688 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Cancer (f; WOI); Chill (f; DAV); Colic (f; ZUL); Conjunctivosis (f; ZUL); Constipation (f; ZUL); Cough (f; WOI; ZUL); Cramp (f; WOI); Dermatosis (1; ZUL); Diabetes (1; DAV; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; ZUL); Dropsy (f; DAV); Dysentery (f; DAV; ZUL); Dysmenorrhea (f; ZUL); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fistula (f; WOI); Fungus (1; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Hepatosis (f; DAV); Hyperglycemia (1; ZUL); Infection (1; ZUL); Infertility (f; ZUL); Inflammation (f; ZUL); Itch (f; ZUL); Jaundice (f; ZUL); Laryngosis (f; DAV); Leprosy (f; WOI); Malaria (f; ZUL); Mycosis (1; ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; ZUL); Otosis (f; ZUL); Parasite (1; WOI); Prostatosis (f; ZUL); Rheumatism (f; ZUL); Side Ache (f; ZUL); Snakebite (f; ZUL); Sore (1; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; DAV); Stomachache (f; ZUL); Syphilis (f; ZUL); Tuberculosis (1; ZUL); Water Retention (f; DAV); Wound (1; ZUL); Worm (1; ZUL); Yeast (1; ZUL) SPANISH PELLITORY (Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link) + Synonyms: Anacyclus officinarum Hayne, Anthemis pyrethrum L Activities (Spanish Pellitory) — Abortifacient (1; WO3); Anesthetic (1; WO3); Antiinflammatory (1; WO3); Antimutagenic (1; WO3); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; WO3); Insecticide (1; PH2); Insulin-Sparing (1; WO3); Lacrimator (f; GMH); 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; WO3); Molluscicide (1; PH2); Neurotonic (f; KAP); Rubefacient (1; WO2); Sialagogue (1; WO2); Stimulant (1; WO2); Tonic (f; KAP) Indications (Spanish Pellitory) — Ague (f; GMH); Apoplexy (f; HHB); Bruise (f; GMH); Cancer (1; JLH; WO3); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Caries (f; KAP); Catarrh (f; GMH); Cerebrosis (f; GMH); Congestion (f; GMH); Dermatosis (f; WO2); Diabetes (1; WO3); Epilepsy (f; GMH; PH2); Fever (f; WO2); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Glossosis (f; GMH); Gout (f; GMH); Headache (f; HHB); Hemorrhoid (1; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; WO3); Inflammation (1; WO3); Ischiosis (f; HHB); Lethargy (f; GMH); Lumbago (f; HHB); Mange (f; WO2); Neuralgia (f; HHB); Pain (1; WO3); Palsy (f; GMH); Paralysis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Rhinosis (f; GMH); Sciatica (f; GMH); Sore Throat (f; KAP); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (f; HHB); Tonsilosis (f; KAP); Toothache (1; WO2); Typhus (f; WO2); Uvulosis (f; GMH); Xerostoma (1; HHB; WO2) Dosages (Spanish Pellitory) — 20 grains (GMH); 20–30 drops tincture (GMH); 0.5–1 g root powder (KAP) S Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Spanish Pellitory) — Not covered (AHP; KOM) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) In large doses, may irritate stomach mucus, causing bloody stools, tetanic cramps, and stupor (WO2) Seeds may cause abortion in some 15% of albino rats (WO3) The 2% alcoholic root extract is as anesthetic but lasting longer than 2% xylocaine-hydrochloride (WO3) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 689 SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata L.) +++ Synonyms: M aquatica var crispa (L.) Benth., M cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen., M crispa L., M spicata var ciliata Druce, M spicata var crispa (Benth.) Danert, M spicata var viridis L., Mentha viridis (L.) L Activities (Spearmint) — Allergenic (1; APA); Analgesic (1; DEM; EFS); Antipyretic (f; DEM; FEL); Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Carminative (1; APA; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Decongestant (1; APA); Deodorant (f; JFM); Dermatitigenic (1; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Digestive (1; APA; PH2); Diuretic (f; CEB; FEL); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; DEP); Insecticide (f; PH2); Neurodepressant (1; PH2); Sedative (1; DEM; PH2); Stimulant (1; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (1; FAD); Vermifuge (f; DEM; JFM) Indications (Spearmint) — Aphtha (f; DEP); Bronchosis (f; DEP); Cancer (f; FAD; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cold (1; FAD); Colic (f; DEM); Congestion (1; APA); Cough (f; APA); Cramp (1; DEM; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Depression (f; APA); Diarrhea (f; DEM; FAD; JFM); Dyspepsia (1; APA); Dysuria (f; CEB; FEL); Enterosis (1; APA; DEM; JFM); Fever (f; DEM; DEP; FAD; FEL; JFM); Gas (1; APA; DEM; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (1; APA; JLH; JFM); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Gravel (f; DEM; FEL); Hay Fever (f; DEM); Headache (1; DEM; FAD; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM; FEL); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hysteria (f; DEM); Induration (f; JLH); Insomnia (1; DEM; PH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Nausea (f; APA; JFM); Nephrosis (f; CEB); Nervousness (1; DEM; PH2); Pain (1; DEM; EFS); Palpitation (f; JFM); Rheumatism (f; FEL; JFM); Sore (f; JFM); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (1; DEM; FAD; JFM); Water Retention (f; CEB; DEM; FEL); Worm (f; CEB; DEM; JFM); Wound (f; DEM) Dosages (Spearmint) — 1–2 tbsp herb (0.7–1.5 g)/cup water several ×/day(APA); 0.3–1 ml concentrated spearmint water (PNC); wineglass gin tincture 3–4 ×/day as diuretic (CEB); 0.5–2 ml EO (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Spearmint) — Class (AHP) None reported at proper dosing (PH2) Estimated lethal dose for menthol in humans may be as low as g Survival after doses of 8–9 g have been reported Menthol reactions include reported cases of urticaria, allergic cheilitis, stomatosis, and rarely, shaking chills from use of topical menthol products GI complaints due to use of peppermint preparations include stomatosis, severe esophagitis, gastrosis, unexplained S 690 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs diarrhea, and pancreatitis Menthol in nasal preparations may cause spasm of the glottis in young children (AEH1) APA kindly says it does not contain menthol, but I’ll bet that many spearmint clones contain menthol PH2 says that spearmint oil possesses a weak potential for sensitization, due to its menthol and l-carvone (PH2) I suppose the many species with more of these ingredients would have stronger potential for sensitization See my database for menthol- and l-carvone-containing plants Nitpickologists will no doubt say that children should avoid all plants, not just EOs, containing menthol SPEEDWELL (Veronica officinalis L.) ++ Activities (Speedwell) — Alterative (f; FEL; PNC); Antidiaphoretic (f; PH2); Antiscorbutic (f; EFS); Antiulcer (1; HH2; PH2); Aperitif (f; EFS); Astringent (1; FAD; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; FAD); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; FAD; FEL); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; FAD); Expectorant (f; EFS; FAD; FEL; HH2; PH2); Stomachic (f; EFS); Tonic (f; FAD; FEL); Tranquilizer (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; EFS) Indications (Speedwell) — Adiposity (f; MAD); Alactea (f; DEM); Anorexia (f; EFS); Arthrosis (f; BRU; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; FAD; HHB; HH2; MAD); Boil (f; DEM; MAD); Bronchosis (f; FAD; HHB; HH2; MAD); Burn (f; MAD); Catarrh (f; FEL; HHB; MAD); Childbirth (f; DEM); Chill (f; DEM); Cholecystosis (f; MAD); Cough (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Cramp (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; DEM; FAD; FEL; PH2); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Earache (f; DEM); Eczema (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; FAD); Gastrosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Gout (f; FAD; MAD; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Infection (f; HHB; MAD); Inflammation (1; PH2); Itch (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; FAD; FEL; MAD); Nephrosis (f; FAD; FEL; MAD; PH2); Nervousness (f; EFS; PH2); Odontosis (f; MAD); Pharyngosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; FAD; MAD); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; BRU; FAD; PH2); Scrofula (f; DEM; FEL); Sore Throat (1; PH2); Splenosis (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Sweat (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Ulcer (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Urethrosis (f; PH2); UTI (f; PHR); Vertigo (f; MAD); Water Retention (f; EFS; FAD; FEL); Wound (f; MAD; PHR; PH2) Dosages (Speedwell) — 1.5 g herb/cup 2–3 ×/day (HH2; PHR) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Speedwell) — Class Regulated in the U.S as an allowable flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages only (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Speedwell prevented and speeded healing of ulcers in experimental animals (PHR) SPICEBUSH (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume) + S Synonyms: Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees, Laurus aestivalis L., Laurus