CHEMISTRY OF MATTER
Things you know about Chemistry [Link]
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Chemistry is fundamental to everything around us, including the cooking process where raw meat transforms into a form that allows our bodies to absorb nutrients more effectively Additionally, cleaning chemicals are formulated to address various needs, such as washing dishes, laundry, and personal hygiene The medications we take are also derived from chemical compounds designed to enhance our health and combat harmful bacteria Ultimately, it's clear that chemistry plays a crucial role in our daily lives, from food preparation to personal care.
Nouns: matter, chemistry, chemicals, chemist, chemical formula, chemical equation, proton, neutron, element, electron, atomic nucleus, molecule, cation, anion, chemical compound, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, ion, molecule, atomic number
Verbs: occur, absorb, adsorb, react, mix, change, to be made up, create, form, consist of
Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following expressions in the text box in appropriate forms Use each expression only once
Chemical formulas and equations represent the composition and reactions of substances in chemistry Atoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, form the basic building blocks of elements The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit around it Molecules are formed when atoms bond together, resulting in chemical compounds that can be either cations (positively charged ions) or anions (negatively charged ions) Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds, leading to the transformation of reactants into products, characterized by changes in atomic number and molecular structure.
The present tense is one of three verb tenses used to describe situations in the present Sometimes we also use it to talk about future and past activities
Present tenses involve the use of auxiliary verbs, suffixes, and unique irregular verb forms, making their understanding essential for sentence construction Learning these tenses is crucial for effective communication There are four main types of present tenses to master.
Understanding all verb tenses is crucial, but the present simple tense stands out as the most commonly used, accounting for nearly 50% of spoken English Mastering this tense is essential for effective communication, although it's important to recognize that all tenses play a significant role in the language.
All of the present tenses have their own special sentence structures and all of them are used in different situations
Fill the following schemes with suitable expressions
Do this exercise before you start -> What words come to your mind in connection with the periodic table and chemical elements Write down at least 10 words, please!
Read the text below and then match the words in bold (1-9) in the text with the given definitions (a-i)
The Periodic Table of Elements organizes similar elements together, a concept first established by Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 Mendeleev proposed that arranging elements by increasing atomic mass reveals recurring properties While modern periodic tables consist of eighteen groups (columns), Mendeleev's original design featured eight groups and twelve periods (rows).
In the periodic table, elements with similar properties are organized into vertical groups, while atomic numbers increase horizontally from left to right across periods Groups are numbered at the top of each column, and periods are indicated on the left of each row The main group elements, which are crucial for life, are found in groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18, comprising the most naturally abundant elements Transition metals, highlighted in light pink, are also present, while the inner transition metals, consisting of two additional rows, are placed at the bottom to avoid widening the table The 14 elements following lanthanum are known as lanthanides, and the 14 following actinium are referred to as actinides.
Elements in the periodic table are classified into two main categories: metals and nonmetals Metals are typically characterized by their ability to conduct heat and electricity, along with properties such as malleability, ductility, and moderate to high melting points In contrast, nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, tend to be nonmalleable solids, and many exist as gases at room temperature The periodic table visually represents this distinction, with metals and nonmetals separated by a diagonal line, while elements adjacent to this line are referred to as metalloids, including silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb).
Metalloids are elements that exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic properties, bridging the gap between metals and nonmetals On the far right of the periodic table, the noble gases, highlighted in orange, represent a distinct category of nonmetals known for their unique characteristics.
1 mass a one of a group of metallic elements in which the members have the filling of the outermost shell to 8 electrons interrupted to bring the penultimate shell from 8 to 18 or
Group 0 of the periodic table consists of monatomic gases that are largely chemically inert, with few exceptions These elements possess an atomic number that indicates the quantity of material present Additionally, there are elements characterized by properties that lie between those of metals and non-metals, showcasing a unique blend of characteristics.
