GRADUATION THESIS AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF VOCABULARY ON READING COMPREHENSION AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE VOCABULARY FOR THE FIRST YEAR ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT IUH STUDENT’ NAME NGUYEN THI NGA STUDENT ID NUMBER 13030861 CLASS DHAV9A COURSE 2013 2017 SUPERVISOR LE PHAM THIEN THU, M A HCMC, June 2017 MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES Date of submission 12062017 Student Name NGUYỄN THỊ NGA Supervisor’s Na.
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
English is undeniably a crucial international language, increasingly popular across the globe and utilized in various fields such as science, technology, and politics In many regions, it serves as a mother tongue or is mandatory as a second language in education Consequently, learning English has become a priority for many, including those in Vietnam, who seek to enhance their knowledge, secure stable employment, study abroad, or access online resources Despite investing significant time and money in English language centers, many students struggle to achieve fluency even after years of study, particularly in listening and speaking skills This limitation is largely due to a focus on reading comprehension and writing, resulting in inadequate vocabulary and overall English proficiency upon graduation.
Vocabulary is crucial for word recognition and significantly impacts second language acquisition and academic success It is increasingly emphasized in language teaching curricula, with linguist David Wilkins stating, "without grammar little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed." Limited vocabulary can hinder students' fluency and listening skills, leading to repetitive word usage and difficulties in expression Additionally, vocabulary knowledge is closely linked to reading comprehension; research indicates that strong vocabulary enhances reading ability Reading is an interactive skill that benefits from a rich vocabulary, making it easier to understand texts and predict new words from context Thus, a robust vocabulary not only facilitates reading but also promotes further vocabulary development through the reading process.
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This research aims to explore the impact of vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension and propose effective strategies for vocabulary enhancement By highlighting the significance of vocabulary, the study seeks to equip students with practical methods to improve both their vocabulary and reading skills.
Aims of the study
This study explores the crucial role of vocabulary in second language acquisition, highlighting that a robust vocabulary significantly enhances reading comprehension and accelerates skill development By emphasizing the importance of vocabulary, this research aims to guide students in recognizing its impact on their learning, particularly in reading skills Furthermore, it encourages learners to concentrate on Lexis, ultimately improving their vocabulary acquisition.
Effective vocabulary acquisition is essential for enhancing reading comprehension This study explores various methods for learning English vocabulary that can motivate students, while also examining the impact of vocabulary on reading skills Additionally, it assesses the current reading abilities of students and offers solutions to improve both their vocabulary and reading proficiency.
The scope of the study
This study examines the impact of vocabulary on reading comprehension and highlights its significance in learning a foreign language It explores the connection between vocabulary knowledge and reading skills, while also offering practical solutions to improve students' vocabulary acquisition.
A data analysis was conducted among first-year students at IUH University to identify effective methods for studying English vocabulary The aim is to enhance their lexicon and reading skills throughout their four years of university education.
The significance of the study
This study emphasizes the crucial role of vocabulary in mastering a foreign language, particularly in enhancing reading comprehension It highlights the reciprocal relationship between vocabulary development and reading skills Additionally, the research offers effective methods for studying English vocabulary to improve vocabulary acquisition.
Methods of study
The main method of the study is carried out to complete this report including:
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Research highlights the crucial role of vocabulary in mastering the English language and enhancing reading skills Numerous studies and reputable sources emphasize that a rich vocabulary significantly contributes to comprehension and fluency Analyzing theoretical frameworks from various websites and renowned authors reveals that effective vocabulary acquisition is essential for successful language learning.
Besides, interviewing and conducting the survey questionnaires on the first year students at IUH university
Moreover, based on my personal experience from my under graduating time in the university.
Research questions
1 How important is vocabulary in learning English?
2 How does vocabulary affect to reading comprehension?
3 What are the methods to improve vocabulary and reading?
The limitations of the study
Although I try my best to conducted the study carefully and reference many different authors, it still has some limitations:
One of the primary challenges faced by students is time management, as the Graduation Thesis coincides with the Internship report, limiting the time available for academic study Additionally, collecting and analyzing data proves difficult, as many students do not respond to survey questionnaires thoughtfully, leading to inaccurate information that can skew research results Furthermore, the questionnaires often reflect the writer's perspective and fail to encompass the full range of difficulties encountered by learners, resulting in a misrepresentation of students' true thoughts and experiences.
The process of finding documents and information can be challenging, despite the abundance of available resources Writers often struggle to access all relevant materials, and many documents lack clear sources, complicating the citation process.
A survey was conducted involving 120 students; however, after reviewing the responses, only 100 qualified answers were retained Consequently, the findings are representative of these 100 students and may not accurately reflect the views of the entire university population.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition
When learning a new language, individuals often focus on speaking, listening, reading, and writing, overlooking the critical role of vocabulary Vocabulary is essential for enhancing these skills and accelerating language development As Nagy (1988) states, "Vocabulary knowledge is a fundamental part of the process of education," and a "lack of adequate vocabulary knowledge is already an obvious and serious obstacle for many students."
Vocabulary is a crucial aspect of second-language (L2) learning, as emphasized by Knight (1994) and Schmitt (2008), who both highlight its essential role in mastering a language It enables effective communication and comprehension, allowing individuals to express their thoughts and understand others Vocabulary can be defined as the collection of words known and used by individuals, groups, or professions, with the Oxford Dictionary defining it as "all the words in a particular language that a person uses." Understanding vocabulary is vital for both personal and social interactions, making it a fundamental component of language acquisition.
Vocabulary is fundamentally the knowledge of words and their meanings, encompassing not only the definitions but also the appropriate usage in various contexts (Kamil & Hiebert, 2005) Mastery of vocabulary is essential for proficiency in any language, particularly in English According to Bromley (2007), vocabulary significantly impacts comprehension, fluency, and overall academic achievement (p 528, as cited in Hansen, 2009).
Therefore, vocabulary is very important in learning a new language, it is the key to communicate successfully with people around and it also improves the other skills better
Reading is a crucial skill for learning any language, as it not only provides relaxation but also offers valuable information Many people perceive reading as merely consuming content from books, news articles, or documents However, it plays an essential role in the process of acquiring a new language Various definitions of reading exist, with the Cambridge Dictionary defining it as an active engagement with text.
Reading is defined as the skill of extracting information from written words and encompasses the way individuals comprehend content According to the Collins English Learner's Dictionary, reading is simply the act performed by a person who engages with text This daily activity not only serves to gather information but is also seen as a reflection of one's culture and habits.
Reading is defined in various ways by different authors and dictionaries According to Smith (1972), reading is a communicative act where information is conveyed from a transmitter to a receiver Additionally, UK Essays describes reading as a process that involves interaction between the writer and the reader.
In 2005, it was suggested that reading functions as an interactive process between the reader and the text, ultimately fostering automaticity or reading fluency The author emphasized that reading is inherently a complex process.
The author underscores the dynamic relationship between the reader and the writer, illustrating how the reader's knowledge influences their understanding of information Additionally, the act of reading is shaped by the reader's purpose and the cultural context of their region.
Rohani Ariffin (1992) defines reading in her book, "Anthropology of Poetry for Young People," as a deeply personal activity typically performed in silence and solitude This definition emphasizes that reading is fundamentally linked to the process of acquiring information, whether done quietly or aloud.
Reading is a complex process that goes beyond simple interpretation; it involves the transfer of information between the author and the reader, facilitating an exchange of ideas and understanding.
Reading comprehension is crucial for effective learning, as it involves the ability to extract information and understand the content of a text Various authors offer differing perspectives on the nature of reading comprehension, highlighting its significance in the reading process.
Reading comprehension is a process where recognized words are transformed into meaningful ideas, as demonstrated by Hoover & Gough (1990) This concept emphasizes that readers can grasp the meaning of words within a text Similarly, Snow (2002) describes reading comprehension as the simultaneous extraction and construction of meaning through interaction with written language, highlighting the importance of engagement with the text.
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Some different definitions of reading comprehension, Kintsch (1998) (as cited in Yee,
Reading comprehension is a complex process that involves the activation of various cognitive skills and different levels of understanding (Perfetti et al., 2005, as cited in Yee, 2010) It requires not only the integration of multiple skills but also the reader's knowledge and experiences Readers must often draw on their background to interpret and decode the author's implications within the text, highlighting that the degree of understanding significantly influences their ability to comprehend the material.
Yee (2010) suggests that reading comprehension fundamentally involves the mental imagery associated with words, such as the visualization of a "cat." This indicates that readers interpret words and texts by conjuring images in their minds, enhancing their understanding of the material.
Afni (2014) defines reading comprehension as the ability to interpret the author's intended meaning, highlighting that it involves uncovering the messages and implications within a text While various definitions of reading comprehension exist, it is generally recognized as a complex process that requires both understanding and decoding skills Additionally, the depth of a reader's comprehension is influenced by their prior knowledge and experiences.
The importance of vocabulary and reading comprehension
2.2.1 The importance of vocabulary in learning the second language
Vocabulary learning is widely regarded as a crucial element of second-language acquisition, with researchers like Knight (1994) and Schmitt (2008) highlighting its essential role in language mastery Kaboody (2007) reinforces this notion by stating that vocabulary is a central aspect of language learning, underscoring its significance in effectively mastering a second language As vocabulary serves as the fundamental building block of sentences, its importance cannot be overstated in the context of language education.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 9 is combined with a lot of single vocabulary Therefore, if we do not have the vocabulary, we could not communicate or write a sentence
The significance of vocabulary in the language learning process has been emphasized by numerous experts, including Farstrup and Samuels (2008), who highlight that expanding both the breadth and depth of vocabulary is a priority for educators and reading specialists They assert that vocabulary expansion is essential for mastering a language, serving as a key component in developing other skills and contributing significantly to early childhood development and academic success (Verhoeven & Perfetti, 2011) Furthermore, Farstrup and Samuels (2008) note that a rapidly expanding vocabulary is a critical indicator of oral language development in young children Consequently, for all learners, particularly young children, increasing vocabulary is a fundamental aspect of language acquisition, as the number of words known directly influences communication abilities and language presentation.
Verhoeven and Perfetti (2011) emphasize that vocabulary growth involves both an increase in the number of words and a deeper understanding of their meanings A rich vocabulary enhances communication skills and public speaking abilities, as relying on a limited set of words can lead to monotonous conversations Additionally, a diverse vocabulary keeps the audience engaged and interested throughout the discussion.
Having a large vocabulary is important, but understanding the depth of words is crucial for language learning According to Akbarian (2010), depth of vocabulary knowledge encompasses how well a learner comprehends a word, including aspects such as pronunciation, spelling, stylistic features, and various meanings like antonymy and synonymy (Farvardin & Koosha, 2011) It is essential not just to know a word, but also to grasp its meaning and application in both speaking and writing Edriz (2007) emphasizes that effective vocabulary learning requires understanding a word's meaning and its use within sentence contexts Therefore, language learners must develop both the breadth and depth of their vocabulary for effective communication.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 10 size of vocabulary is more numerous, the learners are easy to communicate naturally and speak more flexibly
Acquiring a strong vocabulary is crucial for effective communication, as it forms the foundation for speaking, writing, and listening skills (Edriz, 2007) According to Nagy (1988), enhancing vocabulary knowledge is essential for educational development, while insufficient vocabulary poses a significant barrier to many students' learning (p.2).
Vocabulary is universally acknowledged as a vital component in language acquisition, particularly in mastering a second language To effectively learn a language, it is essential to develop and expand one's vocabulary This involves not only increasing the number of words known but also deepening the understanding of their meanings and uses.
2.2.2 The importance of reading comprehension
Although the definition of reading comprehension is quite simple, reading comprehension is one of an important factor in learning the language Amer & Khouzam
In 1993, it was highlighted that reading is the most crucial skill among the four language competencies in second language (SL) or foreign language (FL) learning This is because reading comprehension plays a vital role in understanding and extracting information from texts or literature.
(2012) (as cited in Reading comprehension, Moore, 2014) assumed that it “enables the reader to create a mental representation of the text” In addition, Woolley (2011) commented that
Reading comprehension involves actively constructing meaning from text, as highlighted by Durkin (1993) in Moore's 2014 analysis This process is fundamental to understanding written material, emphasizing the importance of engaging with the content to derive significance.
Moreover, Human Resources and Social Development Canada (2003) (as cited in Yee,
Reading is essential for academic success and plays a crucial role in developing the skills necessary for effective adult functioning in modern society This highlights the importance of reading as a key contributor to learners' academic achievement and overall competency.
Snow (2002) emphasized the critical importance of research in reading comprehension, highlighting its enduring relevance He noted that the long-term benefits of reading, such as enhanced comprehension, greater knowledge acquisition, and deeper engagement with texts, are highly pertinent to educators.
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Reading comprehension is crucial for understanding the meaning behind a text, as it allows readers to grasp the author's intent rather than merely following words This skill is particularly emphasized in foreign language learning, as noted by Woolley (2011), who states that it enables readers to achieve a holistic understanding of the text instead of focusing on isolated words or sentences Furthermore, reading comprehension aids learners in expanding their vocabulary during the reading process.
The mutual relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension
Research indicates that vocabulary and reading comprehension are crucial for mastering a second language A robust vocabulary enhances reading skills, leading to better comprehension Consequently, many scholars have investigated the connection between vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension development, highlighting its significance in language learning (Protopapas et al., 2013).
Kaboody (2007) emphasized the strong connection between reading comprehension and vocabulary learning, a viewpoint echoed by the Educational Research Newsletter and Webinars, which highlighted that research on vocabulary instruction shows a significant link between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension This indicates a mutual relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension, underscoring their interdependence in the learning process.
Research has consistently demonstrated a strong connection between vocabulary and reading comprehension, as highlighted by Nagy (1988) This relationship not only supports but also influences each other, indicating that a robust vocabulary is essential for effective reading comprehension Furthermore, this interplay plays a significant role in the overall development of language skills.
Research has consistently demonstrated a strong link between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension Studies indicate that a reader's ability to understand and process text is significantly enhanced by possessing the necessary vocabulary This highlights the crucial role that vocabulary plays in effective reading comprehension.
2.3.1 Vocabulary is an essential aspect of reading comprehension
Research by Protopapas et al (2013) highlights the crucial role of vocabulary in enhancing reading comprehension, particularly among older children This finding aligns with the National Reading Panel's report (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2000), which underscores the importance of vocabulary development in literacy achievement.
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According to Protopapas et al (2013), vocabulary is a crucial element in enhancing reading comprehension, highlighting its indispensable role in the process.
Carter and McCarthy (1988) assert that vocabulary knowledge is a crucial subcomponent of reading ability, significantly impacting reading comprehension They emphasize that vocabulary has the strongest effect on understanding text Similarly, Protopapas et al (2013) highlight the long-established link between vocabulary and the ability to comprehend written material, noting that vocabulary aids readers in grasping the author's intent.
Nagy (1988) emphasized that vocabulary knowledge is essential for reading comprehension, stating that "One can't understand the text without knowing what most of the words mean" (p.2) This highlights that a clear understanding of vocabulary is crucial for readers to grasp the meaning of texts Consequently, vocabulary plays a significant role in enhancing reading skills, as it enables readers to comprehend sentences and passages effectively.
Moreover, some authors Alderson, 2000; Joshi, 2005; Nation, 1990; Read, 1993; Qian,
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in reading comprehension for both first and second language learners, as highlighted by Kaboody (2007) Farstrup and Samuels (2008) emphasized that a strong vocabulary is essential for successful reading outcomes This perspective is supported by Sidek and Rahim (2015), reinforcing the idea that vocabulary development is vital for overall reading proficiency.
“vocabulary knowledge is also required for successful reading comprehension” (p.51)
Biemiller (2005) argues that the importance of vocabulary, often referred to as "oral language," is frequently overlooked, particularly regarding its role in reading success for first and second graders The authors suggest that vocabulary may not significantly impact young children's reading skills, as their limited understanding at this age means that vocabulary does not greatly influence their reading comprehension abilities.
In summary, we can see that vocabulary is an extremely important factor with reading comprehension It not only affects reading comprehension but also improve reading skill
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 13 better The reader know a lot of vocabulary, reading becomes more easily in learning the language
2.3.2 The impact of reading on vocabulary development
2.3.2.1 Learning new words during reading
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in mastering the English language, making effective vocabulary acquisition essential for language learners Numerous researchers have explored various strategies for learning vocabulary, with a significant focus on the benefits of reading as a highly effective method.
Reading plays a crucial role in vocabulary acquisition, especially from an early age, as highlighted by Glende (2013), who notes that young readers begin to build their vocabulary significantly through the reading process Encountering new words while reading provides an excellent opportunity to learn and retain vocabulary naturally, as repeated exposure to these words in context facilitates memorization without the pressure of forced learning Therefore, reading not only enhances vocabulary but also fosters a deeper understanding of language for individuals of all ages.
Kaboody (2007) emphasized that reading enhances vocabulary acquisition by allowing learners to infer word meanings from context, enabling them to deduce the meanings of unfamiliar words This process not only aids in understanding new vocabulary but also enriches readers' background knowledge through various reading materials such as books, newspapers, and documents Supporting this view, Verhoeven and Perfetti (2011) also highlighted the importance of reading in vocabulary development.
