INTRODUCTION
Reasons for choosing the theme
The integration of digital technology into online education is an increasingly essential trend in society However, both teachers and students encounter numerous challenges in achieving effective outcomes through this method.
- Teachers and students are used to teaching and learning directly Students are not familiar with online learning
Many students struggle to adapt to online learning environments due to their previous experiences in face-to-face classes This transition often leads to difficulties in maintaining focus and engagement on digital platforms, hindering their overall learning experience.
Teachers identify common challenges in the current teaching and learning landscape and implement effective methods, technology tools, and platforms to enhance skill diversity and flexibility.
In response to the challenges of online teaching, educators are adopting both synchronous and asynchronous methods to enhance interoperability and improve the quality of education This approach not only fosters creativity among teachers and students but also effectively addresses the demands of the digital age.
In light of the reasons outlined, the author has selected the topic "Effective Teaching Approaches in a Digital Age for Upper Secondary School Students" to explore and implement in the online teaching process This initiative aims to support both educators and students in enhancing online lessons and developing essential skills effectively.
The aims of the study
When choosing this topic for research, my research is carried out to achieve the following objectives:
- To investigate the current situations of teaching and learning in a digital age at Huynh Thuc Khang High School
- To find out the ways of approaches for improving effectively teaching in a digital age at Huynh Thuc Khang High School for the 12 th graders
- To suggest some methods, techtools and platforms of teaching implementation in a digital age for enhancing teaching some skills for the 12 th graders at High Schools.
Scope of the study
- To focus on two ways of synchronous and asynchronous approaches in online procedures applied in some skills for the 12 th graders of the new program.
Method of the tudy
Contributions of the study
Teachers implement both synchronous (virtual classroom) and asynchronous methods in the online learning process for 12th graders under the new program Utilizing various tech tools and platforms, these approaches enhance student focus, address challenges, and foster creativity, ultimately leading to more effective lessons.
CONTENTS OF THE STUDY
Theoretical background
1 1 The concept of teaching approach in a digital age
In the digital age, the teaching approach involves the innovative integration of digital tools and technologies, commonly known as Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) or e-Learning This exploration of digital technologies empowers educators to create engaging learning experiences, which can be delivered through blended or fully online courses and programs.
Digital learning is an instructional approach that significantly benefits students by utilizing a variety of technology-enhanced educational strategies This encompasses blended learning, flipped learning, personalized learning, and other methods that leverage digital tools to varying extents.
Effective teaching in the digital age demands a high level of professional knowledge and skill from educators Teachers must identify students' existing knowledge gaps while leveraging their expertise in discipline knowledge, pedagogical content, and educational psychology Additionally, they should understand the learning context to impart essential concepts and skills necessary for societal participation Facilitating collaborative opportunities for students to create and critique knowledge both inside and outside the classroom is crucial Consequently, teaching emerges as a highly skilled and demanding profession.
In the digital age, education merges traditional and modern methods to create a more comprehensive and engaging learning experience for students Through online distance learning, students can explore concepts and theories virtually, leveraging the power of the internet to enhance their educational journey.
1.2 Principles of teaching in a digital age
Effective teaching in the digital age shares fundamental principles with traditional face-to-face instruction, but it requires teachers to adapt their facilitation strategies based on the online learning environment Different modes of online teaching necessitate varied approaches, as simply transferring the same curriculum and methods from in-person classes can lead to challenges For instance, conducting a verbal presentation may not be feasible in a fully online course As Ko and Rossen (2004) note, maintaining course quality does not require a direct translation of past practices, emphasizing the importance of adapting to the unique demands of online education.
The effectiveness of online teaching varies based on the specific learning outcomes and course topics, indicating that there is no singular definition of good online instruction Nonetheless, certain overarching principles can enhance student learning According to Hodges (2004), several key features consistently motivate online students and can be applied to improve their educational experience.
- Self-efficacy: student confidence in believing they can achieve online
- Variety in all areas of teaching
- Usability of the online learning environment
To enhance the online learning experience and foster a student-centered environment, it is essential to implement strategies that incorporate key features into online courses These strategies not only help online students adapt to the digital learning landscape but also significantly boost their motivation and engagement For further insights, examples, and discussions on effectively motivating online students, refer to the resource on motivating and engaging online students.
