[...]... exit so that HPLC fraction with volumes of the order of hundreds of microlitres may be transferred to a GC column 1.5 THE ORIGINS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHROMATOGRAPHY The main origin of multidimensional chromatography lies in planar chromatography The development of paper chromatography, i.e the partition between a liquid moving by capillary action across a strip of paper impregnated with a second liquid... Dynamics of Chromatography, Marcel Dekker, New York (1965) 19 D Tong, K D Bartle, A A Clifford and R E Robinson, ‘Unified chromatograph for gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and micro-liquid chromatography, ’ Analyst 120: 2461 (1995) 20 D Tong, K D Bartle and R E Robinson, ‘Unified chromatography in petrochemical analysis’, J Chromatogr Sci 31: 77 (1993) 21 T L Chester, Chromatography. .. – 612 (1998) Introduction 15 29 W Bertsch, ‘Two-dimensional gas chromatography: concept, instrumentation and applications – Part 1: fundamentals., conventional two-dimensional gas chromatography, selected applications’, J High Resolut Chromatogr 22: 647 (1999) 30 W Bertsch, Multidimensional gas chromatography , in Multidimensional Chromatography Techniques and Applications, H J Cortes (Ed.), Marcel... other aspects of multidimensional chromatography have also been extensively reviewed (44, 45) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This chapter is based, in part, on a paper read before the ‘Seventh International Symposium on Hyphenated Techniques in Chromatography, ’ held in Brugge in Belgium, in February 2000 I am indebted to the many colleagues who have worked in my Laboratory at Leeds on multidimensional chromatography, ... who brought it to completion KEITH BARTLE, Leeds ALLY LEWIS, Leeds LUIGI MONDELLO, Messina Multidimensional Chromatography Edited by Luigi Mondello, Alastair C Lewis and Keith D Bartle Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-98869-3 (Hardback); 0-470-84577-5 (Electronic) Part 1 General Multidimensional Chromatography Edited by Luigi Mondello, Alastair C Lewis and Keith D Bartle Copyright ©... fluid chromatography, ’ Anal Chem 53: 407A (1981) 15 C Horváth, W Melander and I Molnár, ‘Solvophobic interactions in liquid chromatography with non-polar stationary phases’, J Chromatogr 125: 129 (1976) 16 J J Kirkland, ‘High speed liquid-partition chromatography with chemically bonded organic stationary phases,’ J Chromatogr Sci 9: 206 (1971) 17 M Novotny, ‘Recent advances in microcolumn liquid chromatography ,... oil by adsorption chromatography on alumina The great leap forward for chromatography was the seminal work of Martin and Synge (7) who in 1941 replaced countercurrent liquid – liquid extraction by partition chromatography for the analysis of amino acids from wool Martin also realized that the mobile phase could be a gas rather than a liquid, and with James first developed (8) gas chromatography (GC)... increasingly blurred and it is becoming very evident that is a single theory may be applicable to chromatography whatever the physical state of the mobile phase Gas, liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography can be regarded as special cases of the same procedure, while capillary electrochromatography combines liquid chromatography with electrophoresis Separation science is now very focused on reducing not... Stahl, ‘Thin-layer chromatography II Standardisation, detection, documentation and application’, Chem Ztg 82: 323 (1958) 42 P H O’Farrell, ‘High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins’, J Biol Chem 250: 4007 (1975) 43 W Bertsch, ‘Methods in gas chromatography: two dimensional techniques’, J High Resolut Chromatogr 1: 1, 85, 289 (1978) 44 H J Cortes (Ed.), Multidimensional Chromatography. .. (Ed.), Hyphenation: Hype and Fascination, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1999) Multidimensional Chromatography Edited by Luigi Mondello, Alastair C Lewis and Keith D Bartle Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-98869-3 (Hardback); 0-470-84577-5 (Electronic) 2 Coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography with High Resolution Gas Chromatography L MONDELLO Università di Messina, Messina, Italy 2.1 . 330 References 331 13 Multidimensional Chromatography in Environmental Analysis 335 R. M. Marcé 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 336 13.3 Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography. 403 15 Multidimensional Chromatography: Forensic and Toxicological Applications 407 15.1 Introduction 407 15.2 Liquid Chromatography Gas Chromatography 408 15.3 Liquid Chromatography Liquid Chromatography. (GC–GC or MDGC) 218 10.3 Multidimensional High Performance Liquid Chromatography 231 10.4 Multidimensional Chromatography using On-Line Coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary