Các chuyên đề luyện thi đại học môn tiếng anh

Thay đổi động từ trong câu tường thuậtĐộng từ tường thuật là động từ giới thiệu câu nói trực tiếp hay câu nói gián tiếp.. Dưới đây là các động tường thuật dùng trong câu: Said → said tha

CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HOCN MÔN TIẾNG ANH

CHUYÊN ĐỀ: PASSIVE VOICE

(THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG)

I Cách chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động:

S + be* + P.P + by + O (* be chia theo thì của V) Passive: Bị động

Ex: They are painting the house.

→ The house is being painted

They had destroyed all the documents when we arrived

→ All the documents had been destroyed when we arrived.

II Thay đổi hình thức động từ cụ thể trong từng thì:

Present continuous S + am / is / are + V-ing S + am / is / are + being + PP

Past continuous S + was / were + V-ing S + was / were + being + PP Present Perfect S + have / has + PP S + have / has + been + PP

Modal verbs can

may must

S + have to + V1 should used to

be going to

can may must

S + have to + be + V3 should

used to

be going to

Ex:

1 John delivers the newspapers every morning.

The newspapers are delivered by John every morning.

2 My mother wrote that letter.

That letter was written by my mother.

3 They will build a new school here next month.

A new school will be built here next month.

4 He is asking me a lot of questions.

I am being asked a lot of questions.

5 She was doing her homework at that time.

Her homework was being done at that time.

6 My mother has made that cake.

That cake has been made by my mother.

7 They had prepared a party before we came.

A party had been prepared before we came.

8 Sue is going to write the book

The book is going to be written by Sue

9 You must finish this report

This report must be finished

NOTES: LƯU Ý:

1 Khi chủ ngữ và túc từ trong câu chủ động là đại từ, ta phải thay đổi cho phù hợp Ex: The teacher punished me.

 I was punished by the teacher

2 Khi chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là: people, I, we, you, they, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, anybody…khi đổi sang bị động thường được bỏ đi

Ex: They built this bridge last year

 This bridge was built last year (by them)

3 Khi trong câu chủ động có 2 túc từ thì dùng tức từ nào làm chủ ngữ cũng được, tuy nhiên, túc từ chỉ người được sử dụng nhiều hơn.

Ex: My mother bought me a new shirt

 I was bought a new shirt by my mother

 A new shirt was bought for me by my mother.

4 Nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là Noone/ noboby khi đổi sang bị động ta bỏ by noone/ nobody nhưng động từ phải đổi sang thể phủ định.

Ex: No one believes his story

 His story isn’t believed

5 Vị trí của trạng từ.

Trạng từ chỉ thể cách được đặt trứơc Past Participle.

Ex: I do my homework carefully

 My homework is carefully done.

Trạng từ chỉ thời gian có thể đặt ở đầu câu hoặc sau by + O

Ex: I lent him money yesterday

 He was lent money yesterday.

 Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn được đặt trước by + O

Ex: Mary bought the gift from that shop

 the gift was bought from that shop by Mary.

III MỘT SỐ DẠNG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG ĐẶC BIỆT:

1 Verbs of opinion (Động từ chỉ ý kiến): say, think, believe, know, report, consider,

expect, feel, hope, know, understand…

to have V3/ ed

Ex People say that he is a famous doctor.

It is said that he is a famous doctor.

He is said to be a famous doctor.

People believe that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.

It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.

He is believed to have driven through the town at 90 km an hour.

2 Causative forms(Thể nhờ bảo): have, get

Have Active Passive S + have + O (person) + V S + have + O (thing) + Vo + O (thing)

3/ed

Get Active S + get + O (person) + to V + O (thing)

Passive S + get + O (thing) + V3/ed

Ex:

1 I had him repair my bicycle yesterday

I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.

2 I get her to make some coffee

I get some coffee made.

3 Verbs of perception (Động từ chỉ giác quan): see, hear, watch, smell…

Active: S +see/ hear/ watch/ smell + O +Vo / V-ing

Passive: S + be + seen/ heard/ watched/smelt + to Vo/ V-ing.

Ex: They saw the man run away / They saw the man running away

 The man was seen to run away / The man was seen running away

4 Với động từ make/ let + O + bare - infinitive

Active: S + make + O + bare - infinitive

Passive: S + be + made + to - infinitive.

Ex: Teacher make the students do a lot of homework

 Students are made to do a lot of homework.

Active: S + let + O + bare infinitive

Passive: S + be + allowed + to - infinitive.

Ex: She lets her son play computer games on Sunday afternoon

 Her son is allowed to play computer games on Sunday afternoon.

5 Với động từ: want/ need + to + V  want/need + V-ing/to be + V-ed/V3 Ex: He needs you to believe his ability.

 He needs to be believed his ability.

Ex: They need to repaint the house

 The house needs repainting = The house needs to be repainted

6 Remember/ hate/ keep…+ someone + V-ing.

Ex: I remember my mother taking me to school on the first day.