Being prepared to teach online
To be a good online teacher, you need to be prepared for the various tasks required during semester Being prepared has many advantages:
- Allowing you to anticipate potential problems and being in a position to make adjustments when necessary
- Developing confidence that will have a positive flow-on effect to your students
- Enabling you to better manage your course in areas such as workload, time management and sustainability to ensure schedules are maintained and stress is avoided
There are many ways to prepare for online teaching:
- Becoming involved with communities of practice
- Collaborating with others involved in teaching about online pedagogical approaches and technical issues
- Offering your own advice to others and receive feedback from others about your ideas
- Enrolling in staff development programs
- Knowing what will be expected of you as an online teacher developing a strategy to ascertain any extra necessary skills and competencies required
Communicating clear expectations to students
After developing your facilitation strategy, clearly communicate your expectations to your students, particularly if they are new to online courses It is crucial to address key issues from the outset and maintain this communication throughout the course to ensure a smooth learning experience.
- Assignments and how they are to be submitted
- Communication protocols: when, how and netiquette
- Exemplars of quality student work
- The nature of online learning and that they will need to be more self-directed
- Features of the online learning environment that you have established such as where resources are located, general navigation and any specific tools or software that will be used
- Any other institution or Faculty-based policies related to your course
Fully online students have reported tendencies to feel isolated It is important to establish a strong online learning community for students To achieve a greater sense of community:
- Firstly introduce yourself to your students
- Ask students to introduce themselves
- Develop strategies for student-to-student collaboration and solving problems together
- Provide opportunities for students to socialize
- Use metaphors and symbolism to replicate the physical environment and infer further information
Effective online teaching relies on the strategic integration of technological tools, which can vary in use depending on the comfort level of the teaching staff For educators less confident with technology, starting with one tool, like a discussion board in a blended learning environment, can be beneficial Conversely, more tech-savvy teachers should ensure that their technology choices are grounded in pedagogical reasoning, directly linked to enhancing student learning Selecting technologies solely for their novelty will quickly diminish their effectiveness; therefore, aligning technology features with desired learning outcomes is crucial According to Huddlestone and Pike (2008), there are seven key areas to consider when choosing media to optimize student learning.
- The learning task: can the task be achieved using technology?
- Media attributes: what features will support the learning activity?
- Grouping strategy: do students learn in group or individually?
- Instructional management: will technology be supported in wider organization?
There are two main areas of accessibility for online students:
To ensure an effective online learning experience, it's crucial that course materials are accessible to students, considering factors such as file size and their download speeds Additionally, offering alternative methods for accessing information can enhance accessibility and support diverse learning needs.
- Inclusive: Your course should be accessible for students from diverse backgrounds relating to such areas as culture, disability and socioeconomic status
1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of teaching in a digital age
Technology has revolutionized education by enabling online teaching and learning, allowing students globally to access a wide range of courses from the comfort of their homes This advancement provides learners with the chance to study under qualified educators and engage with peers from various locations.
But just like in-person learning, e-learning also has its share of advantages and disadvantages Take a look at some of them below:
Advantages of online-teaching and learning:
Disadvantages of online-teaching and learning:
- Requires self-motivation and proper time management skills
E-learning represents a contemporary approach to education that necessitates only a device and internet connectivity While it offers numerous benefits, it may not suit everyone Understanding the pros and cons of e-learning can empower students to enhance their learning experiences effectively.
1.4 The application of teaching approach in a digital age to improve effective skills
To curb the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic while ensuring high-quality education and timely program completion, many schools have adopted online teaching methods across various education levels.
In fact, the transition from traditional learning to online learning has created many challenges for students
Suggestion of two ways of synchronous and asynchronous approaches of teaching in the digital age in some skills are necessary
Synchronous and asynchronous teaching methods offer distinct advantages for distance education, benefiting both educators and learners By integrating blended synchronous and asynchronous approaches, educators can harness the strengths of both methods, creating a remote learning experience that fosters social interaction while enhancing the effectiveness of online lessons This hybrid model not only improves the educational experience but also strengthens the digital technology foundation and equips both teachers and students with essential technology skills.