Reading provides valuable opportunities to learn and refine word meanings, significantly contributing to vocabulary development (Verhoeven & Perfetti, 2011) It is evident that engaging with texts enhances vocabulary size, allowing readers to enjoy their reading while simultaneously expanding their knowledge This interplay between reading and vocabulary growth underscores the profound impact reading has on enhancing linguistic skills and enriching one's knowledge base.
Researchers may have differing opinions on the best methods for vocabulary acquisition, but they unanimously agree that reading is a highly effective way to learn new words During reading, learners can effortlessly pick up new vocabulary, and the wide variety of topics available allows them to choose subjects that interest them This personalized approach not only enhances engagement but also makes the process of learning vocabulary more enjoyable and efficient Thus, reading serves as an easy and effective strategy for vocabulary development.
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2.3.2.2 Review old vocabulary through reading
The effect of vocabulary on reading ability
2.4.1 Awareness of learners to difficulties in learning the reading skill
First-year English major students often struggle with general English skills, particularly reading, due to the rapid changes in their learning environment Many students, including those at IUH, find it challenging to adapt to new teaching methods and may not have effective study strategies suited for university life To overcome these difficulties, students need to explore new learning methods and strategies According to Verhoeven and Perfetti (2011), reading comprehension relies heavily on semantic knowledge of specific words, which varies among individuals This highlights the crucial role of vocabulary in reading ability Unfortunately, many students have previously overlooked vocabulary acquisition, leading to significant challenges when encountering academic texts filled with unfamiliar words.
According to Verhoeven and Perfetti (2011), effective reading comprehension relies on the ability to readily identify word forms and access their meanings, highlighting the importance of vocabulary acquisition for first-year English majors Reading extensively is one of the most effective methods for expanding vocabulary, as it encourages students to engage with more than just their course materials By exploring additional reference books related to their studies, learners can rapidly enhance their knowledge base and improve their reading skills.
2.4.2The influence of vocabulary on predicting new words
Joshi and Aaron (2000) highlighted the strong correlation between vocabulary knowledge and reading ability, emphasizing that a larger vocabulary enhances text comprehension and decoding speed (Kaboody, 2007, p.5) When readers encounter unfamiliar words, their ability to predict meanings becomes crucial for understanding the text Consequently, developing strong predictive skills in reading comprehension is essential, and this requires a solid background knowledge, particularly a rich vocabulary.
Qian (2002) emphasizes the critical role of vocabulary in reading comprehension, stating that a larger vocabulary provides learners with a broader database to infer the meanings of unfamiliar words This deeper vocabulary knowledge enhances their ability to guess meanings based on context, making it easier to understand texts Furthermore, research indicates that vocabulary knowledge consistently predicts reading comprehension from fourth through eighth grades (Bos & Anders, 1990; Yovanoff et al., 2005, as cited in Moore, 2014).
Research highlights the crucial role of vocabulary in predicting unfamiliar words within a text A robust vocabulary enables readers to utilize context, personal experience, and background knowledge to infer the meanings of new words Additionally, vocabulary significantly influences not only the ability to decipher unknown terms but also the overall comprehension of the text.
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2.4.3 The influence of vocabulary on reading comprehension
Numerous studies over the years have established a strong correlation between vocabulary and reading comprehension, highlighting vocabulary as a crucial factor that significantly influences a reader's understanding This consistent finding across various research efforts underscores the importance of vocabulary development in enhancing reading skills.
According to Logan (2012), early childhood programs that focus on vocabulary development significantly enhance students' reading comprehension, both in independent reading and when texts are read aloud to them He emphasizes that a larger vocabulary correlates with improved reading comprehension skills, stating that students with extensive vocabularies are more likely to excel in understanding complex texts Thus, the extent of a student's vocabulary directly influences their ability to comprehend written material effectively.
Research by Sidek and Rahim (2015) highlights the crucial role of vocabulary in reading comprehension, stating that a strong vocabulary is essential for students to understand texts effectively (p.51) Logan (2012) supports this by noting that enhancing children's vocabulary enables them to grasp more of what they hear and read (p.3) Furthermore, Logan emphasizes the significance of early childhood vocabulary instruction, as it positively influences reading comprehension A rich vocabulary allows students to tackle more complex texts, as they can use context clues to infer the meanings of unfamiliar words based on their existing knowledge This understanding is further reinforced by Kieffer and Lesaux (2007), underscoring the importance of vocabulary development in academic success.
A 2012 study suggested that an increase in vocabulary leads to better comprehension, which in turn encourages more reading; as students read more, they continue to expand their vocabulary.
Logan (2012) emphasized that low vocabulary development poses a significant risk for poor academic performance, particularly in reading comprehension when children start school This deficiency can hinder their ability to keep up with peers and may lead to a lack of interest in reading Consequently, it is crucial for all students to focus on building their vocabulary to enhance their academic success.
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in reading comprehension, making it essential to develop vocabulary skills during early childhood Enhancing vocabulary at a young age significantly contributes to improved reading abilities.
2.4.4 The influence of vocabulary on reading speed
Qian (2002) (as cited in Kaboody, 2007) proposed that vocabulary knowledge helps learners to understand the text, which is an important aspect of reading Simply, when readers
A large vocabulary enables readers to deduce the meanings of texts based on context, allowing them to infer unknown words from familiar ones This rich vocabulary enhances comprehension, making it easier to grasp the text's meaning and increasing reading speed Additionally, a robust vocabulary facilitates the effective use of skimming and scanning techniques, helping readers uncover the author's implications within the text.
Torgesen and Hudson emphasize that slow or inaccurate analytic processes for decoding unfamiliar words can significantly hinder both the speed and accuracy of reading This highlights the importance of having a foundational knowledge and experience before engaging with a text, as readers must be able to effectively understand familiar words and possess a robust vocabulary Without a sufficient vocabulary, readers may experience a decrease in reading speed, making comprehension more challenging.
Some suggested methods to study vocabulary effectively
2.5.1 Studying English vocabulary through demonstration picture
Vocabulary is crucial for language learning and significantly impacts skills like listening, speaking, reading, and writing Therefore, enhancing vocabulary is essential for learners mastering a second language Numerous researchers have explored effective and easy methods for vocabulary acquisition, with various studies highlighting the use of pictures as a particularly effective approach.
Pictures are easier to remember than words due to their vivid colors and engaging visuals, making them particularly effective for young learners According to Carpenter and Olson (2011), research shows that images are recalled better than verbal labels, as they can be processed through both verbal and visual codes This dual coding allows learners to remember the names and details associated with pictures more effortlessly, resulting in longer retention of information Overall, the natural appeal of images enhances memory recall, making visual learning a powerful tool in education.
Research indicates that images are processed more quickly than text, as noted by Potter and Faulconer (1975) in Carpenter and Olson (2011), who state that "pictures can be categorized faster than words." Additionally, Nelson (1979), also cited in Carpenter and Olson (2011), supports this perspective by highlighting that "pictures have an advantage in memory because they contain a greater variety of unique visual features than do words."
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Pictures significantly enhance vocabulary retention for learners, proving more effective than repetitive writing By utilizing images, students can easily visualize and connect various concepts, making the learning process more engaging Many learners find traditional vocabulary study tedious, often struggling to remember a large number of words In contrast, learning through pictures not only aids memory retention but also captivates attention, as visual content is inherently more interesting and appealing than conventional writing methods.
It can not deny that demonstration pictures are an interesting method of learning vocabulary It brings a lot of benefits such as easy to study, save time and remember longer
2.5.2 Studying English vocabulary through mass media
In today's rapidly evolving mass media landscape, knowledge is no longer confined to books; it now encompasses various platforms such as newspapers and television Learning English vocabulary through these media sources is more effective and convenient than solely relying on textbooks While books offer limited and academic content, newspapers and television provide broader, more relatable knowledge that is accessible to everyone.
Newspapers serve as an engaging and accessible resource for English learners, providing a diverse range of topics and vocabulary Readers are exposed to both familiar and new words, which enhances their retention and understanding through repeated encounters According to the News in Levels website, consistent reading and listening to words solidifies comprehension and memory Hwang's study (1989) supports this, revealing that approximately 80% of words in newspaper articles fall within the most common 2,000 words, making them accessible for learners while also offering opportunities to revisit previously learned vocabulary.
Learning vocabulary through television is an effective method, as many shows are engaging and entertaining This approach allows learners to acquire new words while enjoying the content, making the process more enjoyable and efficient By combining education with entertainment, it reduces boredom and maximizes learning time.
According to Supervisor Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A., allowing learners to select their preferred programs or topics enhances their enjoyment and excitement, facilitating the natural retention of new vocabulary Yuksel and Tanriverdi (2009) highlight that many educators believe television programs with captions provide a rich context for foreign language acquisition Supporting this, Koolstra and Beentjes (1999) found that students significantly improved their reading vocabulary knowledge by watching Dutch subtitled English television programs at home, demonstrating that exposure to English programs on television effectively boosts vocabulary acquisition.
In conclusion, students increasingly prefer learning vocabulary through newspapers and television due to the wide variety of programs and topics available This diverse content allows them to gain a broad range of knowledge while conveniently studying new vocabulary.
2.5.2.2.1 Watching movies with English subtitles
Numerous studies highlight the benefits of learning vocabulary through watching movies with subtitles Yuksel and Tanriverdi (2009) note that many educators encourage students to engage with TV and films featuring captions, believing this exposure enhances language proficiency Watching movie clips with subtitles facilitates incidental vocabulary learning, as viewers tend to focus on both the visuals and dialogue, aiding memory retention of words and phrases Additionally, the relaxed atmosphere of watching films makes the learning process enjoyable Subtitles help clarify the film's content, allowing learners to expand their vocabulary effortlessly The dialogue in movies often reflects everyday language, making it an effective method for acquiring new words Overall, watching movies with subtitles is a simple yet powerful approach to vocabulary development.
Music is a vital part of life for countless individuals worldwide, providing excitement and meaning through its melodies and harmonies It serves as a powerful motivator, alleviating feelings of tiredness, disappointment, and boredom by resonating deeply with the heart and soul of listeners Over the years, music has become increasingly essential, recognized as an effective tool for relaxation and a profound means of expressing emotions.
Music plays a crucial role in our lives, influencing emotions such as happiness, anger, and passion, while also serving as a source of entertainment Numerous studies have highlighted music's significant impact on various aspects of life, particularly in education and vocabulary acquisition According to Medina (1990), listening to a song can facilitate vocabulary learning just as effectively as listening to a story.
Music serves as an effective educational tool, encapsulating various language components such as culture, vocabulary, and grammar within its melodies and lyrics (Abdolmanafi-Rokni & Ataee, 2014) Abbott (2002) supports this notion, highlighting that songs can motivate learners in adult English classrooms by enhancing vocabulary, cultural understanding, and overall enjoyment of language lessons Additionally, Li and Brand (2009) emphasize that song lyrics often feature repetitive structures and simple vocabulary, making them easier for learners to remember Despite differing views on music's impact on vocabulary acquisition, it is evident that music aids in learning due to its memorable tunes and lyrical repetition, facilitating a more natural and rapid vocabulary acquisition process Ultimately, music not only enriches vocabulary but also broadens cultural knowledge (Abbott, 2002).
Music is a powerful and affordable tool for studying vocabulary, as it can be enjoyed anywhere without significant cost Additionally, it serves as a source of entertainment, reducing stress, boosting motivation, and enhancing overall productivity.
2.5.3 Studying English vocabulary through the funny games
A teacher in the English Department of Pedagogical University, Uberman stated that
Experienced writers of textbooks and methodology manuals emphasize that games offer significant educational benefits rather than merely serving as time-fillers Many educators have adopted games as an effective teaching technique in the classroom Research has shown that incorporating games into the learning process can enhance vocabulary acquisition and overall educational outcomes.
METHODOLOGY
Research design
To explore the impact of vocabulary on reading comprehension, a quantitative research approach is employed to gather relevant data The researcher creates a table featuring 15 questionnaires and conducts a survey among the participants This structured questionnaire facilitates the collection of numerical data, which is subsequently analyzed using statistical methods to present the survey results.
Participants
This study focuses on first-year English major students from the DHAV12 cohort at the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, comprising nearly 220 students divided into four groups They were selected due to the study's aim to investigate the impact of vocabulary on reading skills, making them an ideal subject for research Additionally, time constraints limited the study to only the DHAV12 students, who are currently enrolled in Reading 1, allowing for a better understanding of the challenges they face in developing their reading skills.
Data collection instruments
Questionnaires are a widely used research method defined by the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as a list of questions designed to gather information from multiple respondents This method is favored for its numerous benefits, including simplicity and time efficiency, making it ideal for large-scale surveys As highlighted by Mcleod (2014), questionnaires effectively measure behaviors, attitudes, preferences, opinions, and intentions of a significant number of participants more affordably and swiftly than alternative methods Consequently, questionnaires are a valuable tool in various research endeavors.
The study utilized a questionnaire consisting of 15 carefully crafted questions, designed to align with the research objectives The questions were structured to be concise and straightforward, facilitating ease of response and progressing from simple to more complex inquiries The questionnaire incorporated both closed and open-ended questions to effectively gather data on students' perceptions of vocabulary's significance and its impact on reading comprehension Closed questions featured multiple-choice answers, while open questions allowed for more in-depth responses.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 25 getting a more detailed response Finally, questionnaires try to find the difficulty of students when learning reading and give some solutions.
Data collection procedures
In developing the Literature Review, the writer formulates the questionnaire based on extensive reading, incorporating insights from various authors alongside their own experience and knowledge After careful revision and adjustments made with the supervisor's guidance, the finalized questionnaire is distributed to participants Prior to this, the writer secured permission from teachers, specifically Ms Nguyen Thi Thu Hang, Ms Le Thi Thuy, and Ms Nguyen Thi Thanh Xuan, to allow their students to participate The survey involved 120 students from DHAV12, divided into three groups; however, after filtering for complete responses, the analysis was based on 100 students who participated in the study The survey process adhered to a systematic procedure.
The researcher began by outlining the thesis topic and the purpose of the questionnaires, highlighting the vital role participants play in the success of the study Subsequently, the questionnaires were distributed to students, with the researcher providing clear explanations for any difficult or ambiguous questions to ensure accurate and timely completion.
Fourthly, the researcher collected all questionnaires
Finally, the researcher thanks teacher’s permission and the cooperation of students for their help.
Data analysis procedures
Following the survey, the researcher reviewed the responses, filtering out incomplete or unqualified answers The data was then quantified to determine frequency levels and percentages, utilizing Excel for analysis due to its convenience and accuracy Ultimately, the researcher compared the survey results with initial findings to draw conclusions, presenting the outcomes through diagrams, charts, and tables in the research.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Students’awareness about of learning vocabulary
Understanding students' perspectives on vocabulary acquisition is crucial, as their feelings directly influence their learning experience The writer emphasizes that positive attitudes towards vocabulary are essential for success in mastering any language, including English.
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Attitudes Number of students Percentage (%)
Table 2: Students’feeling of learning vocabulary
Figure 1: Students’feeling of learning vocabulary
The pie chart illustrates students' perceptions of vocabulary learning, revealing that 40% find it interesting Additionally, 36% consider it very interesting, while 14% are indifferent In contrast, only 3% feel it is very boring, and 7% regard it as boring Overall, a significant majority of students express a positive attitude towards learning vocabulary.
Statistics reveal that a significant number of learners find enjoyment in acquiring vocabulary, highlighting its crucial role in their educational experience While not all students are included in this data, it reflects a general enthusiasm for vocabulary learning among participants This positive sentiment not only enhances their awareness but also boosts their motivation, ultimately encouraging greater efforts in language study, particularly in vocabulary development.
Students'awareness of learning vocabulary
Very boring Boring Neutral Interesting Very interesting
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 29
The frequency of learning vocabulary
The frequency of learning vocabulary
Table 3: The frequency of learning vocabulary
Figure 2: The frequency of learning vocabulary
The chart illustrates the vocabulary learning habits of first-year English major students, revealing that a significant portion of participants dedicate minimal time to this activity Notably, 42% of students spend less than one hour per week on vocabulary study, while nearly 30% allocate between one to three hours A smaller percentage, 10%, invest three to five hours, and 12% commit five to seven hours weekly Only 5% of students exceed seven hours of vocabulary study, and a mere 1% report never engaging in vocabulary learning.
The frequency of learning vocabulary
1 – 3 hours From more than 3 – 5 hours From more than 5 – 7 hours
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 30
The low frequency of vocabulary learning among students highlights a significant issue, as many lack focus and motivation in this area Factors contributing to this include boredom, ineffective study methods, and a general lack of effort Nonetheless, dedicating time to vocabulary acquisition is crucial for mastering any language, as emphasized by Nagy (1988).
“Lack of adequate vocabulary knowledge is already an obvious and serious obstacle for many students”.
The role of vocabulary in students’viewpoint
A recent survey highlights the critical role of vocabulary in learning the English language, with 99% of participants acknowledging its importance In terms of communication, 94% believe vocabulary is essential, and 77% assert that it facilitates communication even with limited grammar knowledge Additionally, 94% of students agree that vocabulary enables them to express their thoughts clearly, while only 6% disagree Furthermore, an impressive 97% recognize that vocabulary aids in understanding spoken and written content, with just 3% not in agreement.
