THE JOINT ACADEMIC PROGRAM OF EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HOCHIMINH CITY AND LIÈGE UNIVERSITY BUI HOAI NAM THE STUDY RECOMMENDS A NUMBER OF TECHNICAL MEASURES TO OVERCOME THE POLLUTION TO REUSE THE LAND FOR INDUSTRIAL PARK END OF LIFE (BIEN HOA 1) REASONABLY AND SUSTAINABLY Major EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT MASTER’S THESIS HOCHIMINH CITY, 2018 http www ulg ac be http www ulg ac be THE JOI.
The reason for choosing the topic
The industrial zone emerged alongside the national economy's renewal, aiming to create a transformative model for attracting investment and driving economic restructuring towards industrialization and modernization Industrial parks are crucial for job creation and workforce education, leading to higher wages and enhanced quality of life for workers.
Concentrating production facilities in industrial zones promotes the efficient use of natural resources and energy while zoning industrial activities to minimize environmental pollution in nearby residential areas This strategic clustering enhances wastewater and solid waste treatment efficiency, reduces investment costs for treatment systems, and lowers the treatment cost per unit of waste Additionally, managing the environmental impact of production facilities becomes more streamlined within these industrial parks.
Industrial parks play a crucial role in enhancing socio-economic development and promoting environmental sustainability globally As a result, the growth of industrial parks has accelerated, leading to an increase in both their size and number.
The closure of outdated industrial parks, driven by advancements in technology, presents significant challenges for society due to the environmental impact of concentrated pollution sources When industrial facilities lack proper wastewater and exhaust gas treatment systems, their closure can lead to severe consequences for surrounding populations If the pollution resulting from these abandoned sites is not effectively managed, it can result in dire environmental and health repercussions.
4 for the people in the area unless the utilization of land of industrial parks has expired rationally and sustainably
Established in 1963, Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Park is Vietnam's first industrial park and serves as a model for many others in the country Over its 50 years of operation, it has significantly contributed to Vietnam's economic resources However, changes in laws, planning, and increasingly stringent environmental protection regulations have highlighted the outdated technology used in its factories, resulting in severe environmental pollution, particularly affecting the Dong Nai River basin Consequently, addressing environmental pollution and exploring land reuse strategies for Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Park have become imperative.
1 Industrial Park is absolutely necessary
The article emphasizes the importance of implementing technical measures to effectively address pollution in the Bien Hoa 1 industrial zone, particularly as it approaches the end of its operational life These recommendations are crucial for the sustainable reuse of the land, ensuring that industrial pollution is mitigated and the site can be repurposed responsibly.
In addition, it also helps to manage land and reuse land reasonably and sustainably.
Objective
General objectives
- Measures to remedy environmental pollution industrial zones;
- Recommended measures appropriate reusable industrial zones land, ensure sustainable development, in line with the economic development plans of the Dong Nai society.
Specific objectives
- Assessment the environmental quality of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone (soil, water, air)
- Proposed directions for dealing with soil pollution issues in Bien Hoa 1IZ;
- Recommend measures to land reuse for Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone reasonable and sustainable.
Object and scope of the study
- Environment in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone (soil, water, air);
- Dong Nai River Basin (the area around Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone).
The methodology
- Method of collecting and synthesizing, inheriting information and data Expert method
- Method of survey, field survey Document synthesis method
The meaning of the topic
Scientific Significance
The research aimed to propose measures for enhancing soil and environmental quality in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone and similar areas, focusing on the rational and sustainable reuse of land By raising awareness among industrial zone management, the study seeks to assist managers and relevant authorities in protecting the environment and transitioning industrial land from its end-of-life use to more sustainable purposes.
Practical significance
The research focuses on the sustainable management and closure of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Park, aiming to enhance land use while minimizing risks associated with land reclamation It seeks to transform the urban landscape of Bien Hoa city and safeguard public health and the environment within the industrial zone This initiative serves as a foundation for further studies on environmental remediation in the area, promoting the repurposing of expired industrial land for more sustainable uses Ultimately, the findings aim to establish a redevelopment model for industrial parks, providing a reference for similar zones in the future.
OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD OF THE STUDY
Literature review
Industrial end of life is still a new concept in Vietnam There are many factors that might cause an IZ to close, including:
- The industrial park has been used for too long; the average time to use an industrial park is usually about 50 years
The industrial zone significantly contributes to environmental pollution, necessitating effective remediation measures To address this issue, it is essential to either eliminate the pollution source or compel the industrial zone to halt its operations or repurpose its use.
The industrial zone suffers from inadequate planning, leading to detrimental interactions among the facilities, where waste from one plant adversely impacts the products of neighboring plants Furthermore, the outdated production technology and deteriorating infrastructure exacerbate these issues, highlighting the urgent need for modernization and improved management within the industrial area.
Climate factors, including floods, landslides, and storms, can significantly hinder the recovery of industrial zones, rendering them unable to restore their production capabilities.
1.2.1 Overview of research on industrial zone management in the world
1.2.1.1 Overview document on the world
Research on managing industrial closures and extending the life of abandoned industrial parks and zones has been a focus globally since the mid-20th century.
In her book, Anna Irene Del Monaco explores the revitalization of abandoned industrial areas, known as "brownfields," in North America, Australia, and China She discusses the factors leading to the closure of these industrial parks, including economic restructuring, outdated machinery, and high production costs Del Monaco emphasizes the importance of repurposing these sites for housing, highlighting the potential benefits of reusing land in urban environments.
7 areas are becoming cramped She especially addresses how the concern about
Ecological risk is increasingly becoming a global concern, with abandoned industrial zones viewed as potential resources for regeneration and transformation into "Greenfields." These sites can address major urban challenges like environmental pollution and degraded landscapes, which often require significant financial investment for remediation Various technologies, including soil washing, chemical stabilization, and hydraulic blocking, are being utilized for environmental treatment In rapidly industrializing regions like China, there is a growing emphasis on preserving industrial heritage for future generations.
Yi-Fan Yu's research project, "Shanghai Industrial Heritage - Past, Present, and Future," is supported by the National Science Foundation of China and the Ministry of Education This study highlights the growing interest among Chinese authorities in preserving industrial heritage during urban renewal and development It focuses on the transformation of urban functions and spatial structures related to industrial heritage in cities like Shanghai.
Yi-Fan Yu explores the industrial heritage of Shanghai, detailing the classification of its industrial heritage sites, conservation challenges, and strategies for reuse The article highlights the ongoing preservation efforts in Chinese cities, emphasizing the need for effective models to manage and repurpose industrial heritage in China.
In their 2016 study "Factors and Compounds in Abandoned Industrial Zones," Ulrich Forstner and Joachim Gerth identified key pollution sources in derelict industrial estates, including old landfills, emissions from industrial facilities, and hazardous materials from nearby chimneys and buildings The authors investigated metal contaminants in select industrial areas and recommended pollution remediation techniques such as washing and electrolysis to address these environmental concerns.
Effective management and protection of environmental quality in expired industrial parks and abandoned industrial zones have been successfully implemented in various countries with advanced technologies and standards However, the research models from these countries are challenging to apply in Vietnam due to distinct socio-economic, institutional, policy, and data differences Therefore, it is essential to develop adaptable research methods tailored to the specific conditions of Vietnam.
The world's land resources are seriously degraded by erosion, deforestation, deforestation, acidification, soil erosion, soil pollution, and climate change Presently, 10% of land has agricultural potential that is deserted
In Vietnam, extensive research has been conducted on the environmental quality of industrial parks due to significant pollution concerns Current studies primarily focus on enhancing management practices, developing eco-friendly production techniques, and planning the construction of eco-industrial parks and environmentally sustainable industrial zones Additionally, efforts are being made to improve wastewater treatment systems within these areas The government is now investigating strategies to address environmental pollution by potentially closing certain industrial zones and ceasing the use of industrial park land This initiative aims to protect the environment, safeguard public health, conserve resources, and promote sustainable socio-economic development.
