INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale to the study
Research aims and research questions
This research has four main aims as the followings:
1 To investigate syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink, from which explore the cultural values underlying the literal words
2 To find out the similarities and differences in the cultures of the two countries which are reflected through their idioms containing food and drink
3 To equip both those learning English and those learning Vietnamese as their foreign language with rich knowledge on both English and Vietnamese idioms in general and on food and drink in particular Moreover, to help teachers, learners and translators avoid difficulties in translating English idioms into Vietnamese and vice versa
4 To supply some suggested implications for teaching and learning method, which contribute to improve ability of using English idioms in general, idioms related to food and drink in particular
To achieve the above aims, the following research questions are put forward:
1 What syntactic and semantic features are reflected in the food and drink idioms in both English and Vietnamese?
2 What are the similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English cultures through idioms related to food and drink? What factors lead to such differences?
Objectives of the research
This study aims to enhance Vietnamese learners' understanding of English and Vietnamese food and drink idioms, promoting their confident use in both receptive skills, such as listening and reading, and productive skills, including speaking and writing, ultimately reducing the risk of communication breakdowns.
Scope of the research
I have chosen to explore idioms as my thesis topic due to their fascinating nature in the English language Given my time constraints and knowledge limitations, I am focusing specifically on a subset of idiomatic expressions that relate to food and drink My research, titled "A Study on Idiomatic Expressions Containing Words Denoting Food and Drink in English and Their Vietnamese Equivalents from a Cultural Perspective," examines these "food and drink idioms" and their cultural significance in both English and Vietnamese contexts.
Food and drink are integral to various cultures, notably English and Vietnamese, where idioms reflecting these elements are prevalent This article explores the similarities and differences in food and drink idioms between English and Vietnamese, providing valuable insights for teachers and learners By comparing these idioms from a cultural perspective, the analysis aims to enhance the understanding of idiomatic expressions, ultimately offering educational implications to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning idioms in English.
Methods of the study
The study utilizes descriptive and comparative methods combined with the qualitative and quantitative ones
This study employs a quantitative method to gather data on English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink The data was sourced from a variety of reliable references, including books, stories, novels, dictionaries, and reputable websites.
The qualitative method is employed to describe and analyze the data of the study The steps of the study are conducted in the order as follows:
- Collect English and Vietnamese idioms containing food and drink from several sources and then categorize them
- Investigate and analyze the syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms containing food and drink
- Analyze the cultural features of English and Vietnamese hidden behind those idioms
- Compare and find the differences and similarities between English and Vietnamese idioms containing food and drink from cultural perspective
The descriptive method is used to describe the syntactic, semantic and cultural features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
The comparative method is used to identify the similarities and differences in their syntactic, semantic and cultural features.
Significance of the research
This study enhances the understanding of idioms among Vietnamese teachers and learners, focusing specifically on food and drink-related idioms It explores their syntactic, semantic, and cultural characteristics, providing valuable insights into the usage and significance of these expressions.
(ii) Practical significance: The study provides Vietnamese learners with suggestions to improve their language skills when using idioms containing food and drink, particularly communicative skill and avoid culture shock.
Design of the research
This thesis consists of three main parts
Part one is the Introduction, which consists of the rationale, the aims and research question, the objectives, the scope, the methods, the significance and the design of the study
Part two of the study focuses on the development of English idioms related to food and drink and their Vietnamese equivalents This section is organized into four chapters, providing a comprehensive analysis of these idiomatic expressions and their cultural significance.
Chapter II: Theoretical background including Overview of idioms, The Relationship of Language and Culture, Idioms and Culture
Chapter III: Methodology and procedure
Chapter IV: Findings and discussion as well as some implications for teaching and learning
The last part is the Conclusion of the study and suggestions for further studies
The References and Appendixes are at the end of the thesis.
DEVELOPMENT
Since the 1970s, the study of idiomatic expressions in English has significantly increased, likely due to the challenges in defining them consistently Researchers have explored idioms from multiple perspectives, highlighting their complexity and importance in language.
Numerous books and dictionaries offer significant advantages by meticulously compiling and organizing idioms in alphabetical order, providing clear explanations of their meanings along with examples of usage in English.
Numerous valuable resources exist for learners of English idioms, including the "Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms" by Cowie, Mackin, and McCaig, as well as the "Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English" (1983) by A.P Cowie, R Mackin, and I.R McCaig Another notable reference is the "Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms" published in 2002.
“Longman Dictionary of English Idioms” (1979), “Longman Dictionary of Idioms”
(1998), “CHAMBERS Dictionary of Idioms” (1996) and “Idioms for Everyday Use” by Broukal and Milada (1994)
Vietnamese researchers have shown significant interest in the study of idioms, resulting in various notable works Key publications include "Từ điển Thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt-Anh" (2006), "Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Tiếng Anh" (2008), "Kể chuyện thành ngữ tiếng Anh" (2006), and "Tuyển tập Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Ca dao Việt Anh thông dụng" (2007) These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of idiomatic expressions in both Vietnamese and English languages.
Literature Review
Since the 1970s, the study of idiomatic expressions in English has significantly increased, likely due to the challenges and inconsistencies in defining idioms Researchers have explored idioms from multiple perspectives.
Numerous books and dictionaries offer significant advantages by meticulously compiling idioms in an alphabetical format Additionally, they provide detailed explanations of their meanings along with examples of usage in English.
Numerous valuable resources are available for learners of English idioms, including "Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms" by Cowie, Mackin, and McCaig, as well as the "Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English" (1983) by A.P Cowie, R Mackin, and I.R McCaig Another notable reference is the "Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms" published in 2002.
“Longman Dictionary of English Idioms” (1979), “Longman Dictionary of Idioms”
(1998), “CHAMBERS Dictionary of Idioms” (1996) and “Idioms for Everyday Use” by Broukal and Milada (1994)
Vietnamese researchers have shown a significant interest in idioms, leading to numerous studies on the subject Notable works include "Từ điển Thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt-Anh" (2006), "Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Tiếng Anh" (2008), "Kể chuyện thành ngữ tiếng Anh" (2006), and "Tuyển tập Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Ca dao Việt Anh thông dụng" (2007).
Theoretical background
Overview of Idioms
There are a lot of definitions of idioms introduced in a variety of materials as follow:
The Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms (2nd ed., 2002) defines an idiom as a unique phrase where the collective meaning differs from the individual meanings of its words.
Felicity O’Dell and Michael McCarthy in English Idioms in Use Advanced:
Idioms are fixed combinations of words whose meaning is often difficult to guess from the meaning of each individual word (2010:6)
The Longman Dictionary of English Idioms (1979): An idiom is a group of words with a special different meaning from the meanings of the separate words
The Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics defines an idiom as a cohesive expression that operates as a single unit, with a meaning that cannot be deduced from its individual components (2010: 270).
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (Oxford University Press, 1995), an idiom is defined as a phrase or sentence whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its individual words and must be learned as a complete unit.
According to the Chambers English Dictionary of Idioms (1996:5), the term "idiom" is complex and can encompass various types of words and phrases Traditionally, an idiom is defined as a combination of words that conveys a meaning distinct from the individual meanings of its components.
An idiom is commonly defined as a fixed expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its individual words Essentially, the significance of an idiom is not simply the sum of its parts Additionally, idioms can convey the speaker's attitude, requiring learners to use them thoughtfully and cautiously.
In her book "In Other Words," Mona Baker (1992) defines idioms as fixed language patterns that permit minimal variation in form and often possess meanings that cannot be inferred from their individual parts This definition introduces five key conditions that characterize idioms.
1 The order of the words in an idioms cannot be changed The way the words are put together is fixed and they can not change their place
2 The words in an idiom cannot be omitted We as the users of the language are not permitted to delete some of the words of a particular element
3 There are no extra words that might be added to an idiom
4 No words in an idiom can be replaced by another word
5 The grammatical structures of an idiom cannot be changed Let us see a well-known phrase “spill the beans” Its meaning is to reveal something; make something known which is quite different from the literal meanings of the words in the phrase We cannot often substitute words that are close in meaning in these phrases For example, the substitution “spill the peas” will make the phrase turn to usual meaning and lose the idiomatic meaning Furthermore, idioms are barely changed into passive voice As in this example, it would be unnatural to say “the beans are spilt”
Certain idioms possess multiple alternative forms that convey the same meaning, often highlighting variations between British and American English For instance, the terms "banana skin" and "banana peel" illustrate this distinction.
In the realm of idiomatic expressions, various verbs and prepositions can alter the meaning while maintaining coherence For instance, the phrase "sell like hot cakes" signifies items that are quickly purchased due to their popularity or affordability Conversely, "putting all one's eggs into one basket" emphasizes the risk of relying solely on a single strategy for success Additionally, the expression "a bite at a cherry" refers to an opportunity to seize a chance, while "having egg on one's face" indicates a situation where someone is made to appear foolish Understanding these nuances enhances our grasp of language and its idiomatic richness.
Idioms can come in different forms, including noun phrases like "a piece of cake," which refers to something that is very easy to accomplish, or "pie in the sky," indicating unrealistic hopes or dreams.
Idioms often describe events that seem improbable, while verb phrases like "know one's onions" indicate expertise and "do porridge" refers to serving time in prison It's important to note that idioms can exhibit various grammatical structures, including regular, irregular, or even incorrect forms.
The phrase "go bananas" illustrates a case of grammatical irregularity in English This idiom combines a verb of movement with a direct object, which typically violates standard English syntax, as verbs of movement usually do not accompany objects without a preposition.
Idioms are, in a very broad sense, metaphorical rather than literal Most of
English idioms are characterized by their metaphorical imagery, which can vary in clarity for readers The literal structure of these expressions plays a minimal role in conveying their overall meaning It is the figurative nature of idioms that infuses them with vibrancy, depth, and impact, making them memorable and engaging.
Understanding idioms can vary in difficulty; some, like "as sour as vinegar," have clear meanings that are easily guessed, while others require deep historical and cultural knowledge for proper interpretation This complexity is a significant challenge for learners trying to grasp idiomatic expressions fully.
According to A.V Kunin, idioms often have meanings that differ significantly from the literal interpretations of their individual components For instance, expressions like "as red as beetroot" and "cheap as chips" have meanings that can be partially inferred, while idioms such as "hot potato" and "from soup to nuts" convey meanings that are not easily guessed These idiomatic phrases are rich in metaphorical expressions and should be understood in a metaphorical context.
The relationship of Language and Culture
Culture, in its broadest sense, defines the feelings of unfamiliarity experienced when away from home It encompasses the beliefs and expectations regarding communication and behavior that become ingrained through social learning.
2.2.2 The inseparable Relationship between Language and Culture
According to Claire Kramsch, concerning culture language performs 3 functions: expressing cultural reality, embodying cultural reality, symbolizing cultural reality
In "Vietnam, the Issues of Language and Culture," Professor Tran Ngoc Them asserts that language serves as the foundation of all cultures He emphasizes that just as language, combined with labor, shapes humanity, it is also the driving force behind the development of culture.
In summary, language and culture are fundamentally intertwined, influencing and shaping one another Language serves as a vessel for cultural expression, while culture provides the context and meaning behind linguistic elements By examining language, we can uncover distinct cultural traits and use cultural insights to better understand linguistic phenomena.
2.2.3 The Relationship between Idioms and Culture
Culture significantly shapes the origin and evolution of language, establishing a deep connection between linguistic content and cultural identity Beyond mere vocabulary and phrases, idioms serve as unique linguistic elements that embody the cultural traits of various nations.