While participants may have differing views on the role of vocabulary, it is undeniable that vocabulary is crucial in second language acquisition Most acknowledge its importance, as it enhances communication skills and other abilities The data gathered from the questionnaire provides compelling evidence of vocabulary's significant role in language learning.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 31
Figure 3: The role of vocabulary in students’viewpoint
Vocabulary affects many skills such as Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing
Vocabulary affects many skills such as Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing
Table 4: Vocabulary affects many skills
Vocabulary plays an important role in learning the
Vocabulary is the key for the learners to communicate with others
Vocabulary helps you communicate even if you know only a little grammar
Vocabulary gives people the ability to say what he or she means
Vocabulary helps you understand what other people are saying and what you are reading
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 32
Figure 4: Vocabulary affects many skills
The table and chart demonstrate the significant impact of vocabulary on various skills, with 60% of participants strongly agreeing with this perspective, representing over half of the total responses Additionally, 33% of students expressed agreement, while only 3% disagreed and 4% strongly disagreed Notably, there were no participants who selected a neutral response.
Vocabulary is essential as it significantly influences the four fundamental language skills Research indicates that students possess a strong awareness of how vocabulary impacts their learning, motivating them to enhance their vocabulary acquisition Ultimately, a richer vocabulary leads to greater knowledge and understanding of the language.
Students’awareness about the importance of vocabulary on reading comprehension
From this pie chart, there are a lot of different viewpoints about the role of vocabulary in reading comprehension
According to data gathered from questionnaires and represented in a pie chart, nearly half of the students (49%) believe that vocabulary plays a crucial role in reading comprehension Additionally, 30% of the participants acknowledge that vocabulary is extremely important for understanding texts.
Disagree Neither disagree or agree
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 33
Figure 5: The importance of vocabulary on reading comprehension
A survey revealed that 13% of participants view vocabulary as somewhat important for reading comprehension, while a mere 4% believe it holds no significance at all or are indifferent.
From the pie chart, it is easy to recognize that almost students think vocabulary plays an important or very important role in reading comprehension.
Students’opinion about the relationship between vocabulary and reading
The bar chart below gives information about the mutual relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension
Reading significantly aids learners in reviewing vocabulary, with 49% of participants strongly agreeing and 45% agreeing, while none expressed strong disagreement Additionally, a substantial 95% of participants believe that reading enhances vocabulary, as 50% strongly agree and 45% agree, with only a minimal percentage expressing disagreement.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 34
Figure 6: The relationship between vocabulary and reading
A significant majority of students believe that vocabulary plays a crucial role in text decoding, with 63% agreeing and only 7% disagreeing Additionally, 58% of participants feel that vocabulary aids in predicting new words, while 29% strongly agree, and only 20% express disagreement Regarding reading speed, 59% of students agree that vocabulary influences it, with 29% strongly agreeing Lastly, a substantial 53% of participants strongly agree that vocabulary is essential for reading comprehension, complemented by 43% who agree, and only 2% who disagree.
In short, from the bar chart, we can see that almost participants also recognize vocabulary and reading having a close relationship in spite of still having some contrast opinion
Vocabulary plays an essential part in reading comprehension Knowing a lot of vocabulary helps you read the text more easily
Vocabulary influences on predicting new vocabulary
Vocabulary influences on decoding the text
You can improve vocabulary through reading
Reading helps you review old vocabulary
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 35
The factors affecting ability of reading comprehension
Table 5: The factors affecting ability of reading comprehension
Figure 7: The factors affecting ability of reading comprehension
Reading comprehension is influenced by several key factors that students encounter A significant 89% of participants identified a lack of vocabulary as the primary obstacle Additionally, 45% attributed their difficulties to time pressure, while 38% found challenging topics to be a hurdle Psychological factors were noted by 20% of respondents, and 19% cited unsuitable reading strategies Complex grammar issues affected 16% of participants, with only 1% expressing alternative views.
The factors affecting ability of reading comprehension
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 36
Vocabulary presents a significant challenge for students during the reading comprehension process, as it directly influences their understanding of the text The presence of numerous unfamiliar words can increase the difficulty level of reading material, underscoring the critical role that vocabulary plays in effective comprehension.
The vocabulary problem which students encounter when reading a text
Figure 8: The vocabulary problem which students encounter when reading a text
Many readers struggle with vocabulary when engaging with texts, particularly when encountering new words A survey revealed that 57% of participants found unfamiliar vocabulary to be the primary barrier to understanding passages Additionally, 32% of students reported difficulty in connecting the meanings of individual words within sentences Another challenge noted was the inability to recall known words' meanings Furthermore, 47% of participants acknowledged that while they understood the meanings of certain words, they were uncertain of their precise interpretations in context, indicating a consensus on the vocabulary challenges faced.
The bar chart illustrates that a significant challenge for students in comprehending passages is the presence of numerous unfamiliar words This issue is a common hurdle faced by many learners, highlighting the need for alternative strategies to effectively address and overcome it.
I often do not understand reading passages because of a lot of new vocabulary
I can understand the meaning of the words individually but I can not connect them to each other in a sentence
I can recognize some words but I cannot remember their meanings
I know the meaning of the words but I do not know their exact meaning in the context
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 37
How students overcome difficulty in reading the text
Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never
No % No % No % No % No %
1 I focus on the meaning of every word to understand the whole text
2 I guess the meaning of new words base on the structure of these words
3 I guess the meaning of new words base on textual situations
4 I use my background knowledge and personal experience to help me understand the text
I understand to help me guess the meaning of the words I don’t understand
6 I use the context clues such as synonyms,
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 38 examples, opposites, word from
7 I use the dictionary to look up new words
8 I skip difficult words and sentence in the text
9 I analyze grammatical points and structures
10 I skim the text and find down the topic and the main idea
11 I try to read many times and find out answers
12 I ask my teacher and friends to solve the problem
13 I give up and do other exercises
Table 6: How students overcome difficulty in reading the text
The table highlights 14 effective strategies for improving reading comprehension, as suggested by the writer While students frequently utilize various methods, their usage rates range from 0% to 53% Notably, techniques such as concentrating on the meaning of each word to grasp the overall text account for 41%, and inferring word meanings based on their structure reach 51%.
