WORKING PAPER SERIES PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INCLUSION Social Inclusion, Anti-Racism and Democratic Citizenship Anver Saloojee JANUARY 2003 PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INCLUSION Social Inclusion, Anti-Racism and Democratic Citizenship Anver Saloojee Professor Saloojee teaches in the Department of Politics and School of Public Administration, Ryerson University, Toronto He is a Board member of the Laidlaw Foundation, on the Executive Committee of the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT) and Chair of its Equity Committee Copyright © 2003 The Laidlaw Foundation The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and not necessarily reflect those of the Laidlaw Foundation National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Saloojee, Anver, 1951Social inclusion, anti-racism and democratic citizenship / Anver Saloojee (Working paper series Perspectives on social inclusion) Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-9731957-1-1 Race discrimination Social integration Multiculturalism Social integration Government policy I Laidlaw Foundation II Title III Series: Perspectives on social inclusion working paper series FC105 M8 S23 2003 305.8 C2003-900438-4 F1035.A1S23 2003 The Laidlaw Foundation 365 Bloor Street East, Suite 2000 Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4W 3L4 Tel.: (416) 964-3614 Fax: (416) 975-1428 President Paul Zarnke Executive Director Nathan Gilbert Editing and Layout Is five Communications This paper is part of the Laidlaw Foundation’s Working Paper Series, Perspectives on Social Inclusion The full papers (in English only) and the summaries in French and English can be downloaded from the Laidlaw Foundation’s web site at www.laidlawfdn.org under Children’s Agenda/ Working Paper Series on Social Inclusion or ordered from workingpapers@laidlawfdn.org Price: $11.00 full paper; $6.00 Summaries (Taxes not apply and shipment included) PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INCLUSION iii Table of Contents About the Laidlaw Foundation v Foreword vii Social Inclusion, Anti-Racism and Democratic Citizenship .1 Introduction Racism as Social Exclusion Social Inclusion and Democratic Citizenship: Understanding the Limits of Multiculturalism Public Policy Approaches That Make Social Inclusion Real 14 Conclusions .18 Endnotes 19 Bibliography .20 iv PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INCLUSION v About the Laidlaw Foundation The Laidlaw Foundation is a private, public-interest foundation that uses its human and financial resources in innovative ways to strengthen civic engagement and social cohesion The Foundation uses its capital to better the environments and fulfill the capacities of children and youth, to enhance the opportunities for human development and creativity and to sustain healthy communities and ecosystems The Foundation supports a diverse portfolio of innovative and often unconventional projects in three program areas: in the arts, in the environment and improving the life prospects for children, youth and families Working for social inclusion is a theme that underlies much of the Foundation’s activities The key words in the Foundation’s mission — human development, sustainable communities and ecosystems — imply that achievement will rely on the enhancement of capacity and capability Not only is social inclusion being developed as an emerging funding stream, it is an embedded Laidlaw Foundation value, both structurally and programmatically Nathan Gilbert Executive Director For more information about the Laidlaw Foundation please contact us at: The Laidlaw Foundation Tel: 416 964-3614 Fax: 416 975-1428 Email: mail@laidlawfdn.org www.laidlawfdn.org vi PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INCLUSION vii Foreword: The Laidlaw Foundation’s Perspective on Social Inclusion The context for social inclusion C hildren have risen to the top of government agendas at various times over the past decade, only to fall again whenever there is an economic downturn, a budget deficit, a federal-provincial relations crisis or, most recently, a concern over terrorism and national security While there have been important achievements in public policy in the past to 10 years, there has not been a sustained government commitment to children nor a significant improvement in the wellbeing of children and families In fact, in many areas, children and families have lost ground and social exclusion is emerging as a major issue in Canada Examples abound and include these facts • the over-representation of racial minority families and children among those living in poverty in large cities, and the denial of access to many services by immigrant and refugee families; • the 43% increase in the number of children in poverty in Canada since 1989, the 130% increase in the number of children in homeless shelters in Toronto, as well as the persistence of one of the highest youth incarceration rates among Commonwealth countries; • the exclusion of children with disabilities from public policy frameworks (e.g the National Children’s Agenda), from definitions of ‘healthy’ child development and, all too often, from community life These situations provide the context for the Laidlaw Foundation’s interest in social inclusion The Foundation’s Children’s Agenda program first began exploring social inclusion in 2000 as a way to re-focus child and family policy by: • re-framing the debate about poverty, vulnerability and the well-being of children in order to highlight the social dimensions of poverty (i.e the inability to participate fully in the community) • linking poverty and economic vulnerability with other sources of exclusion such as racism, disability, rejection of difference and historic oppression • finding common ground among those concerned about the well-being of families with children to help generate greater public and political will to act The Foundation commissioned a series of working papers to examine social inclusion from a number of perspectives Although the authors approach the topic from different starting points and emphasize different aspects of exclusion and inclusion, there are important common threads and conclusions The working papers draw attention to the new realities and new understandings that must be brought to bear on the development of social policy and the creation of a just and healthy society Foreword: The Laidlaw Foundation's Perspective viii These are: • Whether the source of exclusion is poverty, racism, fear of differences or lack of political clout, the consequences are the same: a lack of recognition and acceptance; powerlessness and ‘voicelessness’; economic vulnerability; and, diminished life experiences and limited life prospects For society as a whole, the social exclusion of individuals and groups can become a major threat to social cohesion and economic prosperity • A rights-based approach is inadequate to address the personal and systemic exclusions experienced by children and adults People with disabilities are leading the way in calling for approaches based on social inclusion and valued recognition to deliver what human rights claims alone cannot • Diversity and difference, whether on the basis of race, disability, religion, culture or gender, must be recognized and valued The ‘one size fits all approach’ is no longer acceptable and has never been effective in advancing the well-being of children and families • Public policy must be more closely linked to the lived experiences of children and families, both in terms of the actual programs and in terms of the process for arriving at those policies and programs This is one of the reasons for the growing focus on cities and communities, as places where inclusion and exclusion happen • Universal programs and policies that serve all children and families generally provide a stronger foundation for improving wellbeing than residual, targeted or segregated approaches The research and anecdotal evidence for this claim is mounting from the education, child development and population health sectors Understanding social inclusion S ocial exclusion emerged as an important policy concept in Europe in the 1980s in response to the growing social divides that resulted from new labour market conditions and the inadequacy of existing social welfare provisions to meet the changing needs of more diverse populations Social inclusion is not, however, just a response to exclusion Although many of the working papers use social exclusion as the starting point for their discussions, they share with us the view that social inclusion has value on its own as both a process and a goal Social inclusion is about making sure that all children and adults are able to participate as valued, respected and contributing members of society It is, therefore, a normative (value based) concept - a way of raising the bar and understanding where we want to be and how to get there Social inclusion reflects a proactive, human development approach to social wellbeing that calls for more than the removal of barriers or risks It requires investments and action to bring about the conditions for inclusion, as the population health and international human development movements have taught us Recognizing the importance of difference and diversity has become central to new under- ... unwavering advocate for social justice and the social inclusion of all people Social Inclusion, Anti-Racism and Democratic Citizenship xii PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INCLUSION Social Inclusion, Anti-Racism... mail@laidlawfdn.org www.laidlawfdn.org vi PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INCLUSION vii Foreword: The Laidlaw Foundation’s Perspective on Social Inclusion The context for social inclusion C hildren have risen to the top... v Foreword vii Social Inclusion, Anti-Racism and Democratic Citizenship .1 Introduction Racism as Social Exclusion Social Inclusion and Democratic Citizenship: