RINA HUMAN FACTORS IN SHIP DESIGN, SAFETY & OPERATION IV 21 - 22 March 2007 © 2007: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects The Institution is not, as a body, responsible for the opinions expressed by the individual authors or speakers THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS 10 Upper Belgrave Street London SW1X 8BQ Telephone: 020 7235 4622 Fax: 020 7259 5912 ISBN No: 1-905040-34-2 Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! greenstreet berman HUMAN FACTORS (HF) GUIDANCE FOR MAINTENANCE Royal Institution of Naval Architects 22 March 2007 David Pennie, Nikki Brook-Carter & Jon Berman (Greenstreet Berman) Nim Dissanayake (RSSB Research Manager) Huw Gibson (RSSB Technical Lead) greenstreet berman Fulcrum House Southern Court South Street Reading RG1 4QS greenstreet berman Overview • Introduction; • Vulnerability of Maintenance; • Background to the Research; • Human Factors (HF) guidance what it contains; • Cross over potential to maritime industry; greenstreet berman Introduction – why are we here? • Describe Human Factors Guidance developed for Rail Vehicle Maintainers; • Detail why there is a need for this type of guidance for maintenance work; • Discuss the cross over potential of this guidance to the Maritime Industry greenstreet berman The vulnerability of maintenance • Maintenance still largely dependant on humans; • Maintenance tasks provide considerable opportunity for human error to occur; • Human error is largely a consequence of the work system, how it has been designed and other wider organisational factors greenstreet berman Consequences • 1988 Clapham Rail – collision; • 1988 Piper Alpha – explosion; • 1984 Union Carbide Bhopal – a cloud of toxic chemical was released; • 2000 Erika – one of Europe's worst ever oil spills greenstreet berman Work system failures • Poor work planning creates time pressure (maintainers hurry work and violate safety procedures); • Equipment/components are not easily accessible or appropriate (maintainer use or adapt equipment/components not suitable for the job); • Documentation does not provide easily understandable or readable instruction; • Maintainers are frequently interrupted and distracted (do not re-instate system to operational state); • Inadequate lighting means that the maintainer fails to identify a fault; • Vehicle design allows swarf debris to enter electrical systems during maintenance work causing failure; • Poor communication of new procedures during briefings (maintainers continue to follow old ways of working) greenstreet berman How can Human Factors help? “scientific discipline that applies systematic, evidence-based methods and knowledge about people to evaluate and improve the interaction between individuals, technology and organisations“ - Rail Industry Advisory Committee (RIAC) The guiding principles of human factors: • Errors are a consequence not a cause; • Errors and poor performance not occur randomly; • Seek input from those that carry out the work (maintainers); • Design to make allowances for people; • Strengthen defences to limit & contain predictable errors; • Apply good practice greenstreet berman Background to the RSSB work • Research commissioned by Rail Safety & Standards Board (RSSB); • Help those responsible for carrying out Rail Vehicle M&I identify HF issues and find solutions; • The overriding requirement was to deliver a: “Useable and tested product that can be readily applied to M&I operation greenstreet berman Developing HF Guidance • Identification of good practices (interviews and observations of maintenance work /literature review); • Develop evidence base for HF issues impacting on maintenance performance; • Develop a HF framework; • Development of the structure and content of the guidance package; • Case studies (applied the guidance to real issues impacting on depot maintenance); • Development of an electronic version of the guidance package; • User testing; • Guidance revision and final reporting Example w/o PMA+ Requirement PMA+ Presentation Walkways, Ramps and Work Platforms (Section 3) • Design Loads PMA+ requirements – Guardrail – Walkways, Work Platforms, and Landings • Walkways and Ramps • Toeboards (Optional) • Work Platforms PMA+ Presentation Walkway and Ramp Design D E C Nearest Obstruction Behind Handrail F B G H T PMA+ Presentation A Discontinuous Handrail where Top and Mid Rails are Connected PMA+ Presentation Work Platforms PMA+ Presentation Vertical / Inclined Ladders (Section 4) • • • • Design Loads General design principals Staggered Ladder Climber Safety Devices (Optional) • Individual Rung Ladders • Inclined Ladders • Handles PMA+ Presentation Vertical Ladders (General Criteria) I G C H D A B I T F PMA+ Presentation E Inclined Ladders E A B C PMA+ Presentation D Handle Placement (Ladder not Extending Through Platform) A A C D A A B Manhole/Hatch PMA+ Presentation Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder) D A B C E PMA+ Presentation Alternative Means of Access (Section 6) • This Section contains general and detailed guidance as well as Operational Considerations for: – – – – – – – Portable Ladders Hydraulic Arm Vehicles Wire Lift Platform Portable Platforms Scaffolding and Staging Rafting Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) • There are no PMA+ requirements PMA+ Presentation Alternative Materials (Section 7) • The use of alternative materials is allowed – MSC 3.5 – Ladders and handrails shall be constructed of steel or equivalent material of adequate strength and stiffness and securely attached to the structure by stays – SOLAS - 2.3 – The construction and materials of all means of access and their attachment to the ship’s structure shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration • Guide describes the ABS process for approval PMA+ Presentation ABS Approval Process Start Develop Data Showing Material Selection is Satisfactory Determine Material Performance Requirements Submit Data for ABS Engineering Select Potential Alternative Materials ABS Engineering Review Yes Further Data Required? No No ABS Approval of Alternative Material? Yes PMA+ Presentation End Guide Status • Can be downloaded (free of charge) from: http://www.eagle.org/absdownloads/index.cfm Publication 154 PMA+ Presentation Questions? D McCafferty dmccafferty@eagle.org 281-877-6570 PMA+ Presentation