1.4.1 Synchronous teaching method (virtual classroom)
Synchronous learning involves real-time interaction between instructors and students, regardless of their physical locations Utilizing tools like WebEx for livestreaming, Bongo Virtual Classroom for live sessions, and Google Docs for collaborative editing, instructors can engage students effectively This approach leverages information technology to enhance communication and interoperability, enabling dynamic interactions through audio, video, and text chat in virtual classrooms.
Practical background
2.1 Data investigation, survey the actual situation of students and the state of the research problem at my school
Online learning has emerged as a key solution in today's digital age, yet significant challenges persist that hinder its effectiveness Identifying these barriers is crucial for enhancing the quality of online education These obstacles can adversely affect learners' experiences, especially during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, which may prolong the need for online instruction To ensure effective teaching and learning during this crisis, it is essential to understand the difficulties associated with online education and to propose viable solutions that can improve its implementation in schools.
The researcher experienced the online learning and teaching process in some skills of English 12 of the new program in 4 classes (12A9, 12A10, 12D3 and 12D4)
The quality of class time depends a lot on the elements in the digital period The learning and teaching met some difficulties from the students and the teachers
I realized the actual situation of the students and the state of the research problem in my school still exist some following limitations:
The most common challenges students are currently facing with online learning
Abundant distractions everywhere, lack of discipline
Digital literacy and technical issues
Lack of motivation in students
Lack of in-person interaction
Some students being left behind
Teachers have faced unprecedented challenges as students transition to remote learning due to circumstances beyond their control This shift has compelled educators to continually seek innovative tools and strategies to navigate uncharted territory in their teaching practices.
Teaching remotely presents significant challenges, such as students inadvertently leaving their microphones on while commenting about your teaching style, or becoming distracted by game consoles instead of engaging with the carefully prepared online lessons.
• Difficult to motivated students: Keeping your students engaged and motivated is not an easy task
• Challenges to keep tracking of their progress
• Problem of electricity / Internet connectivity
Encouraging student interaction is essential for developing teamwork skills, but teachers face challenges when students are learning from different locations To foster meaningful collaboration, educators must implement strategies that promote genuine engagement among students, regardless of their individual learning environments.
2.2 Analysis and evaluation of the practical issues
A total of 185 students from four classes (12A9, 12A10, 12D3, and 12D4) participated in the survey regarding their perspectives on online learning As illustrated in Table 1, the students expressed their agreement or disagreement on various aspects related to the online learning experience.
A significant number of students face challenges in their online learning environment, with 24 students lacking stable study seats and 32 experiencing unstable internet connections, which negatively impacts lesson quality and concentration This situation has led to increased levels of depression and stress among 98 students Additionally, 95 students struggle with interaction skills, feeling hesitant to share their ideas during online classes due to their familiarity with traditional face-to-face learning methods Addressing these issues is crucial for improving the online education experience.
No Contents Number Agreement Disagreement
1 no space and place to study 185 24 161
3 Students lack skills to interact and communicate with teachers
4 Psychological boredom, stress, not interested in learning
Table 1: Results from students’ online learning situation questionnaires
The researcher implemented various synchronous and asynchronous tech tools in the online learning process for the English 12 curriculum across four classes: 12A9, 12A10, 12D3, and 12D4 Notably, a significant number of students in class 12A9 exhibited feelings of boredom, stress, and disinterest in their learning experience.
In a recent study, it was found that 26 out of 46 students, representing 56.5%, displayed low levels of interaction and communication with teachers, while 13 students, or 28.3%, exhibited minimal engagement Only 7 students, accounting for 15.2%, demonstrated a positive and enthusiastic attitude towards learning Similarly, in class 12D4, among 47 students, many reported feelings of boredom, stress, and disinterest, mirroring the attitudes observed in class 12A9 Additionally, the percentage of students with low interaction in class 12D4 was slightly lower than in class 12D3, where 8 students, or 17.3%, showed a positive learning attitude The findings suggest that the English teachers for the 12th grade, who relied solely on PowerPoint presentations and brief discussions without incorporating synchronous and asynchronous teaching methods, found their students' engagement to be ineffective.
Positive and enthusiastic learning attitude
Boring, stressful and uninterested learning attitude
Less interaction and communication with teachers Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Table 2: results before using some methods, techtools and platforms of teaching implementation in a digital age in 4 classes
Chart 1: results before using some methods, techtools and platforms of teaching implementation in a digital age in 4 classes
The effectiveness of classroom time is significantly influenced by students' abilities, initiative, and engagement, along with various other factors A recent survey reveals that, despite adequate preparation and adjustments, online teaching and learning continue to present challenges for students, stemming from both subjective and objective factors.