Idioms are deeply rooted in cultural influences, serving as a reflection of the values and daily life of the people who speak a language According to Gluckberg, learning idioms offers valuable insights into a language's cultural context By studying idioms, we gain a better understanding of the cultural backgrounds that shape them The differences between English and Vietnamese idioms highlight the impact of geographic environments, national experiences, and cultural heritage English idioms often relate to oceanic culture, reflecting Britain's maritime traditions, while Vietnamese idioms are more closely tied to an agricultural economy, showcasing the distinct cultural narratives of each language.
Language serves as both a reflection of thought and a powerful influencer of it According to Brown (1986), culture plays a crucial role in the interplay between language and thought, as cultural patterns, customs, and lifestyles are articulated through language, while specific worldviews shaped by culture are mirrored in linguistic expression.
Language, thoughts, and culture are interconnected elements that rely on one another for existence Idioms, as a component of language, serve as a reflection of both thought processes and cultural nuances Essentially, they act as a reliable mirror, showcasing the intricate relationship between our thoughts and cultural identity.
In conclusion, there is a close relationship between culture and idioms Idioms are the transfer of the cultural values and beliefs.
METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
Research design
The research design aims to establish systematic guidelines for data collection, focusing on the diversity of food and drink idioms in both English and Vietnamese This study also seeks to uncover the unique cultural characteristics reflected in these idioms.
Research methodology
This study examines and contrasts the syntactic, semantic, and cultural characteristics of food and drink idioms in English and their Vietnamese counterparts To achieve its goals, the research employs descriptive and comparative methods, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
The descriptive method effectively outlines the syntactic, semantic, and cultural characteristics of food and drink idioms, drawing from a variety of sources such as books, stories, novels, dictionaries, and online resources.
The comparative method is employed to analyze the similarities and differences in the syntactic, semantic, and cultural characteristics of food and drink idioms in both English and Vietnamese.
Data collection
A long time ago, people could eat only what they grew or what they could catch Today, most of the food is supplied by the food industry
Many of the foods we consume originate from animals, including various types of meat such as beef, veal, lamb, pork, fish, and chicken These products can be categorized into red meats, like beef and lamb, and white meats, such as chicken and fish Additionally, organ meats, which include heart, liver, kidneys, and brains, are also derived from animals.
Animal-derived foods include eggs and milk, which are produced by animals throughout their lives Additionally, cheese, made from milk, is also classified as an animal food Other common dairy products include butter, cream, and yogurt.
Other foods come from plants, including rice, wheat, fruit, beans and vegetables
Plant and animal foods are essential ingredients for creating various products, including bread and cheese Fruits are a significant food source derived from plants, and we also utilize other parts of plants for culinary purposes.
Leaves and stems – celery, lettuce, silver beet
Seeds – wheat, rice, legumes, ground nuts (peanuts), tree nuts (walnuts, almonds)
Most cakes are made from flour Other foods made from wheat include: bread, pastry, biscuits, pasta, and noodles
While most foods originate from animal or plant sources, certain exceptions exist, including edible fungi like mushrooms Furthermore, inorganic substances such as salt, commonly used for flavoring and preservation, baking soda for ingredient preservation or alteration, and water, are also essential components of the human diet.
Agricultural and food products are often distinguished by unique characteristics and qualities tied to their geographical origin This differentiation arises from local features, history, and distinctive traits influenced by natural and human factors like soil, climate, and traditional practices As a result, many cultures have recognizable cuisines, encompassing specific cooking traditions and preferences, which are studied under the field of gastronomy.
Food plays a vital role in various cultures, influencing preparation methods, cooking techniques, and manufacturing processes It is deeply intertwined with essential human experiences, including ideas, virtues, behaviors, and even emotions, highlighting its significance in both survival and enjoyment (Berrada, 2007) Additionally, the concept of drink complements this cultural relationship, further enriching the culinary landscape.
According to The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition: drink is a liquid that is fit for drinking; a beverage
Therefore, water, tea, coffee, alcoholic drink, coca, fruit juice, etc…are drink c Choosing idioms containing food and drink
Idioms related to food and drink, referred to as "idioms of food and drink," encompass expressions that feature specific types of food or beverages.
Food plays a significant role in various cultural expressions, as seen in phrases like "butter and cheese," "bad eggs," and "food for thought." In Vietnamese, terms like "cỗ" (party) in "ma ăn cỗ" and "lương" (food) in "cao lương mĩ vi ̣" highlight the importance of culinary traditions in social gatherings and celebrations.
The researcher gathered data from dictionaries, books, and various online resources to compile a list of idioms related to food and drink After meticulously reading through the materials, the researcher extracted idioms that feature food and drink both literally and figuratively To facilitate a more efficient analysis, all collected idioms were organized in alphabetical order.
Data analysis
After collecting 380 idioms including 190 English idioms and 190 Vietnamese idioms of food and drink from various sources, we categorize them into two main aspects: syntactic and semantic ones
Syntactically, the data are classified based on the different structural categories, such as noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases and prepositional phrases
Semantically, the classification is carried out on the basis of typical semantic and pragmatic features of idioms of food and drink in both languages
The steps of data analysis will be involved:
- Collecting idioms containing food and drink in both languages from a variety of sources
- Analyzing the syntactic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
- Analyzing the semantic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
- Identifying the similarities and differences between the two languages containing food and drink with regard to syntactic and semantic features
- Analyzing the cultural features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
- Suggesting some implications for teaching and learning this popular kind of idioms in English and Vietnamese as a foreign language.