In the process of understanding new vocabulary, I utilize various strategies, including guessing meanings based on textual context (43%) and relying on my background knowledge and personal experiences (39%) I often use familiar words to infer the meanings of unfamiliar ones (49%) and employ synonyms, examples, and antonyms (42%) Additionally, I consult the dictionary (35%) and sometimes skip over challenging words and sentences (53%) Analyzing grammatical structures is also part of my approach (52%), along with skimming the text to identify the main topic and ideas (46%) I frequently reread to find answers (36%) and seek help from teachers and peers (34%), though I occasionally consider giving up and doing other exercises (45%) or simply ignoring the difficult parts (43%).
While the percentage of participants who regularly utilize this method is relatively low, its effectiveness in helping learners overcome challenges is significant Additionally, this strategy enhances comprehension skills and improves the ability to infer new vocabulary.
4.11 How students predict the meaning of new words correctly
Figure 9: How students predict the meaning of new words correctly
The pie chart illustrates students' ability to accurately predict the meanings of new words while reading It reveals that 8% of participants consistently guess new vocabulary correctly, while the largest segment of respondents frequently make accurate predictions about word meanings.
How students predict the meaning of new words correctly
Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 40
57%.Besides, the number of students sometimes predicting correctly is quite high with 32%.Only 3% of participant rarely predicting new words correctly and nobody chooses the answer “never”
Predictive skills play a crucial role in the reading process, enhancing comprehension by enabling readers to anticipate and understand text more effectively A strong vocabulary aids in this ability, allowing learners to grasp passages with greater ease Statistics indicate that students possess a high and accurate level of predictive ability, further supporting vocabulary development.
Reading ability would be improved when the knowledge of words increase
Table 7: Reading ability would be improved through increasing vocabulary
The data reveals that 52% of participants, totaling 52 students, believe that reading skills improve with an increase in vocabulary knowledge Additionally, 43% of participants, or 43 students, strongly agree with this viewpoint Notably, only 5 students expressed uncertainty on the matter, while no participants disagreed or strongly disagreed.
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in reading ability, as highlighted by Sidek and Rahim (2015), who emphasize its significance in reading comprehension success This prompted the writer to investigate students' perspectives on how enhancing their vocabulary can improve their reading skills.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 41
Figure 10: Reading ability would be improved through increasing vocabulary
Expanding vocabulary significantly enhances reading ability, as nearly all participants acknowledged its crucial role in improving their reading skills Therefore, increasing vocabulary is essential for advancing overall reading proficiency.
The problem which learners encounter in learning vocabulary
Vocabulary plays a crucial role in mastering the English language, and understanding the challenges learners encounter in vocabulary acquisition is essential This article aims to identify the difficulties faced by learners when expanding their vocabulary and to propose effective strategies to overcome these obstacles.
Figure 11: The problem which learners encounter in learning vocabulary
No, I disagree Neither disagree or agree Yes, I agree
I feel bored when learning vocabulary
I often forget the meaning of the word after studying …
I learn a word many times but I still cannot …
I don’t have motivation to study
I face some difficulties such as: deciding which words …
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 42
The investigation revealed that 45% of learners forget the meaning of words after studying, while 27% struggle to remember words despite repeated exposure Additionally, 24% of participants face challenges in determining which words are worth learning and how to organize their vocabulary Boredom in vocabulary learning affects 21% of participants, and 9% cite a lack of motivation as a barrier Lastly, only 2% of participants mention other issues, such as irregular review practices or recalling words during tests.
Many learners struggle to remember vocabulary despite repeated study This article explores effective strategies for improving vocabulary retention and enhancing language learning.
The method which students often use to improve vocabulary
The writer conducted an investigation into students' awareness of the significance of vocabulary and reading comprehension, as well as the challenges they frequently face Additionally, the study aims to explore the methods participants employ to enhance their vocabulary, which is crucial for the research outcomes.
Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never
No % No % No % No % No %
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 43
Table 8: The method which students often using to improve vocabulary
Table 8 reveals the diverse methods participants employ to enhance their vocabulary, with fluency levels ranging from 0% to 52% The data highlights ten distinct strategies, including frequent reading (46%), occasional repetition (45%), and learning words in context (43%) Additionally, vocabulary trees are often utilized (37%), while root words are rarely studied (32%) Participants also sometimes use prefixes and suffixes (52%), synonyms and antonyms (44%), and word lists (40%), alongside visual dictionaries (42%) and word games (41%) These findings indicate that students adopt various approaches to vocabulary acquisition, each offering unique advantages.
Some suggested methods to study vocabulary effectively
In the final section, the author seeks to identify the most effective strategies for enhancing vocabulary, offering various methods for participants to evaluate The findings are presented in the chart below, highlighting the effectiveness of each approach.
The data indicates that the most favored method for learning English is watching films and television without subtitles, chosen by 81% of participants Listening to music and reading English literature, including books, magazines, and essays, both account for 78% of preferred methods Additionally, 60% of respondents utilize the Internet for vocabulary learning through English programs and websites While 38% of participants frequently incorporate new words into conversations, 32% rely on dictionaries and vocabulary notebooks for learning Other methods include using pictures (28%) and memorization (23%) Only 4% of participants learn when prompted by a teacher, while 2% have alternative learning strategies.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 44
Figure 12: The effective ways to study English vocabulary
A recent survey revealed that many students prefer learning English vocabulary through entertainment and educational programs, as well as various online resources such as websites, music, and films These engaging methods not only provide enjoyment but also help alleviate stress from academic and work pressures To study vocabulary effectively, learners should choose their preferred methods and study when they feel comfortable, avoiding cramming large amounts of words at once to enhance retention.
Supervisor: Le Pham Thien Thu, M.A 45