To succeed in online classes, students must possess adequate technology skills and effective learning strategies for virtual participation Unlike traditional classrooms, where information exchange is immediate and interactive, online learning often leads to challenges such as insufficient interaction with instructors and a lack of necessary media technology skills Prolonged exposure to screens can result in psychological fatigue and decreased motivation, as students miss the face-to-face engagement that enriches the learning experience Consequently, feelings of boredom and disinterest are prevalent among online learners, significantly impacting the overall quality of their education.
According to the survey results, learning aids and spaces or
Internet connection and unstable internet connection are difficulties faced by many students participating in the survey
Therefore, proposing solutions to support students in the online learning process is necessary in this situation.
Solutions and application activities to improving teaching and learning in a digital age 13 1 Some application activities of techtools and platforms of teaching implementation
3.1 Some application activities of techtools and platforms of teaching implementation into lessons in “Tieng Anh 12 new” to support the two approaches
Selecting the ideal tools for distance education can be challenging It's essential to identify tools that provide the necessary features to cater to the specific needs of students while ensuring engaging and high-quality lessons that capture their attention.
Effective online learning relies on software and tools that benefit both teachers and students By integrating synchronous and asynchronous methods, these platforms facilitate the creation of engaging and impactful lessons.
Synchronous Learning Tools and platforms: Creative apps for collaborative learning in synchronous environments
1 Zoom: Zoom can be a great beginner tool for students who are not used to online learning
They can easily download the application and have a synchronous conversation via video chat and audio chat There are some free features; visit https://zoom.us
2 Google Hangouts: Google Hangouts enables educators to set up online office hours so students can initiate video calls It is free of charge for anyone to use Visit https://hangouts.google.com
3 Creative apps for collaborative learning in synchronous environments
- Introduce an activity using a student response system (SRS)
Student Response Systems (SRSs) enable students to use their personal devices, such as mobile phones, tablets, or laptops, to answer questions posed by their instructors These responses are collected anonymously and presented in real time on a display screen Popular examples of SRSs include Mentimeter, Padlet, Poll Everywhere, and Vevox.
Student Response Systems (SRSs) create a secure online environment for students to engage in real-time interactions and share diverse content formats, such as links, images, videos, and audio recordings These systems are effective tools for boosting interaction, delivering immediate formative feedback, and improving overall student engagement.
Student Response Systems (SRSs) enhance both online and in-person teaching, especially in socially distanced settings Platforms like Mentimeter and Padlet encourage students to participate in dynamic, interactive discussions By allowing students to post, modify, and reflect on their arguments, these tools foster greater reflexivity and critical thinking, empowering them as co-creators of knowledge.
Apps like Padlet allow users to preserve shared insights on their "wall" indefinitely, creating a lasting source of feedback that is beneficial for assessment guidance.
Asynchronous communication tools facilitate interaction across varying times and locations, allowing individuals to stay connected according to their own schedules These tools support ongoing engagement by enabling users to receive information anytime, ensuring flexibility and convenience in communication.
1 Video recording apps for flipped classrooms
In a blended learning world, flipped classrooms and asynchronous teaching are great ways to maximize the use of the synchronous teaching time
Video recording apps play a crucial role in the knowledge acquisition phase of blended learning models by facilitating asynchronous lectures These tools allow students to learn at their own pace in a focused environment, enhancing their overall learning experience Features like content navigation and video captioning improve accessibility, aligning with values of diversity and inclusion in education.
Effective design, along with short videos and reflective questions, allows students to engage in meaningful self-reflection on their learning This preparation boosts participation and engagement during synchronous sessions Additionally, recording the teacher's own lectures instead of relying on publicly available videos creates a more personalized experience for students and ensures greater control over intellectual property.
Videos serve as an effective asynchronous learning tool, catering to both auditory and visual learners When thoughtfully incorporated into e-learning courses, they enhance higher-order thinking skills and clarify training program content Offering the flexibility of on-demand access, learners can engage with instructor lectures or product demos at their convenience Additionally, videos can introduce new topics, complement existing materials, and reinforce key concepts within a training program.
Email serves as a vital communication tool in asynchronous online training, allowing instructors and learners to exchange messages despite the lack of immediate responses This method facilitates discussions beyond the limitations of a Learning Management System (LMS) through the use of email lists.
Teams can enhance communication and collaboration through Google Groups, allowing them to send emails to all members using a single address This platform also facilitates document sharing among group members and provides an online forum for discussing training topics and addressing questions.
Using an email requires minimal technical skills and makes the instructor seem more accessible It can be used to send assignments to the instructor and receive feedback
A blog serves as an effective asynchronous learning tool, offering learners up-to-date information on various topics Unlike discussion board messages, blog entries are typically more detailed, fostering a deeper understanding By promoting the exchange of knowledge and ideas, blogs enhance both learning and information sharing among users.
- Blogs are written from a personal viewpoint and include links to othe r sites and blogs on similar topics
- They are listed in reverse chronological order, i.e., the most recent information is at the top of the page
- Instructors can provide more information on a particular topic through a blog
- Learners can use blogs to express themselves creatively
Blogs promote a reflective style of writing and encourage students who are shy or nervous to participate in discussions
Asynchronous Learning Platforms: Kahoot, wordwall, padlet
Kahoot is a web-based application designed for creating engaging lectures and facilitating online multiple-choice and essay questions It enables multiple participants to answer questions simultaneously, enhancing the interactive experience During the game, Kahoot announces results in real-time, boosting the appeal of the multiple-choice test format.
Virtual "board" of infinite size allows users to express their thoughts on a certain topic easily Help teachers collect ideas from students
- Beautiful interface, easy to use
- Can participate via the link without downloading the application
Effectiveness of the teaching experience
Incorporating synchronous and asynchronous approaches, along with various tech tools, significantly enhanced the teaching of reading and project skills in classes 12A10 and 12D3 The implementation of these innovative methods resulted in improved lesson quality, fostering a positive and enthusiastic learning atmosphere In class 12A10, 52.2% of students displayed a positive learning attitude, while 37.0% engaged actively with teachers and peers Conversely, only 10.8% remained disinterested Similarly, in class 12D3, 50% of students exhibited excitement and participation, with 41.3% engaging actively, leaving just 8.7% feeling bored or stressed Overall, these approaches encouraged active learning, creativity, and a deeper understanding of the material among all students.
In my analysis of English 12's new program, I compared the percentage of students exhibiting positive and enthusiastic learning attitudes, as well as their interaction and communication with teachers and peers, before and after implementing synchronous and asynchronous approaches using various tech tools and platforms The results revealed a significant improvement in both reading and project skills among students when these innovative teaching methods were applied.
Positive and enthusiastic learning attitude
Boring, stressful and uninterested learning attitude
Active interaction and communication with teachers and groups Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Table 3: Comparing academic results before and after using some methods, techtools and platforms of teaching implementation in a digital age in 4 classes
Chart: Comparing academic results before and after using some methods, techtools and platforms of teaching implementation in a digital age in 4 classes
CONCLUSION
Summary of the study
Using and combining the ways of synchronous and asynchronous approaches with some techtools and platforms for improving effectively teaching in a digital age are necessary
In today's digital age, a variety of tech tools and platforms cater to diverse educational needs across different fields, ages, and levels This article specifically explores the synchronous and asynchronous approaches to learning, utilizing select tech tools and platforms to enhance the skills of reading and project work within the English 12 new program.
The number of participants is the students from 4 classes and the teachers of English in my group and the study is conducted at my high school
From the above study, I summarize the following research process:
The article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of synchronous and asynchronous approaches in the digital age, focusing on the "reading" and "project" skills of the English 12 new program It emphasizes the importance of enhancing interoperability to effectively improve teaching quality and education, while also fostering creativity among both teachers and students during this transformative period.
I developed and curated two approaches—synchronous and asynchronous—utilizing various tech tools and platforms For synchronous learning, I employed Zoom through Learning Management Systems (LMS), Google Handouts, and creative apps that foster collaborative learning, alongside a Student Response System (SRS) that allows students to engage using their own devices, including mobile phones, tablets, or laptops In contrast, the asynchronous approach incorporated tools such as video, email, and blogs, along with platforms like Kahoot, Padlet, and Wordwall, focusing on enhancing skills in reading and project development.