1.3.1 Overview geographical research Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
The Dong Nai River basin is a crucial waterway in Vietnam, significantly contributing to the nation's socio-economic development Originating from the Lan Vien Plateau in Lam Dong, the river traverses high mountainous regions before reaching Tri An Lake, where it is harnessed by the Tri An Hydropower Plant It then flows through Bien Hoa City and around Ho Chi Minh City, ultimately merging with the Saigon River at Mui Den Red Cross The river's primary flow directions are Northeast-Southwest and North-South, covering a vast area that underscores its importance.
The Dong Nai River Basin spans 36,530 square kilometers and flows through 11 provinces in Southeast Vietnam, including Dong Nai, Binh Duong, and Ho Chi Minh City It features significant rivers such as the Dong Nai, La Nga, Be, Sai Gon, and Vam Co, with a total river length of approximately 437 km and an average slope of 0.42% The basin encompasses key economic areas and is vital for regional growth; however, increased industrial and social activities have negatively impacted water quality and biodiversity The basin area of the Dong Nai river system is 14,900 km², while Bien Hoa covers 23,500 km², Nha Be 28,200 km², and the Soai Rap estuary approximately 42,600 km².
The Dong Nai river basin is crucial for socio-economic development, providing essential water supply for daily needs and fostering economic growth through its rich water resources It supports abundant aquatic life, facilitates convenient transportation, and enhances irrigation systems, while also promoting economic activities through hydropower and irrigation projects.
The Dong Nai River basin is facing significant environmental challenges due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, which are driven by socio-economic activities in the region The establishment of numerous industrial parks and clusters, along with mining, processing, and agricultural practices, has led to increasing pollution levels in the water environment Each day, the river system receives over 4,500 discharges from more than 10,100 industrial enterprises, with 60% located in Ho Chi Minh City, and 400 trade villages contributing to the degradation of the basin's ecosystem.
THE THEORY OF THE STUDY
Researching contents and Methodology
The study proposes several technical strategies to address pollution and facilitate the sustainable reuse of land at the Bien Hoa 1 industrial park at the end of its operational life.
2.1.1.1 Assessing the current state of the environment in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
- Collecting data on environmental monitoring indicators;
2.1.1.2 Assessment of factors affecting the environment in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
- Assessment of management system of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone such as: human factor, legal system, ;
- Evaluate microclimate factors: rainfall, temperature, humidity,…;
The Dong Nai River Basin significantly influences the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone, impacting both the local population and nearby production lines Residents living in the river basin rely on its resources for their livelihoods, while industrial operations in the area benefit from the river's proximity for transportation and water supply This interconnectedness highlights the importance of sustainable management of the Dong Nai River Basin to support both community well-being and industrial growth.
- Assess the impact of wastewater from factories in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone impact on soil quality
2.1.1.3 Environmental remediation method in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
Proposed measures to overcome the soil environment quality for Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
2.1.1.4 Proposed method of land reuse Bien Hoa 1 industrial park is reasonable and sustainable
Recommended measures to reuse the land and refer to the planning of Dong Nai province about reuse Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone to study more realistic and feasible
To achieve the objectives and content of the dissertation, the following methods apply: a Method of collecting and synthesizing, inheriting information and data
The collection and synthesis of specific data regarding the natural, socio-economic, and pollution conditions in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone are essential All relevant data and documents are systematically stored in a database, serving as a foundation for analysis and evaluation This comprehensive approach facilitates the development of effective solutions for the research subjects.
BOD, COD, Heavy metal, pH,…
Manufacturing industry, waste treatment system,
Evaluate the quality of the environment
Collection and aggregation of data on environmental indicators
Collect and summarize information on current status of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
TCVN Dong Nai's socio- economic development orientation
Consider the current status of infrastructure in Bien Hoa 1 industrial zone and Dong Nai's development orientation
RECOMMEND MEASURES TO LAND REUSE FOR BIEN HOA 1 INDUSTRIAL ZONE REASONABLE AND SUSTAINABLE
Inherit data on specific environmental parameters from environmental monitoring reports of Bien Hoa 1 industrial zones such as:
- Data on water quality: pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, DO, Fe, turbidity, temperature, NH 4 +, SO 4 2- , ;
- Data on soil quality: Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, As, oil
- Data on air quality: CO, CO 2 , NOx, O 2 , O 3 , SO x
Collecting maps of the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is essential for identifying factory locations and understanding the types of pollution they may generate These maps help pinpoint polluted areas and provide insights into the current waste treatment systems within the zone By analyzing the locations of landfills, wastewater treatment tanks, and waste transport routes, we can effectively focus on areas with significant pollution concerns Additionally, conducting field surveys will enhance our understanding of the environmental impact of industrial activities in Bien Hoa 1.