Reliability and validity
The data were selected from English, American and Vietnamese books and dictionaries Most of linguistic and grammatical books are reliable.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Syntactic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and
It can be seen that idioms in both languages are lexically fixed They vary in structure form: phrase structures and sentence structures
4.1.1.1 English and Vietnamese Idioms containing food and drink of verb phrases patterns: o Verb + Noun/NP:
English idioms like "bear fruit," "chew the fat," and "spill the beans" showcase the richness of the language, while their Vietnamese counterparts, such as "bắt cá hai tay" and "nói nhát gừng," reflect similar cultural nuances Understanding these expressions enhances communication and cultural appreciation, as they often convey deeper meanings beyond their literal interpretations Exploring verb + noun phrases in both languages reveals unique linguistic structures, making language learning more engaging and insightful.
English idioms often convey unique meanings that may not translate directly into other languages For instance, the phrase "can’t do something for toffee" suggests a complete inability to accomplish a task, while "cast one's bread upon the waters" implies taking a risk in hopes of future rewards Similarly, "have a bun in the oven" refers to pregnancy, and "have a finger in every pie" indicates involvement in many activities In contrast, Vietnamese idioms like "ăn cơm gà gáy, cất binh nửa ngày" reflect the idea of enjoying simple pleasures, while "ăn muối còn hơn chuối chát" emphasizes the importance of experience over naivety Additionally, "giết gà bằng dao mổ trâu" illustrates the concept of using excessive means to achieve a simple task, and "rán sành ra mỡ" captures the essence of hard work leading to rewards Understanding these idioms enhances cross-cultural communication and appreciation of language nuances.
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ thú vị như "cry over spilt milk" (khóc vì điều đã qua), "drink like a fish" (uống như cá), hay "eat like a horse" (ăn như ngựa) Tương tự, tiếng Việt cũng có những thành ngữ đặc sắc như "bóp chết từ trong trứng nước" (ngăn chặn ngay từ đầu), "cãi nhau như chém chả" (cãi nhau ầm ĩ), và "chửi như chó ăn vã mắm" (chửi bới thậm tệ) Những thành ngữ này không chỉ thể hiện sự phong phú của ngôn ngữ mà còn phản ánh văn hóa và cách nhìn nhận cuộc sống của mỗi dân tộc Các cụm từ như "speak with a plum in one’s mouth" (nói như có thìa trong miệng) hay "live off the fat of the land" (sống nhờ vào những điều tốt đẹp) cũng tương tự như "nâng như nâng trứng" hay "rụng như sung" trong tiếng Việt Việc hiểu và sử dụng thành ngữ giúp nâng cao khả năng giao tiếp và làm phong phú thêm vốn từ vựng của người học.
English idioms Vietnamese idioms serve someone the same sauce ăn cướp cơm chim; ăn nói cà riềng cà tỏi o Verb + Noun/NP + Verb:
English and Vietnamese idioms often convey similar sentiments through unique expressions For instance, the English phrase "have a bone to pick with someone" parallels the Vietnamese "ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt," both suggesting a grievance Similarly, "have other/bigger fish to fry" emphasizes prioritizing more important matters, akin to "thừa nước đục thả câu," which highlights seizing opportunities in challenging situations The idiom "keep one's breath to cool one's porridge" warns against wasting effort on futile tasks, while "teach one's grandmother to suck eggs" implies unnecessary instruction to someone already knowledgeable Lastly, "use a sledgehammer to crack a nut" criticizes overkill in problem-solving, reflecting the need for proportionality in actions Understanding these idioms enriches cross-cultural communication and enhances language learning.
Understanding idioms is essential for grasping cultural nuances in language In English, phrases like "kill the goose that lays the golden egg" warn against destroying something valuable for short-term gain, while "know which side one’s bread is buttered" emphasizes the importance of recognizing where one's benefits come from Similarly, Vietnamese idioms such as "không ưa thì dưa có giòi" highlight the idea of disliking something despite its flaws, and "nguây nguẩy như mẹ quẩy tôm" illustrates a sense of chaotic movement These idioms enrich communication and reflect cultural values, making them vital for language learners.
Ăn cá bỏ lờ, ăn mận trả đào, ăn ốc nói mò, Bắc nước chờ gạo người, bánh đúc bày sàng, đổ lọ nước mắm đếm củ dưa hành, giật đầu cá và đầu tôm, há miệng chờ sung, treo đầu dê bán thịt chó, vắt chanh bỏ vỏ.
4.1.1.2 English and Vietnamese Idioms containing food and drink of Noun phrases patterns: o (Article) + Adjective (Adj) + Noun (N):
English and Vietnamese idioms often reflect cultural nuances and shared wisdom Phrases like "a big cheese" and "a golden goose" signify important people or valuable assets, while "hot potato" and "sour grapes" address contentious issues and envy Similarly, "dead meat" and "easy meat" convey vulnerability, and "red herring" refers to misleading distractions In Vietnamese, expressions such as "bé hạt tiêu" and "láu tôm láu cá" highlight cleverness and resourcefulness, while "màu mỡ riêu cua" and "nhẵn củ tỏi" emphasize uniqueness and resilience Understanding these idioms enhances cross-cultural communication and enriches language learning.
English idioms Vietnamese idioms forbidden fruit; a rotten apple o Noun + Noun:
English and Vietnamese idioms often reflect cultural nuances and everyday life For example, "apples and oranges" signifies a comparison of two distinct things, while "bread and butter" refers to essential needs Similarly, Vietnamese idioms like "bờ xôi ruộng mật" convey the importance of familiar comforts Other idioms such as "cakes and ale" and "meat and potatoes" highlight life's simple pleasures, paralleling phrases like "cơm hàng cháo chợ" that emphasize basic sustenance in Vietnamese culture The diversity of expressions, including "milk and honey" and "sugar and spice," alongside Vietnamese sayings like "mạt cưa mướp đắng," showcases the richness of both languages in capturing the essence of daily experiences.