 I remember being taken to school on the first day by my mother.

7 Imperative form (thể mệnh lệnh)

Active: Verb + object + adjunct

Passive: Let + object + be + past participle + adjunct.

Ex1: Keep your hand clean

 Let your hand be kept clean

Ex2: Don’t talk the secret to her

 Don’t let the secret be talked to her

8 It is your duty to do something  You are supposed to do something (bổn phận của bạn là….)

Ex: It’s your duty to lock all the doors

 You are supposed to lock all the doors

EXERCISES

I Change the following sentences into the passive voice.

1 They grow rice in tropical countries

11 They had wrapped the package carefully before they posted it.

36 I have heard her sing this song several times.

→

_

37 The teacher is watching them work

→

_

38 Alice had a mechanic repair her car

40 The hairdresser is cutting Mary’s hair now

→ Mary is having her hair

_

→ Mary is having the hairdresser

43 They reported that the President had suffered a heard attack

II Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1 These T-shirts and jeans in the US in 1900

2 The building is very dangerous It down next week

A knocked B will knock C will be knockedD was knocked

3 The room looks nice It

A was cleaning B has just been cleaned C will be cleaned D is cleaning

4 We ………… each other for 10 years

A know B knew C have known D had known

5 Our twenty houses when the fire engine

A had burnt up / arrived B burnt up / had arrived

C had been burnt up / arrived D will have burnt / arrives

6 After I the grass, it to rain

A have watered / will begin B water / began

7 Next week when there a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher

8 English is all over the world

A spoken B speak C speaks D to speak

9 Where will these coconut trees ?

10 Before Jane won the lottery, she any kind of contest

A hasn’t entered B doesn’t enter C wasn’t entering D hadn’t entered

11 My parents tomorrow to stay with me for a few days

12 She left home in 1993 and since then

A hasn’t seen B didn’t see C hasn’t been seen D wasn’t seen13. your house painted last year?

14 What you at 8 o’clock last night?

15 - “We are having a party at the weekend.” -“Great! Who _?”

16 This is the fifth time you the same question

17 This church was said in the 19th century

A to build B to be built C to have been built D beingbuilt

18 In England, the academic year into three terms Each term by aone-week break

A is divided / separated B divided / is separated

19 Gold in California in the 19th century

20 I am going to have my car

A service B to be serviced C serviced D servicing

21 Two tablets twice a day to have you recover from the illness quickly.

A must take B must be taken C must have taken D must be taking

22 The next meeting in May

A will hold B will be held C will be holding D will have held

23 They had a boy _ that yesterday.

24 We got our mail _ yesterday

A been delivered B delivered C delivering D to deliver

25 James _ the news as soon as possible

A should tell B should be told C should told D should be telled

26 My wedding ring _ yellow and white gold

27 Mr Wilson is _ as Willie to his friend

28 References _ in the examination room

A not are used B is not used C didn’t used D are not used

29 Laura _ in Boston

30 His car needs

31 Her watch needs _

32 My mother is going _ this house

33 There’s somebody behind us I think we are _

34 Have you _ by a dog?

35 The room is being _ at the moment

36 It _ that the strike will end soon

37 It is _ that many people are homeless after the floods

38 He was said _ this building

A designing B to have designed C to design D designed

39 Ted _ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden

40 These tennis courts don’t _ very often Not many people want to play

41 I’ll get Minh _ this for you

42 Those letters _ now You can do the typing later

A need typing B needn't be typed C need to type D needn't typing

43 “What a beautiful dress you are wearing”- “thanks, it _ especially for me by a French tailor.”

44 Somebody cleans the room every day

A The room everyday is cleaned B The room is every day cleaned

y day.

45 People don’t use this road very often

C This road very often is not used D This road not very often is used

46 How do people learn languages?

C How languages are learned? D Languages are learned how?

47 Tom bought that book yesterday

m

C That book yesterday was bought by Tom D That book was bought yesterday

48 The new computer system _ next month

A is be installed B is being installed by people C is been installed

D is being installed

49 Traffic rules strictly

A followed B must followed C must be followed D must follow

50 Over 1500 new houses _ each year Last year, 1720 new houses _

uilt

C are building/were built D were built/were built

III Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to show the underlined part that needs correction

1 The children were frightening by the thunder and lightning

13 He is believed to work for the CIA in the 1970s.

CHUYÊN ĐỀ: REPORTED SPEECH.

(CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT) CÁC NGUYÊN TẮC CHUNG

1 Thay đổi động từ trong câu tường thuật

Động từ tường thuật là động từ giới thiệu câu nói trực tiếp hay câu nói gián tiếp Khi đổi từcâu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, động từ tường thuật được thay đổi tùy theo trường hợp cụthể Dưới đây là các động tường thuật dùng trong câu:

Said → said that

Said to sb → told sb

Ex: - He said, “I am twenty years old.”