5.transition metals e existing or available in large quantities so that there is more than enough
6.malleable f sg that can be pressed or pulled into shape without needing to be heated
7.ductile g sg that is easy to press or pull into a new shape
8.metalloids h the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
9.noble gases i a quality or power that belongs naturally to sg
8 (Source: The National Geographic Society’s Education Division (2008), “Science Level
Understanding how to form various parts of speech is essential for effective communication By inserting the missing forms of the words in the provided table, one can enhance their linguistic skills This exercise utilizes vocabulary directly from the text, ensuring relevance and coherence Mastering these forms will contribute to improved writing and speaking abilities.
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB categorizes
The past tense is one of the three primary grammatical tenses in English, essential for indicating actions or events that have occurred in the past Mastering all forms of past tense is crucial for effective communication, as a lack of understanding can lead to misinterpretation and incorrect word usage This section will focus on the four main types of past tenses, highlighting their significance in English grammar.
Certain tenses incorporate auxiliary verbs, while others rely on past tense verb forms Among these, the past simple tense stands out as the most crucial, as it is frequently used and essential for comprehending the majority of sentences Mastering the past simple is vital for effective communication in English.
1 Put these words in the correct order
1 of elements the Periodic together Table like elements categorizes
2 the periodic are table that groups have similar elements properties in the on same
3 and metals elements in placed the periodic broad nonmetals table can into categories, two periodic be
2 Use the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets
(Source: Cambridge Grammar for IELTS)
The Importance of the Periodic Table
The modern periodic table has evolved from Mendeleev's original design, but both versions serve a crucial purpose: they systematically organize elements based on their similar properties This organization allows for an easy understanding of an element's characteristics simply by examining its position within the table.
Before the discovery of all naturally occurring elements, the periodic table served as a tool to predict the chemical and physical properties of elements in its gaps Today, it continues to be valuable for forecasting the properties of undiscovered elements, which are predominantly highly radioactive and rapidly decay into more familiar elements.
The periodic table serves as an essential tool for contemporary students and scientists by facilitating the prediction of potential chemical reactions for various elements Instead of memorizing extensive data for each element, a simple look at the table provides valuable insights into an element's reactivity, electrical conductivity, hardness, and other significant properties.
MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
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Discuses with your partner -> What are FORCE, WORK and ENERGY?
Much of what we know about motion comes from scientists who lived hundreds of years ago
British scientist Isaac Newton conducted experiments on moving objects and discovered gravity, the invisible force that pulls things toward the ground Legend has it that his realization came when an apple fell from a tree and struck him on the head, inspiring his groundbreaking work on the principles of gravity.
Isaac Newton's discovery of gravity was not inspired by a falling apple, as commonly believed, but rather by his keen observations of how objects consistently fall toward the ground.
Newton's First Law of Motion
Isaac Newton's three laws of motion describe the principles governing movement The first law states that an object at rest will remain stationary unless acted upon by an external force; for instance, a parked bike will not move until something pushes it.
According to the second part of this law, an object in motion will maintain its speed and direction unless acted upon by an external force For instance, a bike will continue to move at a constant speed and in a straight line until you either pedal faster, coast, apply the brakes, or change direction.
Inertia is the property of an object that keeps it in its current state, whether at rest or in motion According to Newton's first law of motion, often referred to as the Law of Inertia, an object will stay at rest until acted upon by an external force, and an object in motion will continue moving unless a force intervenes to stop it.
??? Why is it important to wear a seat belt? Think about Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Mass refers to the quantity of matter contained in an object, and it plays a crucial role in Newton's second law of motion This law states that the motion of an object is influenced by its mass and the force required to initiate movement Understanding the relationship between mass and motion is essential in the study of physics.
Moving a small rock is easier than moving a boulder due to the significant difference in mass; the boulder requires much more force to overcome its inertia In contrast, only a minimal amount of force is needed to initiate movement, stop, or change the direction of small rocks.
This law of motion addresses the concept of speed, which quantifies the distance an object travels over a specific time period As the speed of an object increases, the amount of force required to bring it to a stop also rises significantly.
Imagine a powerful locomotive racing along the tracks; its significant mass and velocity require a substantial amount of force to counteract its inertia and bring it to a halt.