Survey and collect data on environmental quality of Bien Hoa 1 IZ at environmental management agencies
An assessment of the current conditions in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone reveals significant environmental pollution issues This analysis aims to identify the specific environmental challenges faced by the area, enabling a more objective evaluation of the situation Additionally, it proposes effective solutions to enhance environmental quality and promote land reuse, ensuring sustainable development for the region.
Collection of representative soil samples at selected plants and predicted to be contaminated in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone c Data processing methods
Transforming environmental data into graphical representations, in accordance with TCVN standards, provides an effective method for evaluating and reviewing the environmental status of the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone This professional solution simplifies data analysis and enhances the understanding of environmental indicators.
Consult with trainers and consult with local leaders about the appropriateness of the research findings and recommendation
RESEARCH RESULTS
Environmental status of Bien Hoa 1 IZ
Status data of Bien Hoa 1 IZ are used in this paper based on Bien Hoa 1 IZ environmental monitoring report in 2015; includes:
- The air around industrial zones, sewage of enterprises and the sluice, underground water (Sonadezi company sampling and analysis)
- Surface water sample: using the results of Dong Nai Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technique
- Sample ambient air, exhaust gases at the source of the enterprise: use the results provided by the enterprise to do document
- Waste water from self-disposal enterprises: In addition to the results provided by Sonadezi Service Joint Stock Company, use the results provided by the enterprise
3.1.1 Status of surface water quality
The surface water quality of the Dong Nai River near Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is severely compromised, exhibiting contamination from organic matter, heavy metals, and microorganisms Key indicators reveal that dissolved oxygen (DO) levels fall below acceptable limits, while chemical oxygen demand (COD) exceeds standards by 1.07 to 1.13 times, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) surpasses acceptable levels by 1.16 times Additionally, total suspended solids (TSS) are elevated by 1.07 to 1.5 times, ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4+) exceeds standards by 1.05 to 2.45 times, and nitrite nitrogen (N-NO2) is higher by 1.05 to 1.3 times Iron (Fe) concentrations are elevated by 1.04 to 3.28 times, while coliform bacteria levels exceed standards by 1.5 to 22 times, and E coli counts are alarmingly high, exceeding acceptable limits by 30 to 860 times The primary contributors to this pollution include wastewater discharge from factories, industrial parks, fishing activities, and untreated household waste from communities along the river, all of which represent uncontrolled and challenging sources of contamination.
Total wastewater volume of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is about 5,178 m 3 / day (average first 5 months of 2015) [16]
For waste water from factories contracted waste water treatment, waste water is collected and processed at the plant wastewater treatment in Bien Hoa Industrial Zone
2, after processing will be discharged into Ba Lua streams and then Dong Nai river
Industrial wastewater from businesses not linked to the centralized treatment system is discharged into the Dong Nai River at seven points, extending from the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone to the Cai River Notably, some enterprises directly release their wastewater into the river, bypassing the industrial zone's sewerage system.
In 7 discharge points, concentrate the largest flow at the common sewer on the road
No 5, the canal next to Nhat Nam Company - Tin Nghia ICD port [16] a Wastewater is connected to the system of wastewater treatment plants in the industrial zone
In the last six months of 2015, most control indicators met regulatory limits; however, certain companies reported exceptions in pH, color, N-NH3, COD, total nitrogen (N total), and total phosphorus (P total) Specifically, pH levels were out of bounds, color measurements exceeded limits by 1.52 to 20.54 times, COD levels surpassed acceptable ranges by 1.11 to 2.37 times, and N-NH3 levels exceeded the limit by 1.04 times.