He said that he was twenty years old.

- He said to me, “I work in a factory.”

He told me that he worked in a factory.

2 Thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật:

Khi động từ tường thuật ở các thì quá khứ, chúng ta đổi thì trong câu gián tiếp như sau:

Simple present (V(s/es)) → Simple past (V2/ed )

Simple past (V2/ed) → Past perfect ( had + V3/ed )

Simple future (will/ shall + V0 ) → Future in the past ( would/ should + V0 )

Present continuous (am/is/are +

Past continuous (was/were + V-ing) → Past perfect continuous / past continuous

Future continuous (will + be +

V-ing)Present perfect (have/has + V3/ed) → Past perfect (had + V3/ed)

Past perfect (had + V3/ed) → Past perfect (had + V3/ed)

Future perfect (will + have + V3/ed) → Future perfect in the past (would + have + V3/ed)

Ex: He said, “I am a taxi driver.”

He said that he was a taxi driver.

He said, “I am living in London.”

He said that he was living in London.

He said, “I have visited many famous places.”

He said that he had visited many famous places.

He said, “I visited The Great Wall in China.”

He said that he had visited The Great Wall in China.

He said, “I will look for a better job.”

He said he would look for a better job.

“I must go now,” Alice said → Alice said that he had to go at that time

She said, “I can swim.”

She said she could swim.

3 Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

Ngôi thứ nhất Đôỉ thành ngôi của người nói (cùng ngôi với chủ

từ trong mệnh đề chính

Ngôi thứ hai Đổi thành ngôi của người nghe (cùng ngôi với tân

ngữ trong mệnh đề chính)

Ex: He said, “I like my job.”

He said that he like his job.

He said to me, “You look like my sister.”

He told me that I looked like his siter.

4 Thay đổi từ chỉ định, các trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:

this year / month / week that year / month / week

last year / month / week the year / month / week before;

the previous year / month / week

next year / month / week the year / month / week after;

the following year / month / week

a year / month / week ago a year / month / week before;

a year / month / week earlierThe day before yesterday Two days before

Ex: He said, “I am working hard today.”

He said that he was working hard that day.

They said, “We went to work late yesterday.”

They said that they had gone to work late the day before.

* LƯU Ý: Các trường hợp KHÔNG thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật:

a Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3

Nếu câu nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3, ta chỉ thay đổi các đại từ, tình từ…màkhông đổi thì trong câu

Ex: “If I were older, I would retire.”, he said

He said if he were older, he would retire.

“If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently”, he said

He said that if he had heard the whole story, he would have acted differently.

b Câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lí, hay một thói quen ở hiện tại.

Nếu câu nói trực tiếp nói về một sự thật, một chân lí hay một thói quen thường xuyên lặp đi,lập lại ở hiện tại, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta phải giữ nguyên thì của câu trực tiếp

Ex 1: Trực tiếp: The teacher said, “The earth moves round the Sun”

Gián tiếp: The teacher said that The earth moves round the Sun

* S + said + (that) + S + V

* S + told + O + (that) + S + V

Ex 2: Trực tiếp: My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast

Gián tiếp: He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast

c Động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai.

Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai,khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta không thay đổi thì và các cum trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian

và nơi chốn, mà chỉ thay đổi các đại từ hay tính từ…

Ex: He says/ He is saying/ He has said/ He will say, “The bus is coming.” → He says the

bus is coming

d Không thay đổ thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp nếu có thời gian xác định trong quá khứ.

Ex She said, ‘‘I was born in 1980’’

She said that she was born in 1980

e Các động từ khiếm khuyết: could, would, might, ought to, should thường không thay

đổi trong câu tường thuật.

Ex He said, ‘I might come’

He said that He might come’

- Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn: “wish’

Ex: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”

→ He wishes (that) he had a lot of money

- Khi tường thuật cấu trúc: “It’s (high/ about) time”

Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”

→ She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed

I REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật)

Ta dùng động từ say hoặc tell để tường thuật:

Ex: He said, “I have just bought a computer today.”

He said that he had just bought a computer that day.

Linda said, “There is someone at the door, Bill.”

Linda told Bill that there was someone at the door.

II REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)

a Yes-No questions: Khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta cần thêm if hoặc whether trước chủ từ

của câu hỏi được tường thuật:

Ex:

He said to me, “Are you from Canada?”

He asked me if/whether I was from Canada.

The man said to her, “Did Bill tell you my address?”

The man asked her if/whether Bill had told her his address.

The girl said, “Do you live near here, David?”

* S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S + V

* S + wondered + if /whether + S + V

* S + wanted to know + if /whether + S +V

b Wh – Questions: Các câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng một từ để hỏi như: who, when, where, when, why, how…,

Ex: He said to them, “Where are you going?”

