1341-1349 Kose, N., et al., A Silver Ion-doped Calcium Phosphate-based Ceramic Nanopowder-coated Prosthesis Increased Infection Resistance Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 2013: p 1-8 Page 216 / 223 References 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 York, N., Amorphous phase formation in plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings 1998 Whitehead, R.Y., W Lacefield, and L Lucas, Structure and integrity of a plasma sprayed hydroxylapatite coating on titanium Journal of biomedical materials research, 1993 27(12): p 1501-1507 Mazzoli, A., et al Thin films of calcium phosphate on titanium dental screws: solgel route versus plasma spray in Proceedings of the fifth IASTED International Conference: biomedical engineering 2007 ACTA Press Radin, S and P Ducheyne, Plasma spraying induced changes of calcium phosphate ceramic characteristics and the effect onin vitro stability Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1992 3(1): p 33-42 Cheang, P and K Khor, Addressing processing problems associated with plasma spraying of hydroxyapatite coatings Biomaterials, 1996 17(5): p 537-544 Mattox, D.M., Handbook of physical vapor deposition (PVD) processing2010: Access Online via Elsevier Martin, P.M., Handbook of deposition technologies for films and coatings: science, applications and technology2009: William Andrew Yang, J., et al., Plasma surface modification of magnesium alloy for biomedical application Surface and Coatings Technology, 2010 205: p S182-S187 Chen, W., et al., In vitro anti-bacterial and biological properties of magnetron co-sputtered silver-containing hydroxyapatite coating Biomaterials, 2006 27(32): p 5512-5517 Swann, S., Magnetron sputtering Physics in technology, 1988 19(2): p 67 Arnell, R and P Kelly, Recent advances in magnetron sputtering Surface and Coatings Technology, 1999 112(1): p 170-176 Ensinger, W., Ion sources for ion beam assisted thin‐film deposition a) Review of scientific instruments, 1992 63(11): p 5217-5233 Granato, R., et al., Biomechanical and histomorphometric evaluation of a thin ion beam bioceramic deposition on plateau root form implants: an experimental study in dogs Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2009 90(1): p 396-403 Yoon, H.J., et al., Effects of calcium phosphate coating to SLA surface implants by the ion-beam-assisted deposition method on self-contained coronal defect healing in dogs Biomedical Materials, 2009 4(4): p 044107 Coelho, P.G., et al., Basic research methods and current trends of dental implant surfaces Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2009 88(2): p 579-596 Cui, F and Z Luo, Biomaterials modification by ion-beam processing Surface and Coatings Technology, 1999 112(1): p 278-285 Kim, T., et al., Highly adhesive hydroxyapatite coatings on alumina substrates prepared by ion-beam assisted deposition Surface and Coatings Technology, 1998 99(1): p 20-23 Ling Feng, Q., et al., Antibacterial effects of Ag-HAp thin films on alumina substrates Thin Solid Films, 1998 335(1): p 214-219 Blalock, T., X Bai, and A Rabiei, A study on microstructure and properties of calcium phosphate coatings processed using ion beam assisted deposition on heated substrates Surface and Coatings Technology, 2007 201(12): p 58505858 Page 217 / 223 References 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 Chae, G.J., et al., Healing of surgically created circumferential gap around Nanocoating surface dental implants in dogs Surface and Interface Analysis, 2008 40(3-4): p 184-187 Lee, I.S., et al., Industrial application of ion beam assisted deposition on medical implants Surface and Coatings Technology, 2007 201(9): p 5132-5137 Lee, I.