English idioms such as "a piece of cake" and "the apple of someone's eye" convey ease and affection, while phrases like "another kettle of fish" and "food for thought" introduce complexity and reflection Expressions like "the cream of the crop" and "the cherry on the cake" highlight excellence and added value In contrast, Vietnamese idioms such as "chuyện nở như ngô rang" and "mặt đỏ như gấc" illustrate vibrant imagery and cultural nuances, with "dây cà ra dây muống" and "mặt vàng như nghệ" emphasizing interconnectedness and transformation These idioms enrich language, offering insights into cultural perspectives and everyday experiences.
Áo ấm cơm no, chén tạc chén thù, nhưng cơm chẳng lành, canh chẳng ngọt Cơm đen vận túng, cơm no rượu say, cơm thừa canh cạn; mật ít ruồi nhiều.
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ thú vị như "cheap as chips" (rẻ như bèo), "flat as a pancake" (bằng phẳng như cái bánh
English idioms like "from soup to nuts" encompass the entirety of a situation, while "in a pickle" and "in a stew" refer to being in a difficult predicament Phrases such as "in apple-pie order" indicate everything is perfectly organized The idiom "in the pudding club" humorously suggests someone is pregnant, whereas "in the soup" signifies being in trouble Additionally, expressions like "off one's nut," "off one's oats," and "off one's onion" reflect a state of confusion or irrationality Understanding these idioms enriches language and communication.
Apart from the above similarities, both languages also have sentence idioms They may be simple or complex sentences:
English idioms Vietnamese idioms the world is one‟s oyster
Khi mặt trăng trở thành phô mai xanh, những người không nói ra sự thật vẫn tỏ ra ngây thơ Trong cuộc sống, có những câu nói thể hiện sự mỉa mai như "cà cuống chết đến đít còn cay" hay "chuột sa chĩnh gạo", cho thấy sự trớ trêu của hoàn cảnh Những câu tục ngữ như "dùi đục chấm (nước) (mắm) cáy" hay "ăn mày đòi xôi gấc" phản ánh sự tham lam và mong muốn không thực tế Câu chuyện về "chó già giữ xương" hay "chuột chù nếm dấm" cho thấy sự khôn ngoan và thận trọng trong cuộc sống Một nụ cười có giá trị hơn cả thuốc bổ, và sự phân chia thực phẩm như "hàng thịt nguýt hàng cá" hay "húng mọc, tía tô cũng mọc" thể hiện sự phong phú của ẩm thực Cuối cùng, những câu nói như "kẻ ăn ốc người đổ vỏ" hay "ông ăn chả, bà ăn nem" nhấn mạnh đến sự công bằng và chia sẻ trong cuộc sống, trong khi "quýt làm cam chịu" thể hiện quyết tâm vượt qua thử thách.
The use of similes in food and drink idioms highlights a notable similarity between the two languages A simile is a figure of speech that compares one thing to another using "as" or "like," enhancing the richness of expression This linguistic feature not only adds flavor to communication but also reflects cultural connections through familiar culinary references.
Here are some common idioms of English and Vietnamese which are widely used in everyday life
English idioms often have vivid comparisons, such as "as red as beetroot" and "as brown as a berry," highlighting distinct colors They also illustrate contrasts, with phrases like "as different as chalk and cheese" and "as alike as two peas in a pod." Expressions of composure and certainty include "as cool as a cucumber" and "as sure as eggs in eggs." Additionally, idioms can convey simplicity, as seen in "as easy as pie," while others describe crowded situations, like "crammed like sardines." In Vietnamese, similar expressions exist, such as "dễ như ăn gỏi" for ease, "đắng như ngậm bồ hòn" for bitterness, and "hiền như củ khoai" for gentleness, showcasing the richness of both languages in conveying emotions and characteristics.
Semantic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and
The primary distinction between English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink lies in their structural composition; English idioms often utilize prepositional phrases, while Vietnamese idioms do not incorporate this structure.
4.2 Semantic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
After a collection and detail analysis, idioms containing food and drink can be organized into two categories:
+ Idioms having non-human implications
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ thú vị như "butter wouldn't melt in their mouth," diễn tả vẻ ngoài lạnh lùng nhưng thực chất lại không như vậy Tương tự, trong tiếng Việt, thành ngữ "ai biết đâu mà ăn cỗ" phản ánh sự không chắc chắn trong việc dự đoán kết quả Những câu như "láu tôm láu cá" và "mạt cưa mướp" chỉ những người khôn ngoan, láu lỉnh "Sour grapes" trong tiếng Anh tương đương với "đắng" trong tiếng Việt, thể hiện sự chua chát khi không đạt được điều mong muốn "Mật ngọt chết ruồi" và "miệng thơm tho, dạ ớt ngâm" nhấn mạnh sự giả tạo trong cách cư xử Câu nói "mười voi không được bát nước xáo" cho thấy sự không đủ thỏa mãn, trong khi "thêm dấm thêm ớt" và "thêm mắm thêm muối" thể hiện việc làm phức tạp hóa vấn đề Cuối cùng, "treo đầu dê, bán thịt chó" chỉ những hành động lừa dối, không trung thực.
4.2.1.2 Idiom expressing hunger and poverty
English idioms like "not have a bean" and "not to have two beans to rub together" convey the idea of extreme poverty, similar to Vietnamese expressions such as "ăn cháo cầm hơi," which reflects living on the edge, and "bữa rau bữa cháo," indicating a meager diet Other Vietnamese phrases like "cơm niêu nước lọ" and "cơm sung cháo dền" illustrate the struggles of daily sustenance, while "gạo chợ nước sông" emphasizes the challenges of survival Collectively, these idioms highlight the harsh realities of financial hardship and scarcity in both cultures.