He asked them where they were going.

The teacher said, “When do you do your homework, Tom?”

The teacher asked Tom when he did his homework.

The tourist said to me, “How often does the train get in?”

The tourist asked me how often the train got in.

III REPORTED SPEECH: COMMANDS/ORDERS/REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh/Câu

đề nghị)

Ta dung động từ ask hoặc tell để tường thuật:

EX:

• Dick said to Jim: “Please open the window.” → Dick told Jim to open the window.

• Mother said, “Tim, go to bed early.” → Mother told Tim to go to bed early.

• Father said to Liz: “Don’t come home late.” → Father told Liz not to come home late.

• Mary angrily said: “Never smoke in my room.” → Mary told us not to smoke in her

room

• “Would you turn on the radio, please?” She asked → She asked me to turn on the radio.

• “Could you lend me some money, please?” He asked →He asked me to lend him some

(Câu hỏi có không) * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + S + V* S + wondered + if /whether + S + V

* S + wanted to know + if / whether + S + V

EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Change the following sentences into the Reported Speech

EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS)

1 Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock”

_

2 Thomas said “All the students will have a meeting next week”

* S + asked + (O) + wh -word + S + V

3 She said “My parents are very proud of my good marks”

_

4 The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully”

_

5 Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend”

_

6 She said “I may visit my parents in summer”

_

7 The teacher said “We can collect old book for the poor students”

_

8 She said “I don’t buy this book”

_

9 The boys said “We have to try our best to win the match”

_

10 Her classmate said “Ha is the most intelligent girl in our class”

_

EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS)

1 “Do you enjoy reading?” Mike asked Peter

_

2 “Do you like sports?” Hang asked Nam

_

3 “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam

_

4 “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom

_

5 “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend

_

6 “Did you go to Hue three years ago?” Tam asked Peter

_

7 “Are Tam and Hoa late for class?” Tuan asked Lan

8 She said to me “Can you speak Chinese?”

_

9 “Will you be here for five days?” Tam asked Thu

_

10 “Were you reading this book at 8 o’clock last Sunday?” She asked Ba

_

EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: WH-QUESTIONS)

1 “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me

_

2 “How many people are there in your family?” She asked John

_

3 Tam’s friend asked him “How long will you stay in England?”

_

4 “What time doesthe film begin?” She asked her mom

_

5 The teacher said to Lien “What‘s your hobby?”

_

6 “How do you go to the airport?” His friend asked him

_

7 “How much does this dress cost?” Ann asked her mother

_

8 Mary asked David “How often do you wash your clothes?”

_

9 “When will your father leave Vietnam for the USA?” Phong asked Thu

_

10 “How many books do the students need?” The librarian asked my teacher

_

EXERCISES (REPORTED SPEECH: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES).

1 “If I had any money I'd buy you a drink,” she said to me

She told me _

2 “If I catch the plane I'll be home by five,” he said

_

3 “You should stay in bed if you feel unwell.” my mother said

_

4 “What would you do if you were having a problem with grammar, Jane?” Anne asked

8 “If I don't practise my English I won't get any better,” she said

_

9 “I'd have been in bad trouble if Jane hadn't helped me,” he said

10 “If the door is clocked what shall I do?” she asked

_

EXERCISES: REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVE

1 “I’ll wait for you I promise,” he said to me

3 His mother said to him: “Open the window please!”

_

4 He said to me: “Shut the door after you”

5 The captain said to them: “Wait here still I come back”

6 “Mr Brown, this is Miss White,” he said

He introduced _

7 He said to me: “Don’t come back before one o’clock”

10 “Come and have dinner with us” Rosy said to John

13 “Don’t lean your bicycle against my windows, boys,” said the shopkeeper

EXERCISES: REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND

1 “Shall we go for a swim now?”

5 “I haven’t finished the assignment yet I’m really sorry”

The boy apologized

6 “It’s you who took my bag,” said the man to the boy

The man accused

7 “No, no I really must sit for the test.”

She insisted on

8 “What I always want is to become a doctor,” she said

She dreamt _

9 “I can’t let you use the mobile phone,” his mother said

His mother prevented

_

10 “It’s really nice of you to visit me,” she said to him

She thanked

11 “I like the car I’ll buy it.”

The woman thought

12 “I feel like going to America soon.”