-S., et al., Effects of ion beam assist on the formation of calcium phosphate film Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2003 206: p 522-526 Hamdi, M and A Ide-Ektessabi, Preparation of hydroxyapatite layer by ion beam assisted simultaneous vapor deposition Surface and Coatings Technology, 2003 163: p 362-367 Weng, W and J.L Baptista, Sol–gel derived porous hydroxyapatite coatings Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1998 9(3): p 159-163 Zhang, J.X., R.F Guan, and X.P Zhang, Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel hydroxyapatite coatings deposited on porous NiTi alloys Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011 509(13): p 4643-4648 Carradò, A and N Viart, Nanocrystalline spin coated sol–gel hydroxyapatite thin films on Ti substrate: Towards potential applications for implants Solid state sciences, 2010 12(7): p 1047-1050 Hijón, N., et al., Dip coated silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite films Acta biomaterialia, 2006 2(5): p 567-574 Qu, J., et al., Silver/hydroxyapatite composite coatings on porous titanium surfaces by sol-gel method Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2011 97B(1): p 40-48 Ganguli, D., Sol-gel processing: A versatile concept for special glasses and ceramics Bulletin of Materials Science, 1993 16(6): p 523-531 Jillavenkatesa, A and R Condrate Sr, Sol–gel processing of hydroxyapatite Journal of materials science, 1998 33(16): p 4111-4119 Pichugin, V., et al., The preparation of calcium phosphate coatings on titanium and nickel–titanium by rf-magnetron-sputtered deposition: composition, structure and micromechanical properties Surface and Coatings Technology, 2008 202(16): p 3913-3920 Surmenev, R.A., et al., The influence of the deposition parameters on the properties of an rf-magnetron-deposited nanostructured calcium phosphate coating and a possible growth mechanism Surface and Coatings Technology, 2011 205(12): p 3600-3606 León, B and J.A Jansen, Thin calcium phosphate coatings for medical implants2009: Springer Yang, Y., K.H Kim, and J.L Ong, A review on calcium phosphate coatings produced using a sputtering process-an alternative to plasma spraying Biomaterials, 2005 26(3): p 327-337 de Gans, B.J., P.C Duineveld, and U.S Schubert, Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments Advanced Materials, 2004 16(3): p 203-213 Calvert, P., Inkjet printing for materials and devices Chemistry of materials, 2001 13(10): p 3299-3305 Mironov, V., N Reis, and B Derby, Review: bioprinting: a beginning Tissue engineering, 2006 12(4): p 631-634 Page 218 / 223 References 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 Derby, B., Bioprinting: inkjet printing proteins and hybrid cell-containing materials and structures Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2008 18(47): p 57175721 Saunders, R and B Derby, Bioprinting, Inkjet Deposition Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology: Bioprocess, Bioseparation, and Cell Technology, 2010 Oh, K.W and C.H Ahn, A review of microvalves Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 2006 16(5): p R13 Roth, E.A., et al., Inkjet printing for high-throughput cell patterning Biomaterials, 2004 25(17): p 3707-3715 Ilkhanizadeh, S., A.I Teixeira, and O Hermanson, Inkjet printing of macromolecules on hydrogels to steer neural stem cell differentiation Biomaterials, 2007 28(27): p 3936-3943 Wang, T., C Cook, and B Derby Fabrication of a glucose biosensor by piezoelectric inkjet printing in Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2009 SENSORCOMM'09 Third International Conference on 2009 IEEE Dohnal, J and F Štěpánek, Inkjet fabrication and characterization of calcium alginate microcapsules Powder Technology, 2010 200(3): p 254-259 Di Biase, M., et al., Inkjet printing and cell seeding thermoreversible photocurable gel structures Soft Matter, 2011 7(6): p 2639-2646 Sakurai, K., Y Teramura, and H Iwata, Cells immobilized on patterns printed in DNA by an inkjet printer Biomaterials, 2011 32(14): p 3596-3602 Choi, W.S., et al., Synthetic multicellular cell-to-cell communication in inkjet printed bacterial cell systems Biomaterials, 2011 32(10): p 2500-2507 Gu, Y., et al., Inkjet printed antibiotic-and calcium-eluting bioresorbable nanocomposite micropatterns for orthopedic implants Acta biomaterialia, 2012 8(1): p 424-431 Sun, J., et al., Comparison of micro-dispensing performance between micro-valve and piezoelectric printhead Microsystem technologies, 2009 15(9): p 14371448 Nakamura, M., Y Nishiyama, and C Henmi 3D Micro-fabrication by Inkjet 3D biofabrication for 3D tissue engineering in Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science, 2008 MHS 2008 International Symposium on 2008 IEEE Erqiang, L., The Generation And Experimental Study Of Microscale Droplets In Drop-On-Demand Inkjet Printing, 2010, National University of Singapore Vilardell, M., et