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Newton's third law of motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction For instance, when you lift a 9 kg (20 lb.) box, it exerts an equal downward force of 9 kg (20 lbs.) in the opposite direction.
When a balloon filled with air is released without being tied, the air escapes from the open end, creating a rush of air This escaping air generates an opposite force that propels the balloon forward, causing it to fly.
How would you describe Newton's Laws of Motion in your own words with at least one example for each law? Writing a three-paragraph essay
Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun and can go in different positions in a sentence
1 Where adjectives go in a sentence
We use adjectives to describe nouns
Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun:
We saw a very exciting film last night or after a link verb like be, look or feel:
2 Adjectives with '-ing' and '-ed'
A lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding -ing or -ed: -ing adjectives
The commonest -ing adjectives are: amusing annoying boring disappointing exciting interesting frightening tiring shocking surprising worrying
If you say something is interesting, you mean it interests you:
I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today
If you say something is terrifying, you mean it terrifies you:
That Dracula film was absolutely terrifying
The commonest -ed adjectives are: annoyed bored closed delighted disappointed excited frightened tired worried
If something bores you, you can say you feel bored
We had nothing to do We were really bored
If something terrifies you, you can say you are terrified
I didn't really enjoy the Dracula film Most of the time I was terrified
Adverbials enhance verbs by providing additional information, indicating aspects such as manner, place, time, or frequency They can be single words like "angrily" or phrases such as "at home" and "in a few hours," serving various functions in sentences.
An adverbial can be an adverb:
We will be back soon or an adverb with an intensifier:
We will go quite soon or a prepositional phrase:
He spoke in an angry voice
We will go in a few minutes or a noun phrase:
They went to Cambodia last summer or a clause:
They went to the mountains because they like to ski
She played tennis when she was young
2 Where adverbials go in a sentence
We normally put adverbials after the verb:
We will go in a few minutes
If the verb has an object or complement we put the adverbial after the object or complement:
He opened the door quietly
She left the money on the table
We saw our friends last night
You are looking tired tonight
But adverbials of frequency (how often) usually come in front of the main verb:
We usually spent our holidays with our grandparents
I have never seen William at work
If we want to emphasise an adverbial, we can put it at the beginning of a clause:
Last night we saw our friends
In a few minutes we will go
Very quietly he opened the door
If we want to emphasize an adverb of manner, we can put it in front of the main verb:
He quietly opened the door
She had carefully put the glass on the shelf
(Source: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar)
Watch the video and do the exercises
Write the words to fill the gaps
1 When the seesaw is still and you and a friend sit on it; it begins to have ; one seat goes up while the other goes down
2 There are also different of motion
3 You might use your hand or foot to it away or it toward you
4 There are many ways to get things to move; the push or pull that we use to make things move is called a
5 You can change which way you're going by using force by pulling the handle bar which pulls the wheels in another
6 You will stop moving after a while that's because there's another force acting on your bike's wheels it's called
All objects in the universe are in constant motion, even when seemingly still, as our bodies move at thousands of kilometers per second due to the Earth's rotation and orbit around the sun, which itself orbits the center of the Milky Way Galaxy Motion, defined as the change in position of any object, can be understood through the principles of physics, and requires a reference point, such as a starting line in a race, to be observed The distance traveled by objects is universally measured using the metric system's units of length.
Speed in automobiles is a crucial concept, particularly with posted limits, such as 70 mph on the interstate, indicating a car can legally cover 70 miles in one hour Speed is defined as the distance traveled per unit of time, mathematically represented by the formula s = d/t, where s is speed, d is distance, and t is time For instance, if you travel 30 km in 30 minutes, your speed would be 1 km per minute Speed can be measured in various units, including meters per second and kilometers per hour, highlighting the relationship between distance and time.
Velocity is defined as the speed of an object combined with its direction of motion For instance, while an elevator may travel at a speed of 5 km/sec, this figure alone does not indicate whether it is moving up or down In contrast, the velocity of an airplane can be described as traveling at 200 km/h in a northeasterly direction, while a car on a highway may have a velocity of 100 km/h heading west Importantly, an object can also experience a change in velocity solely by altering its direction.