She looked forward to

13 “Whatever you do, don’t walk on the grass” the safeguard said to the tourists

The safeguard warned

14 “It was you and only you who stole the cake from the fridge” my mother told my sister

1 “I’ll tell you about this tomorrow, Mary.” said Tom

A Tom said to Mary that he will tell her about that the next day

B Tom told Mary that I would tell you about that the next day

C Tom told Mary that he would tell her about that the next day

D Tom told Mary that she would tell him about that the next day

2 “I have something to tell you” Mary said to John

A Mary told John I had something to tell him

B Mary told John she had something to tell him

C Mary told John she had had something to tell him

D Mary told John he had had something to tell her

3 He said, “My wife has just bought a diamond ring.”

A He said that his wife had just bought a diamond ring

B He said that my wife had just bought a diamond ring

C He said that his wife has just bought a diamond ring

D he said that his wife just bought a diamond ring

4 “I will come with you as soon as I am ready”, she said to Philip

A She said to Philip he will come to see you as soon as he I am ready

B She told Philip she will come to see her as soon as she was ready

C She told Philip she would come to see you as soon as she was ready

D She told Philip she would come to see him as soon as she was ready

5 “I wrote to him yesterday”

A She said to me I wrote to him the day before

B She told me she wrote to him yesterday

C She told me she had written to him yesterday

D She told me she had written to him the day before.

6 “He is talking to your sister”, She said to me

A She told me he was talking to your sister B She told me she was talking to mysister

sister

7 “It is the time to check what you have done”, the father said to the boys

A The father said to the boys it was time to check what they had done

B The father told the boys it was time to check what they had done

C The father told the boys it was time to check what they have done

D The father told the boys it is time to check what they had done

8 “You will like my sister when you meet her”

A He told me you will like her sister when you meet her

B He told me I will like his sister when I met her

C He told me I would like his sister when I met her

D He told me I would be liked his sister when I met her

9 “I didn’t meet Susan last week”

A He said he didn’t meet Susan the week before

B He said he hasn’t met Susan last week

C He said he hadn’t met Susan last week

D He said he hadn’t met Susan the week before

10 “I didn’t break your watch”

B The boy told the girl he didn’t break her watch

C The boy asked the girl he hadn’t broken her watch

D The boy told the girl he hadn’t broken your watch

11 The mother told her son so impolitely

A not behaving B not to behave C did not behave D not behave

12 She said she _ collect it for me after work

13 He asked me where I

A have studied B study C am studying D studied

14 The man wanted to avoid on security cameras

A to see B being seen C seeing D to be seen

15 Peter said that he had lived in London four years

16 John asked me _ in English

A what does this word mean B what that word means

C what did this word mean D.what that word meant

17 The host asked her _ tea or coffee

18 My friend asked me who _ the piano in the sitting room

19 The teacher told his students _ laughing

20 Mary asked me

A whether I would watch the football match on TV the day before.

B whether I watched the football match on TV the day before

C If I had watch the football match on TV the day before

21 He asked _ him some money

22 Jennifer asked me where _ the week before

A had I gone B did I go C I had gone D was I going

23 Tom asked me

A if was I having a good time last year

C if would I have a good time the year before

B whether I had had a good time the year before

D whether I have had a good time the year before

24 Do you know where _?

25 She asked me the seat _ or not

C If / has been occupied D Whether / occupied

26 The policeman asked us

A had any of us seen the accident happen

C Whether any of us had seen the accident happen

B If had any of us seen the accident happen

D that if any of us had seen the accident happen

27 I asked him _, but he said nothing

28 James _ him up when the bus reached the square

29 Excuse me Could you tell me _ ?

30 We wonder _ from his office after that scandal

A why did he not resign B why he did not resign

C why he not resign D why didn’t he resign

31 Jeff wanted to know _

A that why were his friends laughing B why were his friends laughing

32 Mr Hawk told me that he would give me his answer the _ day

33 She _ him whether he liked the steak she cooked

34 His neighbors sometimes wondered _ he did for a living

35 Could you please tell me _?

A It is how far to the nearest bus stop B how far is it to the nearest bus stop

C how far to the nearest bus stop is it D how far it is to the nearest bus stop

36 Marigold wondered _ Kevin and Ruth would be at the party

37 He asked me _

A How long I have studied English B How long had I studied English

C How long I had study English D How long I had studied English

38 The passenger asked _ we landed

39 She asked Nam what _ in that room

A he is doing B he was doing C was he doing D she was doing

40 “I didn’t take your calculator”, Bob said to Mary

B Bob told Mary I didn’t take your calculator

C Bob told Mary he haven’t taken her calculator

D Bob told Mary he had taken her calculator

EXERCISE 3: Choose the letter A, B, C, or D to show the underlined part that needs correction.

1 Mrs Emmanuelle told to Alice to give her a hand

16.The teacher asked me if I could answer this question

20.Peter asked me did not to stay up late and advised me to go to bed early

A B C D

MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HỢP CẦN LƯU Ý:

I CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU LÀ TO-INFINITIVE

1 Tường thuật mệnh lệnh: told sb (not) to do sth.

“Put your books away,” said the teacher

 The teacher told us to put our books away

2 Tường thuật lời yêu cầu: asked sb (not) to do sth.

“Please, don’t smoke in this room,” said the clerk

 The clerk asked me not to smokr in that room

3 Tường thuật lời khuyên: advised sb (not) to do sth.

“If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much wine,” he said

 He advised me not to drink so much wine

4 Tường thuật lời hứa: promised to do sth.

“ I’ll give you a hand, if you like,” said Darian

 Darain promised to give me a hand, if I liked

5 Tường thuật lời đe dọa: threaten to do sth’.

“Get out or I’ll call the police,” said the woman

 The woman threatened to call the police if he didn’t get out

6 Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb (not) to do sth.