al., Ink Jet Printing for Functional Ceramic Coatings Journal of Imaging Science, 2011 55(4): p 40304-1-40304-7 Steirer, K.X., et al., Ultrasonically sprayed and inkjet printed thin film electrodes for organic solar cells Thin Solid Films, 2009 517(8): p 2781-2786 Wang, J and L.L Shaw, Fabrication of functionally graded materials via inkjet color printing Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2006 89(10): p 32853289 Roy, R., A primer on the Taguchi method2010: SME Anawa, E and A.G Olabi, Using Taguchi method to optimize welding pool of dissimilar laser-welded components Optics & Laser Technology, 2008 40(2): p 379-388 Thian, E., et al., A new way of incorporating silicon in hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) as thin films Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2005 16(5): p 411-415 Page 219 / 223 References 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 Yuan, H., et al., A preliminary study on osteoinduction of two kinds of calcium phosphate ceramics Biomaterials, 1999 20(19): p 1799-1806 Sepulveda, P., et al., In vivo evaluation of hydroxyapatite foams Journal of biomedical materials research, 2002 62(4): p 587-592 Zhou, G.T., et al., Formation of aragonite mesocrystals and implication for biomineralization American Mineralogist, 2009 94(2-3): p 293-302 Sporysh, I., et al., Biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanocrystals in composites with C60 and Au-DNA nanoparticles: IR-spectral study Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2010 169(1–3): p 128-133 Müller, L., et al., Biomimetic apatite coatings-carbonate substitution and preferred growth orientation Biomolecular Engineering, 2007 24(5): p 462-466 Hughes, J.M and J Rakovan, The crystal structure of apatite, Ca5 (PO4) (F, OH, Cl) Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, 2002 48(1): p 1-12 Tadic, D., F Peters, and M Epple, Continuous synthesis of amorphous carbonated apatites Biomaterials, 2002 23(12): p 2553-2559 Seo, S.-M., et al., Effect of milling time on the viscosity of hydroxyapatite suspension Current Applied Physics, 2012 12: p S71-S75 Data Sheet of Darvan C Available from: http://www.rtvanderbilt.com/TDS_DARVAN_C-N.pdf Soballe, K., et al., Gap healing enhanced by hydroxyapatite coating in dogs Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 1991 272: p 300-307 Soballe, K., et al., Migration of hydroxyapatite coated femoral prostheses A Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric study Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume, 1993 75(5): p 681-687 Patel, N., et al., A comparative study on the in vivo behavior of hydroxyapatite and silicon substituted hydroxyapatite granules Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2002 13(12): p 1199-1206 Patel, N., et al., In vivo assessment of hydroxyapatite and silicate-substituted hydroxyapatite granules using an ovine defect model Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2005 16(5): p 429-440 Gosheger, G., et al., Silver-coated megaendoprostheses in a rabbit model-an analysis of the infection rate and toxicological side effects Biomaterials, 2004 25(24): p 5547-5556 Klasen, H., A historical review of the use of silver in the treatment of burns II Renewed interest for silver Burns, 2000 26(2): p 131-138 Chang, L., et al., Deposition and characterization of a dual-layer silicon-and silver-containing hydroxyapatite coating via a drop-on-demand technique RSC Adv., 2013 Yao, Z., et al., Synthesis and properties of hydroxyapatite-containing porous titania coating on ultrafine-grained titanium by micro-arc oxidation Acta biomaterialia, 2010 6(7): p 2816-2825 Wolke, J., et al., Study of the surface characteristics of magnetron-sputter calcium phosphate coatings Journal of biomedical materials research, 1994 28(12): p 1477-1484 De Bruijn, J., Y Bovell, and C Van Blitterswijk, Structural arrangements at the interface between plasma sprayed calcium phosphates and bone Biomaterials, 1994 15(7): p 543-550 Page 220 / 223 References 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 Barr, T.L and S Seal, Nature of the use of adventitious carbon as a binding energy standard Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 1995 13(3): p 1239-1246 Gao, J., et al., Fabrication and characterization of