- 3.59 times; Fe exceeded 9.05; P Total exceeded 1.54 times; N total exceeded 1.22 times)
Table 3.1 Companies exceed the target of receiving wastewater [16]
Serial Company Date Criteria Unit Result Limit
12/08/2015 N-NH 3 mg/l 43 20 b Wastewater from enterprises licensed to discharge into water sources
There are 5/12 enterprises have the targets exceed the standard:
Table 3.2 Companies exceed the target of receiving wastewater [16]
Criteria Unit Date Resu lt Limit Times
1 Thanh Thanh ceramic tiles Joint Stock Company
Waste water at the drainage connection No
2 TC-CL-ĐL 3Technical Center
Wastewater after preliminary treatment system
10 7 3.000 15.333 Rainwater pits 7.4 Colifor m MPN/100ml 12/9/2015 4,6x
4 Bien Hoa Vinacafe Joint Stock Company
5 Bien Hoa Sugar Joint Stock Company
3 6,5 1,28 c Wastewater of enterprises that have not been licensed for discharge into water sources, not connected to wastewater treatment plant concentration
Table 3.3 Wastewater analysis results of enterprises [16] d Water quality at centralized discharge points
Serial Location Criteria Unit Date Result Limit Times
Apartment sluice from industrial zone crossing road 5 (Vicaco side)
2 An Hao wharf area Fe mg/l 05/09/2015 2,7 1 2,70
Canal next to Nhat Nam
Serial Company Kƒ Time - mg/l Pt-Co mg/l mg/l mg/l
In 2015, water quality analysis at discharge points from Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone to the Dong Nai River showed that nearly all parameters met QCVN 40: 2014 / BTNMT, column A standards, with the exceptions of Coliform, Fe, color, and COD levels The discharge culverts are fed by diverse sources, including treated wastewater from sewage treatment plants and untreated wastewater from residential areas relying on septic tanks, particularly at Bien Hoa pumping station pit 1.
7 Lead (Pb) mg/l KPH KPH KPH KPH 0,11
(Cr 6+) mg/l KPH KPH KPH KPH 0,25
Most of the targets meet the reception limit
3.1.3 Results of groundwater quality analysis
Table 3.6 Result of groundwater environment monitoring in neighboring households in
Serial Analysis criteria Unit Result QCVN
The analysis criteria met the underground water quality standard QCVN 09: 2008 / BTNMT
3.1.4 Air of the industrial park
Table 3.7 Observation results of ambient air environment [16]
B2: Đông Á Plastic company gate (Longitude: 105 o 54'01,6'', latitude: 20 o 31'19,3''); B3: Sao Thái Dương company gate (Longitude: 105 o 53'53,4'', latitude: 20 o 31'10,7''); B4: Hai Pha company gate (Longitude: 105 o 53'53,4'', latitude: 20 o 31'25,6'')
The air quality of the air is relatively stable, the concentration of the analytical criteria is relatively small and it reaches the permitted standard
From the results of monitoring environmental quality in Bien Hoa Industrial Zone 1, we can see:
Water pollution in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone primarily stems from various sources of wastewater, with domestic and industrial wastewater being the most significant contributors These zones, including Export Processing Zones (EPZs), release substantial amounts of wastewater into the river basin, with Dong Nai Province's industrial zones and EPZs accounting for 57.2% of this discharge.
The wastewater quality from enterprises authorized to discharge into the environment often fails to meet standards due to outdated technology, resulting in effluent that exceeds their self-treatment capabilities Additionally, many companies do not comply with wastewater treatment regulations prior to environmental discharge.
Analysis some soil quality indicators in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Park, home to 116 diverse production and trading establishments, presents a complex waste composition due to its varied industries To evaluate the soil environment quality, the author has gathered several key indicators.