“Don’t touch that wire,” he said

 He warned me not to touch that wire

7 Tường thuật lời mời: invited sb to do sth.

“Come for inner with us tonight, will you?” Bill said

 Bill invited me to come for dinner with them that night

8 Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở: remindered sb to do sth.

“Remember to pot my letter on your way,” Wendy said

 Wendy reminded me to post her letter on my way

9 Tường thuật lời động viên: encouraged sb to so sth.

“Go heard, you must enter for the contest, Jill!” said Pam

 Pam encouraged Jill to enter for the contest

10 Tường thuật lời khẩn cầu: begged sb to do sth.

“Please, do me a favor,” said the beggar to Carol

 The beggar begged Carol to do him a favor

11 Tường thuật lời tự nguyện: offered to do sth.

“Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to hiss wife

 Tim offered to help his wife with the housework

12 Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agreed to do sth.

“OK, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Carl

 Carl agreed to take Sue to work in his car

II CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ THEO SAU LÀ GERUND

1 Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of doing sth.

“You damaged my new laptop, Dan,”said Susan

 Suasan accused Dan of damaging her new laptop

2 Tường thuật lời thú nhận: admitted doing/having done sth.

“I didn’t tell you he truth, Ron,” said Kim

 Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth

3 Tường thuật lời phủ nhận: denied doing/having done sth.

“I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom

 Tom denided breaking /having broken that vase

4 Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apolozied (to sb) for doing sth.

“I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting,” said Amanda

 Amanda apolozied for having kept me waiting

5 Tường thuật lời khen: congratulated sb on doing sth.

“Congratulations! You won the game!” said the principal

The principal congratulated the students on winning the game

6 Tường thuật lời nài nỉ, khăng khăng: insisted on doing sth.

“I must pay for this damage,” the man said

 The man insisted on paying for that weekend

7 Tường thuật lời đề nghị: suggested doing sth.

“Let’s have a picnic this weekend,” Maud suggested

 Maud suggested having a pinic that weekend

8 Tường thuật lời cảm ơn: thanked sb for (doing sth).

“Thank you very much for your advice,” he said

 He thanked me for my advise

9 Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warned sb against (doing) sth.

“Don’t invest in that business,” said my lawyer

 My lawyer warned me against investing int hat business

10 Tường thuật lời đỗ lỗi: blamed sb for (doing) sth.

“You are responsible for this failure,” said the director

 The director blamed his deputy for that failure

11 Tường thuật lời thú nhận: confessed to (doing) sth.

“It was me who stole the money,” said Jack

 Jack confessed to stealing the money

12 Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Exclamation in reported speech)

- Động từ tường thuật là: exclaim/shout

Ex: He said, “What a lovely garden they have”

He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden

- Các hình thức cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “what’ và “how” chuyển sang gián tiếp bằng:

He said that it was … / hoặc He exclaimed that it was …

Ex 1: She said; “What a pity!” (Direct speech) -> She exclaimed that it was a pity

Ex 2: I said; “What a nice horse” -> I exclaimed that it was a nice horse

Ex 3: He said; “How beautiful she is!” -> He exclaimed that she was beautiful!

Ex 4: “What a big egg” he said -> He said that it was a big egg

Ex 5: “How dreadful!” he said -> He exclaimed that it was dreadful

BẢNG TÓM TẮT

1 Một số độnh từ dùng để tường thuật infinitive:

Promise + to V0: hứa

Offer + to V0: ngỏ ý

Refuse + to V0: từ chối

Threaten + to V0: đe dọa

Beg sb + to V0 : van xin, cầu xin

Command sb + to V0 : lệnh

Forbid sb + to V0: cấm

Order sb + to V0: ra lệnh

Recommend sb + to V0: giới thiệu, đề nghị

Request sb + to V0: yêu cầu

Urge sb + to V0 : nài nỉ, cố thuyết phục

Warn sb + (not) to V0 : cảnh báo

2 Một số động từ dùng để tường thuật Gerund:

admit + Ving : thừa nhận đã làm việc gì

deny + Ving: phủ nhận đã làm việc gì

suggest + Ving: đề nghị làm việc gì

apologise (to sb) for + Ving: xin lỗi (ai)vì đã làm gì

insist on + Ving : khăng khăng đòi làm gì

dream of + Ving: mơ tưởng trở thành

think of + Ving : nghĩ tới ai/cái gì

look forward to + Ving: mong đợi

accuse sb of Ving: buộc tội ai về việc gì

congratulate sb on Ving: chúc mừng ai về

warn sb against Ving: khuyến cáo (ai) đừng làm điều gì

thank sb for Ving : cảm ơn ai về việc gì

prevent sb from Ving: Ngăn ai khỏi việc gì

****************************************

Ex: The man who lives next door is very handsome.