rod-like nano-hydroxyapatite on MAO coating supported on Mg–Zn–Ca alloy Applied Surface Science, 2011 257(6): p 2231-2237 Wei, J., et al., Adhesion of mouse fibroblasts on hexamethyldisiloxane surfaces with wide range of wettability Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2007 81(1): p 66-75 Wei, J., et al., Influence of surface wettability on competitive protein adsorption and initial attachment of osteoblasts Biomedical Materials, 2009 4(4): p 045002 Mittal, K.L., Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion Vol 2009: BRILL Zhou, X and J.T.M De Hosson, Influence of surface roughness on the wetting angle Journal of Materials Research, 1995 10(8): p 1984-1992 Rabiei, A., et al., A study on functionally graded HA coatings processed using ion beam assisted deposition with in situ heat treatment Surface and Coatings Technology, 2006 200(20): p 6111-6116 Moy, P.K., et al., Dental implant failure rates and associated risk factors The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants, 2004 20(4): p 569-577 Mäkelä, K., et al., Cemented total hip replacement for primary osteoarthritis in patients aged 55 years or older Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume, 2008 90(12): p 1562-1569 Redey, S.A., et al., Behavior of human osteoblastic cells on stoichiometric hydroxyapatite and type A carbonate apatite: role of surface energy Journal of biomedical materials research, 2000 50(3): p 353-364 Spriano, S., et al., Surface properties and cell response of low metal ion release Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy after multi-step chemical and thermal treatments Biomaterials, 2005 26(11): p 1219-1229 Hench, L.L., et al., Antimicrobial macroporous gel-glasses: dissolution and cytotoxicity Key Engineering Materials, 2004 254: p 1087-1090 Hidalgo, E and C Domınguez, Study of cytotoxicity mechanisms of silver nitrate in human dermal fibroblasts Toxicology letters, 1998 98(3): p 169-179 Colnot, C., et al., Molecular analysis of healing at a bone-implant interface Journal of dental research, 2007 86(9): p 862-867 Xynos, I.D., et al., Gene expression profiling of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass® 45S5 dissolution Journal of biomedical materials research, 2001 55(2): p 151-157 Gupta, G., S Kirakodu, and A El Ghannam, Dissolution kinetics of a Si-rich nanocomposite and its effect on osteoblast gene expression Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2007 80(2): p 486-496 Ducheyne, P and Q Qiu, Bioactive ceramics: the effect of surface reactivity on bone formation and bone cell function Biomaterials, 1999 20(23): p 2287-2303 Neo, M., et al., Apatite formation on three kinds of bioactive material at an early stage in vivo: a comparative study by transmission electron microscopy Journal of biomedical materials research, 1993 27(8): p 999-1006 Page 221 / 223 References 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 Gastaldi, G., et al., Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) proliferate and differentiate in osteoblast-like cells on trabecular titanium scaffolds Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2010 94(3): p 790-799 Zou, S., et al., The effects of silicate ions on human osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2009 90(1): p 123-130 Bonfield, W., et al., The effect orthosilicic acid on collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin mRNA expression in human bone-derived osteoblasts in vitro Key Engineering Materials, 2006 309: p 121-124 Botelho, C.M., et al., Human osteoblast response to silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2006 79A(3): p 723-730 Liu, J., et al., The stimulation of adipose-derived stem cell differentiation and mineralization by ordered rod-like fluorapatite coatings Biomaterials, 2012 33(20): p 5036-5046 Li, X., et al., Osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells induced by osteoinductive calcium phosphate ceramics Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2011 97(1): p 10-19 Mendonỗa, G., et al., Nanostructured implant surface effect on osteoblast gene expression and bone-to-implant contact in vivo Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2011 31(8): p 1809-1818 Keeting, P.E., et al., Zeolite a increases proliferation, differentiation, and