4.2.1.3 Idiom expressing advantageous / disadvantageous situations
English idioms often convey vivid imagery and unique meanings, similar to Vietnamese idioms Phrases like "a bite at/of a cherry" and "a piece of cake" suggest opportunities and ease, while "be toast" and "dead meat" indicate dire situations The "cherry on the cake" adds a touch of perfection, contrasting with challenges like "cut the mustard" and "in a pickle." Expressions such as "eat humble pie" and "make mincemeat of sb" reflect humility and overwhelming defeat, while "the rough end of the pineapple" signifies hardship Ultimately, idioms like "the world is one’s oyster" encapsulate the idea of limitless possibilities, resonating across cultures.
Cá nằm trên thớt, cơm đen vặn túng, giao trứng cho ác, lợn lành chữa thành lợn què Mạnh vì gạo, bạo vì tiền; mật ít ruồi nhiều, như cá gặp nước Tránh vỏ dưa gặp vỏ dừa, trứng chọi với đá, trứng để đầu đẳng/gậy.
4.2.1.4 Idiom expressing human physical states
English idioms often have vivid imagery, such as "as dead as mutton," which conveys a sense of lifelessness, while "have a bun in the oven" and "in the pudding club" refer to pregnancy Phrases like "off one's oats" and "full of beans" describe varying levels of energy and vitality Similarly, Vietnamese idioms express strong meanings, with "chắc như cua gạch" indicating certainty, and "mặt tái/xám như gà cắt tiết" illustrating a pale or shocked appearance Additionally, "mặt vàng như nghệ" signifies a sickly complexion, and "xấu từ trong trứng" suggests inherent flaws These idiomatic expressions enrich both languages, reflecting cultural nuances and emotions.
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ như "a bad egg" (trứng xấu), "a good egg" (trứng tốt), hay "a rotten apple" (táo thối) để miêu tả tính cách con người Tương tự, tiếng Việt cũng có những câu như "ăn cháo đá bát" để chỉ sự vô ơn, "ăn bơ làm biếng" thể hiện sự lười biếng, và "bắc nước chờ gạo" chỉ sự chờ đợi vô ích Một số thành ngữ khác như "as cool as a cucumber" (bình tĩnh như dưa chuột) hay "couch potato" (người lười biếng) cũng có những tương đương trong tiếng Việt như "hiền như củ khoai" Những câu như "teach one's grandmother to suck eggs" (dạy bà ngoại cách hút trứng) và "the salt of the earth" (muối của đất) phản ánh những phẩm chất tốt đẹp Ngoài ra, "tough/smart cookie" (bánh quy cứng/có trí thông minh) và "turn to jelly" (biến thành thạch) cũng có thể so sánh với các thành ngữ Việt như "nhát như cáy" hay "rán sành ra mỡ" Những thành ngữ này không chỉ thể hiện sự phong phú trong ngôn ngữ mà còn phản ánh văn hóa và cách nhìn nhận con người trong xã hội.
4.2.1.6 Idiom expressing human moods or psychological states
English and Vietnamese idioms share vivid expressions that convey emotions and situations For example, the English idiom "as keen as mustard" signifies enthusiasm, while "be/go nuts" and "go bananas" express extreme excitement or frustration Similarly, "turn beetroot" describes blushing from embarrassment, akin to the Vietnamese phrase "rối như canh hẹ," meaning to be in a confused state Expressions like "have egg on one's face" highlight embarrassment, paralleling the Vietnamese idiom "nguây nguẩy như mẹ quẩy tôm," which depicts a state of fluster Additionally, "like the cat that’s got the cream" conveys a sense of satisfaction, reflecting the joy found in "như cá gặp nước," or feeling at home Both languages utilize these idioms to enrich communication and convey complex feelings succinctly.
4.2.1.7 Idiom expressing human behaviours, attitude, actions and activities
English and Vietnamese idioms often reflect cultural nuances and shared wisdom Phrases like "bring home the bacon" and "earn/make one's bread" emphasize the importance of work and providing for oneself, while idioms such as "kill the goose that lays the golden egg" caution against jeopardizing valuable resources Similarly, Vietnamese expressions like "ăn bánh trả tiền" and "nhường cơm sẻ áo" highlight the significance of sharing and support within a community Both languages feature idioms that illustrate human behavior, such as "chew the fat" for casual conversation and "cãi nhau như chém chả" for arguing passionately These idiomatic expressions enrich communication and offer insights into societal values, making them essential for understanding and engaging with both cultures.
4.2.1.8 Idiom indicating human social status
English and Vietnamese idioms often reflect cultural nuances and societal hierarchies Phrases like "a big cheese," "sit above the salt," and "upper crust" denote positions of power and influence, while "sit below the salt," "small beer," and "small potatoes" suggest lesser importance In Vietnamese, idioms such as "ăn mày đòi xôi gấc" and "cá đối bằng đầu" convey similar meanings of social standing and value Other expressions like "cơm bưng nước rót" and "cơm thừa canh cặn" illustrate the intricacies of daily life and the significance of generosity and humility Understanding these idioms enriches both languages and highlights their unique cultural contexts.
4.2.1.9 Idiom implying human success and failure
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ thú vị như "a dead duck" (đã chết từ trong trứng nước) hay "bear fruit" (lợn lành chữa thành lợn què), thể hiện những tình huống không thuận lợi hoặc kết quả không mong đợi Các thành ngữ như "lay an egg" (trứng chọi với đá) và "over-egg the pudding" (làm quá lên) cũng phản ánh những ý tưởng tương tự, cho thấy sự thất bại hoặc làm phức tạp vấn đề Cuối cùng, "the world is one’s oyster" (thế giới là của bạn) mang đến thông điệp tích cực về cơ hội và tiềm năng trong cuộc sống.