Table 3.8 Location of soil sampling [17]
Serial Sign Point Sampling method
1 Đ01 Intersection Road No 2 and Road No 9
2 Đ02 Outside the Dong Nai battery factory
3 Đ03 Beside Vinh Phu gas station
4 Đ04 Outside the Dong Nai transport area
5 Đ05 Outside of Bien Hoa Concrete Factory
6 Đ06 Outside of Tin Nghia ICD
7 Đ07 Outside the Bien Hoa Sugar Factory
8 Đ08 Intersection Road No 3 and Road No 12
9 Đ09 Intersection Road No 5 and Road No 9
10 Đ10 Outside the Dong Nai mechanical factory
Table 3.9 Analysis of soil quality in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone [17]
From the above table, we can see that the land quality indicators at some locations in
Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone are not exceeding the Vietnamese standards on soil quality in industrial zones But there are signs of accumulative waste at some points
Site Đ02 exhibits elevated lead levels, attributed to the accumulation of lead dust from a nearby battery manufacturing facility In contrast, sites Đ03, Đ04, and Đ06 show significant mineral oil contamination in the soil, primarily due to their frequent use for petroleum storage and repair activities.
36 motor vehicles Đ09 and Đ10 have higher content of Fe, Zn, Cr and oil than other areas due to the concentration of many metallurgical plants, mechanical workshops and steel workshops
In fact, the content of substances may be higher due to several reasons:
- The sampling time is in the rainy season, so the analyzed surface has been partly washed away
- Due to subjective reasons, errors in sample collection and analysis from the unit of analysis may occur
The Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone currently shows signs of waste accumulation, although it has not experienced severe pollution To prevent potential future harm, it is essential to implement effective management and remediation strategies to address this issue.
Partition map of pollution in Bien Hoa 1 IZ
From Table 3.1, we can create a map of land quality zoning for Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone (Image in the appendices).
Status of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
After 1975, the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone suffered from significant degradation due to inadequate management and maintenance of its technical infrastructure Many factories and units continue to operate with outdated facilities and land, as most were established prior to 1975 Repairs and upgrades to the infrastructure have been inconsistent and poorly coordinated While some businesses have successfully modernized their technology and replaced old equipment, the majority lack the resources to do so, leading to a continued decline in operational efficiency.
Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Park primarily consists of factories and units that are managed by central ministries, resulting in limited autonomy for production and business operations The ability to construct new facilities or implement technological changes is largely dependent on decisions made by the Corporation, restricting the flexibility of these units in adapting to evolving industry standards.
The Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone faces significant challenges, including poor factory arrangement that disrupts production across facilities and negatively impacts the working environment For instance, the proximity of the dairy factory to the battery factory and the sugar factory's location near brick, concrete, and chemical plants raises concerns about air quality and productivity Additionally, inefficient land use has led to vacant spaces in several factories, while many manufacturing establishments continue to operate with outdated technology and equipment, urgently requiring upgrades that have yet to be implemented.
In 2000, the Prime Minister initiated a project to enhance the technical infrastructure of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone, aiming to modernize the area, support enterprise development, and address environmental pollution While the project has largely been completed, it has only achieved two key objectives: the establishment of a technical infrastructure system and the relocation of residents from industrial land Unfortunately, the critical goals of reducing water and air pollution in the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone remain unaddressed.
Conclusions
We can conclude that Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is the industrial park end of life for the following reasons:
- The life expectancy of the industrial zone is too old (more than 50 years);
Established long before 1975, Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone has faced challenges due to regime changes, socio-economic shifts, and institutional inadequacies These issues have led to unreasonable factory incorporations, significantly impacting product quality and value Additionally, the deteriorating infrastructure fails to support the zone's development needs, further hindering its growth potential.
The growing demand and socio-economic development trends in our country highlight the need for modernization in production technology Outdated methods from previous periods lead to inefficiencies in energy use and result in lower product quality, ultimately hindering economic performance.
Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is facing significant environmental pollution challenges due to its inadequate and non-homogeneous wastewater treatment system, lacking a dedicated treatment plant The factories within the zone contribute to soil waste accumulation, exacerbating the pollution issue To effectively address the environmental concerns in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone, the primary solution is to eliminate the sources of pollution.
In the near future, Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone will be repurposed, necessitating immediate attention to land quality measures Vietnamese standards allow higher limits for substances in soil designated for industrial use compared to other purposes To facilitate this transition and reduce processing time and costs, it is essential to address soil quality now.