24 also changing its velocity Do not think of speed and velocity as the same thing; they are not
PHYSICAL INTERACTION
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1 When was the first practical long-lasting electric light bulb invented?
2 How many basic forms of electricity? What are they?
3 What are two types of electric charges?
4 What is the motion of electrons through a wire called?
5 Which apparatus suppliesenergy to help the charges move in a wire?
Discuses with your partner -> What are Electricity, Electric current, Conductor?
Electricity and magnetism are fundamental forces that we encounter daily, yet their workings and interrelationship are often overlooked The electricity and magnetism unit delves into the nature of electricity, explaining concepts from atomic-level charged particles to the electric currents powering our homes and businesses There are two types of electricity: static electricity and electric currents, which can be further categorized into direct (DC) and alternating (AC) currents The connection between electricity and magnetism is evident, as flowing electrons generate a magnetic field, while moving magnets induce electric currents This interaction, known as electromagnetism, is essential for the functionality of nearly all modern gadgets, appliances, vehicles, and machines.
Electricity arises from electric charges carried by particles such as electrons and protons, which possess equal but opposite charges—electrons are negatively charged while protons are positively charged Every object is made up of countless atoms, each containing numerous protons and electrons Protons are densely packed in the nucleus at the center of the atom, while electrons move freely in orbitals outside the nucleus Since protons remain confined within the nucleus, it is the movement of electrons that primarily generates electricity.
Electricity is the movement of electrons between atoms, where negatively charged electrons are attracted to positively charged atoms These electrons orbit around an atom's nucleus and can jump to the shells of nearby atoms, generating electric current This current flows through electrical wires, powering various electronic devices, from light bulbs to televisions Power plants generate electrical charges that travel through power lines, delivering electricity to homes and businesses.
Electricity is visibly present in our surroundings, with lightning being the most striking example This natural phenomenon occurs when a large number of electrons rapidly transfer from one location to another, resulting in three main types of lightning: cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-surface, and surface-to-cloud Each type arises from an unequal distribution of electrons Additionally, smaller electric sparks can be observed in science labs using Van de Graaff generators, and at home, static electricity is evident when scuffing your feet and then touching a metal doorknob.
A magnet is a natural rock or metal object that attracts specific types of metal, making it easy and safe to use for various applications Magnets have a fun property of snapping together and sticking firmly, while certain magnetic objects can exert push or pull forces on other items.
A magnet consists of a North and South Pole, where unlike poles attract each other while like poles repel Specifically, the North pole of one magnet attracts the South pole of another, but repels another North pole Similarly, South poles repel each other, illustrating the fundamental principle that like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
Two different kinds of permanent magnets are called bar magnets and horseshoe magnets
The area surrounding a magnet is called its magnetic field
The magnetic field generated by a magnet is an invisible force resulting from its inherent magnetism, a fundamental natural force alongside electricity and gravity To ancient civilizations, magnetism may have appeared magical This attractive or repulsive force between magnets, as well as their ability to draw in other objects, is produced by the movement of electrons.
The Earth functions as a massive magnet, with its magnetic materials causing the North pole of a magnet to align with the Earth's North Pole and the South pole with the Earth's South Pole Compasses, equipped with a magnetic needle, indicate the direction of the North Pole, making them essential tools for navigation They have historically aided hikers and ship captains in preventing disorientation, particularly in times before the advent of GPS and modern maps.
Magnetization is the process of converting an unmagnetized magnetic material, like an iron nail, into a magnet by rubbing it with a magnet.
Magnets made this way are called temporary magnets because they eventually lose their magnetism
A temporary magnet, known as an electromagnet, can be created by wrapping an iron nail with a coil of wire and passing electricity through it The strength of this electromagnet is influenced by the size of the electric current and the number of wire wraps around the nail Once the electric current ceases, the nail loses its magnetic properties.