4.2.1.10 Idiom implying human understanding, experience or skills
English and Vietnamese idioms often reflect cultural nuances and wisdom For instance, the English idiom "can’t boil an egg" suggests someone is inept, while "know one's onions" indicates expertise in a subject Similarly, "know which side one's bread is buttered" emphasizes understanding one's interests, akin to the Vietnamese phrase "ăn ốc nói mò," which implies knowing how to navigate situations The English expression "separate the wheat from the chaff" highlights discernment, paralleling the Vietnamese saying "gừng càng già càng cay," which conveys that experience brings depth Furthermore, "the proof of the pudding" emphasizes results, while "use one's loaf" encourages critical thinking, similar to the Vietnamese idiom "thuộc nh ư cháo chảy," meaning familiarity leads to ease Lastly, "wake up and smell the coffee" serves as a call for awareness, resonating with the wisdom embedded in both languages.
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ như "break bread" (chia sẻ bữa ăn), "play gooseberry" (can thiệp vào mối quan hệ của người khác), hay "teach one's grandmother to suck eggs" (dạy người có kinh nghiệm) Tương tự, trong tiếng Việt cũng có những thành ngữ thú vị như "ăn bánh trả tiền" (nhận được lợi ích từ người khác), "ăn miếng trả miếng" (trả đũa), và "bạn bè xôi thịt" (bạn bè thân thiết) Các câu như "hàng thịt nguyết hàng cá" (đối lập giữa các mặt hàng) hay "kẻ ăn ốc người đổ vỏ" (người hưởng lợi từ công sức của người khác) cũng thể hiện sự khéo léo trong ngôn ngữ Những câu như "không ưa thì dưa có giòi" (không thích thì sẽ có điều không hay) và "tiền trao cháo múc" (có tiền thì mới có dịch vụ) phản ánh thực tế xã hội.
4.2.1.12 Idiom implying endurance and adaptation to the environment
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ thể hiện ý nghĩa sâu sắc như "make an omelette without breaking eggs" (không thể làm việc lớn mà không có hy sinh) và "eat humble pie" (nhận lỗi và khiêm tốn) Tương tự, trong tiếng Việt, ta có các thành ngữ như "đói ăn bánh vẽ" (mơ mộng viển vông khi thiếu thốn), "nằm gai nếm mật" (chịu đựng khó khăn để đạt được thành công), hay "ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt" (chịu đựng khổ sở để có được điều tốt) Những câu như "ngậm đắng nuốt cay" (chịu đựng đau khổ) hay "nhịn như nhịn cơm sống" (chịu đựng trong hoàn cảnh khó khăn) cũng rất phổ biến Thêm vào đó, "khát nước mới đào giếng" (chỉ khi cần thiết mới hành động) và "không có cá lấy rau má làm ngon" (biết chấp nhận hoàn cảnh) thể hiện sự thích nghi trong cuộc sống, trong khi "liệu cơm gắp mắm" (sống thích ứng với hoàn cảnh) nhấn mạnh sự khéo léo trong việc quản lý cuộc sống hàng ngày.
4.2.1.13 Idiom implying good luck and bad luck
English idioms Vietnamese idioms hard/tough cheese; icing on the cake chuột sa chĩnh gạo ; cơm đen vận túng ; mèo mù vớ cá rán
English idioms Vietnamese idioms as sure as eggs in eggs; take sth with a pinch of salt; grain of salt ăn ốc nói mò; chắc như cua gạch
Các thành ngữ tiếng Anh như "as brown as a berry" và "as red as beetroot" tương đương với các thành ngữ tiếng Việt như "màu mỡ riêu cua" và "mặt đỏ như gấc" Bên cạnh đó, "as like/alike as two peas in a pod" có thể so sánh với "mặt vàng như nghệ", trong khi "xấu từ trong trứng" diễn tả sự xấu xa bẩm sinh Các thành ngữ này thể hiện sự tương đồng giữa hai ngôn ngữ trong việc miêu tả đặc điểm và tính cách.
Similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of idioms
Idioms, particularly those related to food and drink in English and Vietnamese, captivate linguists and readers alike due to their deep cultural significance Each language reflects unique cultural traits tied to physiology, traditions, and religious beliefs A comparative study reveals both similarities and differences in the semantic and syntactic aspects of these idioms Furthermore, this analysis uncovers the underlying cultural characteristics inherent in English and Vietnamese idioms associated with food and drink.
Our research reveals that English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink exhibit similar patterns, particularly in their use of Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and Adjective Phrases.
English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink often follow specific noun phrase patterns These include structures such as (Article) + Adjective + Noun, Noun + Noun, and Noun/NP + Prepositional Phrase.
Both languages exhibit comparable structures in their verb phrases, including patterns such as Verb + Noun/NP, Verb + Noun/NP + Prep.P, Verb + Prep.P, Verb + Noun/NP + Noun, Verb + Noun/NP + Verb, and Verb + (Noun/NP) + Sub.Clause.
Thirdly, the simile in idioms of food and drink of the two languages is another similarity
Both English and Vietnamese idioms share common semantic fields that encompass various aspects of human experience, including honesty and dishonesty, hunger and poverty, advantageous and disadvantageous situations, and human physical states They also reflect personality traits, moods, behaviors, attitudes, actions, social status, and experiences related to success and failure Additionally, these idioms address themes of love, relationships, endurance, adaptation to the environment, luck, belief, appearance, choices, and even trivial matters.
Furthermore, both languages use certain familiar images, daily events and phenomena to express the abstract sense thanks to the means of metaphor, simile
Metaphors play a significant role in both English and Vietnamese idioms, particularly those involving food and drink, such as "rotten apple" and "sour grapes" in English, and "cơm sung cháo dền" and "có cam phụ quýt" in Vietnamese These metaphors enable idioms to convey deeper figurative meanings by highlighting the similarities between people or objects For instance, the Vietnamese idiom "Ông ăn chả, bà ăn nem" does not literally translate to "he has cha, she has nem"; instead, it metaphorically describes a situation where both a husband and wife are engaging in extramarital affairs.