Therefore, the processing of environmental quality and conversion of sustainable land use is very necessary to create a greener and cleaner economic environment for Dong Nai province
3.6 Proposed method of overcoming the soil environment quality for Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
So far there have been many definitions of land, but the definition of Docutraev (1879) is one of the most widely acknowledged Russian brothels According to the author,
Land is a natural entity shaped over time by five key factors: parent rock, organisms, climate, terrain, and time This definition underscores the origin of soil, highlighting how rocks and minerals in the Earth's crust interact with these elements Over extended periods, these interactions lead to the gradual breakdown of materials, contributing to the formation of soil.
Human activities have significantly influenced soil composition, leading to the production of organic matter and the alteration of its properties Researchers have noted that these changes can result in the creation of new soil types that do not occur naturally.
The soil environment is a complex ecological system made up of inorganic matter organized in a specific structure, supporting a diverse range of life, including plants, animals, and microorganisms These elements are interconnected and play a vital role in the surrounding environmental system, which encompasses water, air, and climate Soil pollution refers to the degradation of this essential environment, impacting its health and the organisms that depend on it.
Environmental pollution, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), refers to the introduction of harmful wastes or energy into the environment, which adversely impacts human life, health, and the overall quality of the environment.
Environmental pollutants encompass a range of gaseous, liquid, and solid wastes that contain various chemicals, biological agents, and forms of energy, including temperature and radiation Pollution occurs when the concentration or intensity of these harmful agents reaches levels that can negatively impact human health, living organisms, and the integrity of materials, soil, or water.
Or exceed the allowable levels specified in the environmental quality standards
Land ecosystems typically maintain a state of equilibrium However, when certain substances exceed the soil's capacity, it disrupts this balance, leading to soil pollution and degradation of the soil environment.
It is possible to classify contaminated soil by source, or by pollutants [7]
+ Pollution of soil due to domestic wastes;
+ Pollution of soil due to industrial waste;
+ Soil pollution caused by agricultural waste
3.6.3 Source of pollution a Natural origin
Soil minerals typically contain trace amounts of heavy metals, which serve as essential micronutrients for plants and soil organisms under normal conditions However, when these heavy metal levels exceed specific thresholds, they can lead to soil contamination, particularly from artificial sources.
Artificial sources are the main causes of global environmental pollution, including:
Pollution due to agricultural activities: chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, pesticides, livestock waste;
Pollution caused by industrial activities;
Land pollution caused by mining;
Soil pollution caused by chemicals after the war;
Soil pollution caused by radioactive substances
The study aims to enhance soil quality by addressing pollution caused by industrial activities, highlighting the significant impact of these sources on the environment.
Industrial activities contribute significantly to soil pollution, both directly and indirectly Direct sources of pollution occur when contaminants are released straight into the soil Indirect pollution happens when pollutants are discharged into water bodies or the air, which then transport these harmful substances to the soil, leading to further contamination.
Waste can be divided into 4 main groups: [7]
- Waste gases and waste heat;
Construction waste such as bricks, tiles, glass, wood, plastic pipes, cables, concrete, plastic in the soil of these wastes are changed in many ways, many substances difficult to decompose
Metal wastes, especially heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni) are abundant in mining areas, industrial parks, and urban areas
Soil pollution by heavy metals in Vietnam is not widespread, but it is particularly severe near industrial parks and metal recycling villages A study conducted by the University of Natural Sciences in Hanoi revealed alarming levels of lead contamination in the soil of Can Tho, My Van, and Hung Yen communes, with lead concentrations in ponds and paddy fields significantly exceeding safe thresholds.
Heavy metals pose significant risks to soil ecosystems, food chains, and human health The most toxic heavy metals include mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), while arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn) form strong toxic clusters.
Proposed method of conversion of land use in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone
The urgent transformation of land use functions in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is essential to mitigate environmental pollution within the industrial park, enhance the overall environmental quality in Bien Hoa City, and safeguard the water resources of the Dong Nai River.
Pollution in the Dong Nai river basin is primarily caused by various sources of wastewater, with domestic and industrial wastewater being the most significant contributors These sources release a substantial pollutant load, particularly from industrial parks and export processing zones, exacerbating the environmental impact on the river basin.