transforming growth factor β production in normal adult human osteoblast-like cells in vitro Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1992 7(11): p 1281-1289 Henrik Malchau, M., M Göran Garellick, and M Peter Herberts, The evidence from the Swedish hip register, in The Well-Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty2005, Springer p 291-299 Trampuz, A and W Zimmerli, Prosthetic joint infections: update in diagnosis and treatment Swiss Med Wkly, 2005 135(17-18): p 243-51 Han, I., et al., Characterization of a silver-incorporated calcium phosphate film by RBS and its antimicrobial effects Biomedical Materials, 2007 2(3): p S91 Kumar, R and H M ü nstedt, Silver ion release from antimicrobial polyamide/silver composites Biomaterials, 2005 26(14): p 2081-2088 Bellantone, M., H.D Williams, and L.L Hench, Broad-spectrum bactericidal activity of Ag2O-doped bioactive glass Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2002 46(6): p 1940-1945 Alt, V., et al., An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of nanoparticulate silver bone cement Biomaterials, 2004 25(18): p 4383-4391 Jelí nek, M., et al., Biomedical properties of laser prepared silver-doped hydroxyapatite Laser Physics, 2011 21(7): p 1265-1269 Trujillo, N.A., et al., Antibacterial effects of silver-doped hydroxyapatite thin films sputter deposited on titanium Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2012 32(8): p 2135-2144 Geesey, G.G., B Wigglesworth‐Cooksey, and K Cooksey, Influence of calcium and other cations on surface adhesion of bacteria and diatoms: a review Biofouling, 2000 15(1-3): p 195-205 Page 222 / 223 References 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 Venegas, S., et al., Calcium modulates interactions between bacteria and hydroxyapatite Journal of dental research, 2006 85(12): p 1124-1128 De Kerchove, A.J and M Elimelech, Calcium and magnesium cations enhance the adhesion of motile and nonmotile Pseudomonas aeruginosa on alginate films Langmuir, 2008 24(7): p 3392-3399 Ong, Y.L., et al., Adhesion Forces between E coli Bacteria and Biomaterial Surfaces Langmuir, 1999 15(8): p 2719-2725 Cerca, N., et al., Quantitative analysis of adhesion and biofilm formation on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis Research in microbiology, 2005 156(4): p 506-514 Briandet, R., J.M Herry, and M.N Bellon Fontaine, Determination of the van der Waals, electron donor and electron acceptor surface tension components of static Gram-positive microbial biofilms Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2001 21(4): p 299-310 Teixeira, P and R Oliveira, Influence of surface characteristics on the adhesion of Alcaligenes denitrificans to polymeric substrates Journal of adhesion science and technology, 1999 13(11): p 1287-1294 Doyle, R.J., Contribution of the hydrophobic effect to microbial infection Microbes and infection, 2000 2(4): p 391-400 Rosenberg, M., et al., Microbial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity1990: Am Soc Microbiol Fielding, G.A., et al., Antibacterial and biological characteristics of plasma sprayed silver and strontium doped hydroxyapatite coatings Acta biomaterialia, 2012 8(8): p 3144 Iqbal, N., et al., Rapid microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of nanosized silver-doped hydroxyapatite with antibacterial properties Materials Letters, 2012 89: p 118-122 Feng, Q., et al., A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Journal of biomedical materials research, 2000 52(4): p 662-668 Lok, C.-N., et al., Silver nanoparticles: partial oxidation and antibacterial activities JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2007 12(4): p 527-534 Page 223 / 223 .. .DEPOSITION OF FUNCTIONAL BIOMEDICAL COATING VIA DROP- ON- DEMAND MICRO- DISPENSING TECHNIQUE CHANG LEI (B.Eng., Northeastern University, China) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF. .. characterization of functionally-graded nano-hydroxyapatite/titania bioactive coating via dropon -demand technique Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nanoscience and Technology, (2011) 14-17 Conference... 2.4.3 Ion Beam Assisted Deposition 57 2.4.4 Sol-Gel Deposition 58 2.4.5 Comparison of Current Coating Techniques for Calcium Phosphate Coatings 59 2.4.6 Proposed Drop- on- Demand