benzoin L Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 691 Activities (Spicebush) — Abortifacient (f; EB48:333); Analgesic (f; DEM; HAD); Candidicide (1; ABS); Carminative (f; FAD; FEL); Depurative (f; DEM; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Emetic (f; DEM; HAD); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Panacea (f; DEM); Stimulant (f; EB48:333); Tonic (f; DEM); Vermifuge (f; FAD; FEL) Indications (Spicebush) — Ague (f; FEL); Amenorrhea (f; FAD); Anemia (f; FAD); Arthrosis (f; FAD); Bruise (f; FAD; FEL); Candida (1; ABS); Cold (f; DEM; FAD); Colic (f; FAD; FEL); Cough (f; FAD); Cramp (f; FAD); Croup (f; FAD); Dermatosis (f; FEL); Dysmenorrhea (f; FAD); Fatigue (EB48:333); Fever (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Gas (f; FAD; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Hives (f; HAD); Itch (f; FEL); Malaria (f; EB48:333); Measles (f; HAD); Myalgia (f; FAD); Nervousness (f; FEL); Neuralgia (f; EB48:333); Pain (f; DEM; HAD); Phthisis (f; HAD); Pulmonosis (f; EB48:333); Respirosis (f; EB48:333); Rheumatism (f; FAD; FEL); Swelling (f; HAD); Syphilis (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; HAD); Typhoid (f; FAD; FEL); VD (f; DEM); Worm (f; DEM; FAD; FEL); Yeast (1; ABS) Dosages (Spicebush) — “The decoction may be drunk freely” (FEL) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Spicebush) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2) Stems contain laurotetanine, a potentially cytotoxic alkaloid Heisey and Gorham (Lett Appl Microbiol 14:136–9; 1992) found that extract of stem bark of Lindera benzoin (“spicebush”) strongly inhibited yeast (Candida albicans), much better than any of the other 53 species they studied SPIKENARD (Aralia racemosa L.) ++ Activities (Spikenard) — Alterative (f; CEB); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; CEB); Carminative (f; CEB); Depurative (f; CEB); Diaphoretic (1; FAD; PH2); Diuretic (f; FAD; HHB); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; HHB; PH2); Pectoral (f; CEB); Stomachic (f; CEB); Tonic (f; DEM; FAD); Toxic (f; DEM) Indications (Spikenard) — Amenorrhea (f; CEB); Asthma (f; PH2); Backache (f; PH2); Boil (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Bruise (f; PH2); Burn (f; FAD); Carbuncle (f; FAD); Caries (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; CEB); Cold (f; CEB; PH2); Colic (f; DEM); Cough (f; CEB; FAD); Debility (f; FAD); Dermatosis (1; HHB; PH2); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysentery (f; CEB); Fever (1; DEM; FAD; PH2); Gas (f; CEB); Gout (f; CEB; HHB); Hay Fever (f; PH2); Infection (f; FAD); Inflammation (f; CEB; PH2); Itch (f; FAD); Lassitude (f; FAD); Mastosis (f; CEB); Myalgia (f; CEB); Myosis (f; CEB); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Paralysis (f; DEM); Pertussis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; CEB; DEM; FAD; HHB; PH2); Sore (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Sprain (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; CEB; FAD); Swelling (f; DEM; FAD; PH2); Syphilis (f; HHB); Toothache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; CEB); Ulcer (f; FAD); VD (f; DEM; HHB); Water Retention (f; FAD; HHB); Wound (f; FAD; PH2) Dosages (Spikenard) — g rhizome (HHB); 1.5 g rhizome/500 ml (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Spikenard) — Class 2b (AHP) None known for proper dosage (PH2) Not for use during pregnancy (PH2) Photodermatosis is possible (PH2) SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea L.) +++ Synonyms: S inermis Moench, S oleracea var inermis (Moench) Peterm., S spinosa Moench Activities (Spinach) — Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antianemic (f; PHR); Antimaculitic (1; JNU); Antinyctalopic (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; FNF; JAD; JNU); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiretinitic (1; JNU); Antiribosomal (1; X10850653); Antiviral (1; X10850653); Aperitif (f; PHR; PH2); Astringent (f; EFS); Carminative (f; DAA); Demulcent (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emollient (f; KAB); Hematigenic (f; PHR; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; DAA); Immunostimulant (1; JNU); Laxative (f; EFS); Litholytic (f; KAB); Vermifuge (f; KAB) S 692 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Indications (Spinach) — Anemia (f; HHB; PHR); Anorexia (f; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; KAB; JNU); Cataract (1; JNU); Cerebrosis (1; KAB; JNU); Cholecystosis (f; HHB); Colitis (f; WOI); Constipation (f; EFS); Dementia (1; JNU); Dyspnea (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; PHR; PH2); Fatigue (f; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; WOI); Gas (f; DAA); Gastrosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; KAB); HIV (1; X10850653); Hyperglycemia (1; DAA); Immunodepression (1; JNU); Infection (1; JNU); Inflammation (f; WOI); Jaundice (f; KAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; KAB); Lumbago (f; KAB); Maculosis (1; JNU); Nyctalopia (1; JNU); Osteoporosis (1; JNU); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Retinosis (1; JNU); Scabies (f; KAB); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Spina Bifida (1; JNU); Stone (f; KAB); Stroke (1; JNU); Virus (1; X10850653); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; KAB) Dosages (Spinach) — Food farmacy Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Spinach) — Not covered (AHP) Not approved as a medicine (KOM; PHR) Infants should not receive spinach until after their fourth month (danger of methemoglobin formation through nitrites) (PHR) If the levels of oxalic acid reported in DAA and PHR are correct (6–8% in younger leaves, 16% in older leaves, 23–27% in the cotyledons), then those sensitive to oxalic acid might not want to overindulge in spinach PHR advises not letting the leaves stand, as the nitrates may be converted to nitrites SPREADING DOGBANE (Apocynum androsaemifolium L.) X Activities (Spreading Dogbane) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Anticonvulsant (f; DEM); Antidote (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; DEM); Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Contraceptive (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; DEM); Emetic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Hydragogue (f; CRC); Lactagogue (f; DEM); Laxative (f; CRC; DEM); Narcotic (f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Tonic (f; DEM) S Indications (Spreading Dogbane) — Arthrosis (f; CRC); Ascites (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cirrhosis (f; CRC); Cold (f; DEM); Constipation (f; CRC; DEM); Convulsion (f; CRC; DEM); Cramp (f; DEM); Diabetes (f; CRC); Dizziness (f; CRC; DEM); Dropsy (f; CRC; DEM); Dysuria (f; DEM); Ear (f; DEM); Earache (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC); Epistaxis (f; DEM); Fever (f; CRC); Fit (f; DEM); Gallstone (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Glossosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Heart (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; CRC; DEM); Insanity (f; CRC; DEM); Malaria (f; CRC); Mange (f; DEM); Mucososis (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Palpitation (f; CRC; DEM); Pharyngosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; CRC); Throat (f; DEM); Typhoid (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; DEM); Wart (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; DEM); Womb (f; DEM); Worm (f; DEM) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Spreading Dogbane) — Class (AHP) Cardiac glycosides Canadian regulations preclude its use in food (AHP) Too toxic for experimentation (JAD) SPRING SNOWFLAKE (Leucojum vernum L.) X Activities (Spring Snowflake) — Analeptic (1; FNF); Analgesic (1; FNF); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; FNF); Antialzheimeran (1; FNF); Antibutylcholinesterase (1; FNF); Anticholinesterase (1; FNF); Anticurare (1; FNF); Antimyasthenic (1; FNF); Antineurotic (1; FNF); Bradycardic (1; FNF); Cholinergic (1; FNF); CNS Inhibitor (1; FNF); Emetic (1; FNF); Emollient (f; HHB); Hypnotic (1; FNF); Insecticide (1; FNF); Memorigenic (1; FNF); Myocontractant (1; FNF); Myoneurostimulant (1; FNF); Peristaltic (1; FNF); Poison (1; HHB); Secretagogue (1; FNF); Sedative (1; FNF); Sialagogue (1; FNF)  ... menthol products GI complaints due to use of peppermint preparations include stomatosis, severe esophagitis, gastrosis, unexplained S 690 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs diarrhea, and pancreatitis Menthol... healing of ulcers in experimental animals (PHR) SPICEBUSH (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume) + S Synonyms: Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees, Laurus aestivalis L., Laurus benzoin L Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. . .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 689 SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata L.) +++ Synonyms: M aquatica var crispa (L.) Benth.,