In my teaching experience during the first semester of this school year, I effectively implemented two innovative approaches in my 12th-grade classes, particularly in 12A10 and 12D3 The integration of these methods into online teaching significantly improved students' learning attitudes and increased the number of students demonstrating strong knowledge and skills By utilizing tech tools and platforms, along with providing lesson-related suggestions and encouraging student preparation, the online lessons became more engaging and fostered creativity and innovation This approach not only enriched the learning experience but also enhanced students' technological proficiency, ultimately leading to improved academic outcomes.
Conclusion
Online teaching has gained significant attention in the digital age, particularly following the Covid-19 pandemic This article emphasizes the importance of effective online teaching approaches, highlighting the need for a blend of synchronous and asynchronous methods to enhance the online learning experience While no single method can fully address the challenges of online education, combining these approaches can improve teaching quality and help students navigate difficulties Furthermore, leveraging powerful digital platforms is essential for successful distance language instruction To maximize the effectiveness of these methods, educators must design lessons thoughtfully and adapt their teaching strategies to suit various activities and skills.
Students are typically accustomed to traditional direct learning methods In project-based lessons, they engage in classroom discussions to share ideas, while teachers provide additional input However, when students are unprepared, presentations can become lengthy and stressful, stifling creativity and resulting in uninspiring talks with limited ideas By guiding students to prepare in advance and utilize technology tools and platforms, their presentations can become more engaging and creatively enriched with visuals and sound This approach not only enhances the excitement of the lessons but also fosters deeper discussions and interactions, ultimately improving the overall quality of learning.
Online teaching is effective, it is a combination of diverse applications of technology, innovation in teaching methods
In today's digital era, teachers can enhance the online learning experience by selecting the most effective teaching methods based on their actual experiences By incorporating interactive elements and face-to-face discussions, the learning process becomes more engaging and avoids a one-way teaching approach Tailoring strategies to the unique characteristics of each skill and lesson, educators can utilize various platforms to boost student interest and participation This dynamic approach not only facilitates better knowledge retention but also fosters greater interaction and focus among students, ultimately leading to a more successful online learning environment.
From those positive sides, the approach of these two methods in this period brings optimal results
In exploring this theme, I shared my experiences with colleagues in our professional group, who then provided feedback, made enhancements, and collaborated to create a unified approach for implementation in our school's teaching practices After a period of application, we observed significant results.
I have seen significant improvements in my 12th-grade classes, transforming them from boring and tedious experiences into engaging and interactive sessions Most students are now eager to participate in activities, and there is a heightened awareness and appreciation for online learning.
To enhance effective teaching in the digital age, I have confidently implemented both synchronous and asynchronous approaches using various tech tools and platforms This strategy supports the online learning processes for 12th graders enrolled in the new program, ensuring a more impactful educational experience.
Recommendations for further study
Applying the two ways of synchronous and asynchronous approaches with some techtools, platforms in online procedures brings positive effects in teaching in a digital age
The current research focuses on specific skills, namely reading and project work, utilizing various tech tools and platforms within the English 12 curriculum Future studies should expand this theme to encompass a broader range of skills and include all grade levels and English teachers for a more comprehensive understanding.
Ongoing research is essential to effectively integrate synchronous and asynchronous approaches using various tech tools and platforms for organizing online learning activities in student lessons.
Teachers should consistently develop engaging activities and utilize various tech tools and platforms to effectively teach essential skills, including writing, listening, vocabulary, and grammar structure.
Despite the thorough preparation and significant investment in this research theme, some shortcomings were unavoidable It is hoped that educators and students at all levels will engage with this work, providing feedback to enhance its quality and transform it into a valuable resource for both teachers and learners.
Bộ GD & ĐT: Sách Tiếng Anh 12 chương trình mới NXB Giáo Dục Việt Nam 2021
[1] Giesbers, B., Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D., & Gijselaers, W (2013), A dynamic analysis of the interplay between asynchronous and synchronous communication in online learning: The impact of motivation, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,
[2] Johnson, G M (2006), Synchronous and asynchronous text‐based CMC in educational contexts: A review of recent research, TechTrends,
[3] Kinshuk & Chen, N (2006), Synchronous Methods and Applications in
E-Learning, Campus- Wide Information Systems, vol 23, no 3 (2006)