(Người đàn ông sống cạnh nhà tôi rất đẹp trai.)

• Mệnh đề quan hệ thường được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ hoặc trạng từ quan hệ

• Các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hoặc các trạng từ quan hệ: where, when, why.

II CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ:

F WHO: Đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, đóng chức năng chủ ngữ trong

câu Theo sau Who phải là một động từ.

Ex: The man who met me at the airport gave me the money.

(Người đàn ông gặp tôi ở sân bay đã đưa tôi số tiền này)

Ex: That is the boy who helped me to find your house.

(Đó là cậu bé người đã giúp tôi tìm nhà của bạn đấy!)

FWHOM: Đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, đóng chức năng tân ngữ trong

câu Theo sau Whom phải là một chủ ngữ.

Ex: The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.

(Người phụ nữ mà bạn gặp ngày hôm qua là dì của tôi)

Ex: This is the man whom we saw at the party yesterday.

(Đây là người đàn ông mà chúng tôi gặp vào bữa tiệc ngày hôm qua)

FWHICH: Đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật, đóng chức năng chủ ngữ hoặc tân

ngữ trong câu Vì vậy, sau Which có thể là động từ hoặc chủ ngữ.

Ex: The pencil which is in your pocket belongs to me.

(Cây bút chì trong túi của bạn là của tôi đấy!) à Which đóng chức năng chủ ngữ

Ex: The car which he bought is very expensive.

(Chiếc xe mà anh ta mua thì rất đắt)à Which đóng chức năng tân ngữ

*Notes: Khi Which đóng chức năng tân ngữ , ta có thể lược bỏ nó.

Ex: The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful.

(Cái áo (mà) tôi mua ngày hôm qua thì rất là đẹp)

FTHAT: Đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho cả người lẫn vật, đóng bất cứ chức năng nào và có thể

thay thế cho cả who, whom, which.

Ex: This is the book that I like best à That đóng chức năng tân ngữ

(Đây là cuốn sách mà tôi thích nhất)

Ex: My father is the person that I admire most à That đóng chức năng tân ngữ

(Cha tôi là người mà tôi ngưỡng mộ nhất)

Ex: I can see the girl and her dog that are running in the park à That đóng chức

năng chủ ngữ

(Tôi có thể thấy một cô gái và con chó của bã đang chạy trong công viên)

• Notes: Không được dùng That trong mệnh đề quan hệ có dấu phẩy

• Khái quát các trường hợp nên và không nên dùng That:

Danh từ phía trước chỉ cả người lẫn vật (hỗn từ)

Ex: I see the girl anh her dog that are running

Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (có dấu phẩy)

Không dùng That khi có giới từ ở phía

trước (in, on, at, of,…)

Ex: It rained all day, which was a pity.

Sau các đại từ bất định:

Someone, anybody, nothing, any thing,

something, noone,…

Và sau các đại từ:

“all, much, any, few, some, little, none”

Không dùng That với các từ chỉ lượng có giới từ đi kèm

(neither of, most of, all of, none of, many

of, a lot of,…)

FWHOSE: Đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ sự sở hữu của người hay vật Theo

sau Whose luôn luôn phải là một danh từ.

Whose = of which

Ex: That is the man whose wallet was stolen.

(Kia là người đàn ông mà cái ví của ông ta bị đánh cắp)

Ex: The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom.

(Cậu bé mà chiếc xe của cậu ta bạn đã mượn là Tom)

Ex: John found a cat whose leg was broken.

(John đã tìm thấy một con mèo mà cái chân nó bị gãy)

II CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ:

FWHERE: Trạng từ quan hệ thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ nơi chốn Sau Where là một

mệnh đề

Where = giới từ chỉ nơi chốn + which

(in, on, at, from ) Ex: I went back to the village where I was born.

(Tôi trở về ngôi làng nơi mà tôi đã sinh ra)

Ex: Ha Noi is the place where I like to come.

(Hà Nội là nơi mà tôi thích đến thăm)

*Notes: Phân biệt giữa Which và Where trong mệnh đề khi nó đều chỉ nơi chốn:

• Sau Where luôn luôn là một mệnh đề (S + V)

• Sau Which là một động từ (Which + V)

FWHEN: Trạng từ quan hệ thay cho danh từ chỉ thời gian (time, day, year, )

Ex: I remember the day when I won the game.

(Tôi nhớ cái ngày mà tôi đã thắng trò chơi ấy)

FWHY: Trạng từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ lý do hay nguyên nhân, thường có

“cause”, “reason” “a reason” hay “the reason”

Ex: She didn’t tell me the reason why she left me.