Magnets and magnetism around you
Magnets and magnetism have fascinated humanity for thousands of years, with the earliest records tracing back to ancient Asia Minor, specifically the region of Magnesia, now in western Turkey This area was notable for its magnetic rocks, which sparked interest in magnetism A significant advancement occurred when magnets were utilized in navigational compasses, greatly enhancing long-distance sailing This application also led to the designation of the magnetic poles as "north" and "south."
Magnetism significantly influences our daily lives, with physicists' insights leading to technological advancements A notable breakthrough in nanotechnology was the discovery that minor fluctuations in a magnetic field within a thin film of iron and chromium could cause substantial changes in electrical resistance This pivotal finding earned Albert Fert and Peter Grunberg the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on giant magnetoresistance and its implications for computer memory.
Magnetism and electricity play a crucial role in modern technology, enabling devices like iPods and powering essential appliances such as refrigerators and cars through electric motors These principles are also fundamental in generators that produce hydroelectric power and in recycling facilities that use magnets to separate materials Significant investments are made in magnetic containment for fusion energy, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized medical diagnostics Additionally, magnetism is vital in computer hard drives, tape recording, and even the levitation of high-speed trains It helps explain phenomena such as atomic energy levels, cosmic rays, and charged particles in the Van Allen belts, all connected by a few key physical principles.
(Source: www.sciencea-z.com; https://www.softschools.com)
(g) is a characteristic of certain metals like iron, resulting from electric currents and creating attractive or repulsive forces between objects.
2 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D a Which of the following statement is true?
A: Like poles attract, unlike poles repel
B: Like poles repel, unlike poles attract
C: Like and unlike poles attract
D: Like and unlike poles repel b The invisible field surrounding a magnet is called
D: None of the above c Moving _ is the cause of magnets repelling or attracting each other or other objects A: Protons
D: Molecules d Which of the following is a temporary magnet?
D: North pole e Which of the following statements is false?
A: The strength of the electromagnet depends on the size of the electric current and the number of times the coil is wrapped around the nail
B: Certain objects push or pull on things because they are magnetic
C: Electric motors use magnets to turn electricity into motion
D: A magnet cannot be used to convert an unmagnatized piece of magnetic material such as an iron nail, into a magnet
We use the passive voice to change the focus of the sentence
My bike was stolen (passive – focus on my bike)
Someone stole my bike (active – focus on someone)
We often use the passive:
- when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action (for example, it's not known, it's obvious or we don't want to say)
- so that we can start a sentence with the most important or most logical information
- in more formal or scientific writing
How we make the passive
We make the passive using the verb be + past participle We start the sentence with the object
Avatar was directed by James Cameron
It is not always necessary to add who or what did the action
Only the form of be changes to make the tense The past participle stays the same Here are examples of the passive in its most common tenses
Alioli is made from oil, garlic and salt is/are + past participle
The hall is being painted this week is/are being + past participle
John F Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 was/were + past participle
The signs were being put up last week was/were being + past participle
Oranges have been grown here for centuries has/have been + past participle
When he got home, he found that his flat had been burgled had been + past participle
The work will be finished next week will be + past participle
(https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar)
Use the correct form of the verb given in each bracket
1 All our lamps (produce) _ from original 1950s designs
2 Mistakes (make) _ , but we're working on a solution now
3 Someone (find) _ my wallet and left it at reception
4 My phone (fix) _ last week, so I didn't get your message until today
5 A lot of time (waste) _ on pointless meetings in this company
6 Your application (review) _ by the end of the month
7 Someone (see) _ my talk at the conference and recommended me as a speaker
8 The suspect (caught) _ near the French border
Watch the video and do the exercises
Write the words to fill the gaps
1 A magnet is a rock or a piece of
2 The force of magnets is called
3 The magnetic force in a from the North Pole to the South Pole and it creates a around a magnet
4 All objects are not attracted to magnets plastic rubber water glass are materials
5 The is like one massive magnet
Waves, sound and light Waves
Waves are vibrations that propagate through time and space, with light and sound representing two distinct types of waves While both travel through space, sound is produced by vibrations in a medium, differentiating it from light waves.