62 contribute a large amount of waste water to the river basin, in which waste water from industrial parks and export processing zones of Dong Nai province reaches 57.2%
To solve the pollution in the Dong Nai river basin, source of pollution must be cut off
It is not possible to continue the untreated wastewater discharge of industrial zones directly into the river basin
The ongoing operation of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone poses significant challenges in addressing environmental pollution, particularly concerning water and land quality This situation directly threatens the supply of clean water to major residential areas, including Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City, and Binh Duong.
Relocating plants within the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone to more suitable production locations presents a valuable opportunity for factories to upgrade their production technology By investing in new, more efficient equipment, these factories can enhance their operational efficiency while also reducing the risk of environmental pollution.
3.7.1 Option 1: relocate Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone and build a new urban - service - commercial area
The Dong Nai People's Committee is developing a plan to relocate the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone and transform it into an urban service and trade area Currently, detailed implementation plans are being finalized To support this initiative, the committee, in collaboration with the Industrial Park Development Corporation (SONADEZI), has initiated a project aimed at addressing environmental pollution and converting the functions of the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone, as outlined in a draft dated May 10, 2016.
3.7.1.1 Necessity of the plan a In line with the development plan of Bien Hoa city
Bien Hoa City serves as a vital political, economic, cultural, and scientific center in Dong Nai province As a satellite city, it plays a crucial role in facilitating exchanges within the Ho Chi Minh City area and the broader Southeast region, contributing significantly to the southern key economic zone.
The Prime Minister's Decision No 227/2003/QD-TTg, dated October 6, 2003, outlines a development plan for Bien Hoa City aimed at optimizing the use of existing land resources The plan focuses on expanding the city primarily to the North, Northwest, and along the Dong Nai River, fostering a synergistic relationship between Bien Hoa City, Ho Chi Minh City, and neighboring provinces.
The central area of Bien Hoa City is set to be established in Thong Nhat Ward and a portion of Hiep Hoa Island Additionally, Hiep Hoa Island is designated to serve as a general trading center, facilitating international transactions and regional-level services.
Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is strategically situated along the Cai River, adjacent to Hiep Hoa Island and National Road No 1 Its proximity to the Vung Tau Crossroads commercial center positions it as a key connector for the future functional areas of Bien Hoa City.
To align with the development plan for Bien Hoa City, it is essential to transform Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Park into an urban-service-commercial area This transformation will also contribute to enhancing the architectural landscape of Bien Hoa City.
Bien Hoa City, originally developed before 1945, has evolved with a spontaneous urban landscape that now requires significant infrastructure renovation To modernize the city and enhance its new center, a comprehensive city planning strategy has been implemented This includes establishing a main transport axis that connects the central area to the city gate, with high-rise buildings lining the main road Additionally, the integration of green spaces and service areas aims to create a cohesive and modern urban landscape with a well-organized layout.
Maintaining the current location of Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Park will hinder the effective planning of the traffic axis at the eastern gateway of Bien Hoa City Presently, the factories within Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone are situated along Highway No 11, which serves as the primary route linking Vung Tau crossroad to Hiep Hoa Island.
The transformation of land use in Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone is essential for achieving the planned development goals Along Route No 11, which serves as the primary traffic artery to the city center, there is potential for the construction of high-rise buildings, green spaces, and enhanced services to replace the current infrastructure.
Upon the completion of the Bien Hoa 1 Industrial Zone project, the area will transform into a modern urban-commercial hub along the Dong Nai River This development will seamlessly integrate architecture with the natural landscape, creating a vibrant green urban space Additionally, it will play a significant role in promoting economic restructuring and support businesses in enhancing their corporate strategies.
Dong Nai province, situated in the southern key economic region, has experienced significant achievements over the past 25 years of national reform However, it faces numerous challenges, particularly due to the financial crisis and recent global economic downturns, which have impacted its socio-economic development Despite these obstacles, Dong Nai's economic structure is evolving positively, with an annual GDP growth rate of 13.2% and a per capita GDP of 29.6 million VND, reflecting its commitment to strategic goals and sustainable progress.