(Cô ấy đã không nói cho tôi lý do tại sao cô ấy rời bỏ tôi)

Ex:That is the reason why I didn’t come to the party yesterday.

III CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

1 Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses)

• Là mệnh đề quan hệ dùng cho danh từ Chưa xác định Đây là mệnh đề quan hệ cần thiết

vì danh từ phía trước chưa xác định, không có nó câu sẽ không rõ nghĩa

Ex:- The man who met me at the airport gave me the money.

à Ta gọi mệnh đề who met me at the airport là mệnh đề quan hệ xác định vì nó rất cần thiết

để bổ sung ý nghĩa cho chủ ngữ The man Nếu không có nó, câu trên sẽ rất mơ hồ vì ta không biết The man là người đàn ông nào cả.

Ex: The book (which / that) you lent me is very interesting.

Ex: The man (whom / that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner.

2 Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non – defining clauses)

• Là mệnh đề quan hệ dùng cho danh từ Đã xác định Đây là mệnh đề quan hệ không cầnthiết vì danh từ phía trước nó đã xác định, không có nó câu vẫn rõ nghĩa Mệnh đề nàyđược ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy

• Mệnh đề này không được dùng “That”

• Cách nhận diện mặt hàng:

+ Chủ ngữ là danh từ riêng (Proper noun) hoặc danh từ chỉ vật duy nhất.

+ Dùng cho các Tính từ sở hữu: His, her, my, your, their

+ Đại từ chỉ định: This, That, These, Those

Ex: Shakespeare, who wrote “Romeo and Juliet”, died in 1616.

(Shakespeare, người viết “Romeo & Juliet”, đã chết năm 1616)

à Ta gọi mệnh đề who wrote “Romeo & Juliet” là mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định vì nóchỉ bổ sung nghĩa cho chủ ngữ Shakespeare, nếu bỏ nó đi câu vẫn đầy đủ nghĩa

Ex: That house, which was built a few months ago, doesn’t look modern.

(Ngôi nhà kia, cái nhà mà được xây dựng một vài tháng trước, trông không hiện đại)

Vietnam, which lies in Southeast Asia, is rich in coal.

(Việt Nam, nơi mà nằm ở Đông Nam Á, thì có rất nhiều than)

IV RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

1 Using participle phrases (sử dụng hiện tại phân từ):

• Dùng cho các đại từ trong câu chủ động Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ (nếu có) và

đưa động từ chính trong câu về dạng nguyên mẫu (Infinitive) rồi sau đó thêm đuôi “_ing”

Ex: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.

 The man sitting to you is my uncle.

Ex: Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?

 Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?

2 Using past participle (sử dụng quá khứ phân từ):

• Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, trợ động từ

và bắt đầu cụm từ bằng past participle (V3)

Ex: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.

àThe books written by To Hoai are interesting

Ex: The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.

àThe students punished by the teacher are lazy

Ex: The house which is being built now belongs to Mr Pike.

àThe house built now belongs to Mr Pike

V CÁC LƯU Ý VỀ MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

F Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đều có thể lược

bỏ

Ex: Do you know the boy (whom) we met yesterday?

Ex: That’s the house (which) I have bought.

F Tuy nhiên các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không thể lược bỏ.

Ex: Mr Tom, whom I spoke on the phone to , is very interested in our plan.

F Khi danh từ được nói đến là tân ngữ của giới từ, ta có thể đưa giới từ đó đứng trước đại từ

quan hệ Trường hợp này chỉ được dùng Whom và Which.

Ex: Miss Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher.

Ex: Mr Cater, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan Ex: Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.

F Chú ý cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none, neither, any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of which/whom

Ex: Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

Ex: I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.

Ex: He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

Ex: Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class.

Ex: They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use.

Ex: There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.

====================

BÀI TẬP VỀ MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

Name: Phạm Viết Thắng

EXERCISE I : Write who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences :

1 Have you got the money _ I lent you yesterday ?

2.Peter, _ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party

3 This is the machine _ cost half a million pounds

4 Mary, _ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry

5 Have you read the book _ I gave you ?

6 The hous, _ they bought three months ago, looks lovely

7 Mrs.Jackson, _ had been very ill, died yesterday

8 Is this the person _ stole your handbag ?

9 The dog, _ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking

10 I didn’t receive the letters _ she sent me

11 My mother, _ hadn’t been expecting visitors, looked surprised

12 The old man, had been talking to them earlier, knew that they were in thebuilding

13 The horse, _ had been injured by the flying stones, was very frightened

14 We didn’t like the secetary _ the agency sent

15 I didn’t find the money _ you said you’d left

EXERCISE II : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns :

1 This is the man I met him in Paris à _

EXERCISE III : Combine these pairs of sentences using relative pronouns:

EXERCISE IV : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns :

1.The man didn’t come back again I shouted at him.à………

2 The television never worked again I dropped it.à………