Similes play a significant role in the idiomatic expressions related to food and drink in both English and Vietnamese This stylistic device compares two entities based on a shared characteristic, utilizing comparative words such as "as," "like," or "than" in English, and "như," "bằng," or "không bằng" in Vietnamese For instance, expressions like "as red as beetroot" (đỏ như gấc) and "as sure as eggs is eggs" (chắc như đinh đóng cột) illustrate the effective use of simile in conveying meaning.
The study revealed an absence of English idioms in the Verb Phrase pattern of Verb + (Noun/NP) + Verb + Noun/NP, as well as in the Noun Phrase structure of Noun + Adj + Noun + Adj Additionally, there were no Vietnamese idioms identified in the Noun Phrase pattern of (Article) + Past Participle + Noun (N) and in prepositional phrases.
In English, an adjective is often used to modify for a noun and it usually stands before nouns but in Vietnamese it is vice versa
Language is intrinsically linked to culture, as highlighted by Tran Ngoc Them, who states that culture encompasses all elements that distinguish one nation from another Vietnamese and English cultures differ significantly in traditions, backgrounds, customs, religious beliefs, and geographical contexts Consequently, the languages spoken by Vietnamese and English people not only reflect these cultural differences but also embody their unique lifestyles and ways of thinking.
Geographical environments significantly shape cultural differences, with the West's dry, cold climate and expansive grasslands fostering a nomadic lifestyle that emphasizes individualism and a desire to conquer nature In contrast, the East's hot, humid climate and fertile deltas promote cultivation, leading Vietnamese people to prioritize harmony with their environment and community This results in a communication style that values peace and discretion, as seen in expressions like "ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt" and "nhịn như nhịn cơm sống." Conversely, in England, individuals are more likely to openly express personal issues and critique others, illustrated by phrases such as "have a bone to pick" and "make no bones about."
Vietnamese civilization is often referred to as a "plant civilization," highlighting its roots in agricultural practices, making it a cradle of agricultural civilization in Southeast Asia The natural history surrounding Vietnamese society significantly influences its cultural characteristics, which is reflected in the rich variety of idioms that feature tropical agricultural products like bồ hòn, cà, cam, and more In contrast, English idioms showcase a narrower range of agricultural products, including apple, banana, and carrot This distinction underscores the deep connection between language, culture, and the environment in Vietnam compared to English-speaking countries.
Cultural perspectives can significantly influence how emotions are expressed, as seen in the differing interpretations of blushing due to embarrassment For instance, while English speakers and Vietnamese speakers both recognize the phenomenon of a red face when feeling awkward, they employ distinct imagery to convey this experience.
English idiom: as red as beetroot
Vietnamese idiom: đỏ như gấc
Another example is Sell like hot cake – Bán đắt như tôm tươi
A key distinction between English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink lies in their cultural and religious influences English idioms, such as "apple of Sodom," draw from biblical narratives, reflecting the Christian beliefs prevalent among English speakers In contrast, Vietnamese idioms, like "Ăn chay niệm Phật," are rooted in Buddhism, which is the dominant religion in Vietnam This influence of Buddhism is evident in phrases like "trồng cà được cà," showcasing how religious philosophies shape the idiomatic expressions in each culture.
English individuals, rooted in a nomadic culture, exhibit distinct traits of independence and determination, readily embracing failure as a chance for growth, akin to the phrase "eat humble pie." In contrast, Vietnamese people, shaped by communal values, often prioritize stability and endurance, reflecting expressions like "ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt" and "ngậm đắng nuốt cay," which emphasize resilience in the face of adversity.
This article analyzes the syntactic and semantic features of food and drink idioms in English and Vietnamese, highlighting both similarities and differences It emphasizes how idioms reflect various aspects of life, revealing insights into daily communication and cultural characteristics such as geography, history, customs, and religious beliefs By examining these idioms, we gain a deeper understanding of the cultural nuances embedded in language.
The equivalence of the English and Vietnamese idioms containing food
This study examines the equivalence of food and drink idioms in English and Vietnamese, concentrating specifically on idiomatic, conceptual, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic equivalences between the two languages.
Certain Vietnamese idioms closely mirror English expressions, sharing similar meanings and phrasing For instance, the English idiom "rub salt into one's wounds" translates directly to "xát muối vào vết thương" in Vietnamese Another example is "forbidden fruit," which is expressed as "trái/quả cấm" in Vietnamese.
Finding a direct match for idioms and fixed expressions across languages is rare, often requiring alternative strategies for effective communication Frequently, the same idea can be conveyed using entirely different wording in another language.
A good example is “Like two peas in a pod” which has the equivalence
The Vietnamese idioms "giống nhau như đúc" and "giống nhau như hai giọt nước" both convey the idea of extreme similarity, akin to the English expression "like two peas in a pod." However, the cultural context of each language shapes the way this concept is articulated, highlighting the unique linguistic expressions that reflect cultural nuances.
Of 190 English idioms of food and drink, we can find some idioms which have idiomatic equivalents in Vietnamese They are:
As different as chalk and cheese khác nhau một trời một vực
Have a finger in every pie
Sử dụng búa lớn để phá một hạt đậu, mặt phẳng như mặt trống, đỏ như gấc Trong tuần chay, không có nước mắt cưa sừng làm nghé, dùng dao mổ trâu để giết gà.
For Vietnamese idioms of food and drink, we can find some which have idiomatic equivalents in English They are the idioms:
Vietnamese idioms English equivalents Ăn cướp cơm chim
Chắc nhƣ cua ga ̣ch
Con sâu bỏ rầu nồi canh Đắt như tôm tươi
Take the bread out of sb’s mouth
As sure as eggs in eggs One rotten apple spoils the barrel Sell like hot cakes
As gentle as a lamp Cƣa sƣ̀ng làm nghé
People from diverse cultures express idioms in unique ways, influenced by their surroundings and daily experiences These variations in expression reflect the distinct perspectives shaped by cultural contexts.
Despite the cultural differences between Vietnam and English-speaking nations, there are notable similarities in their ways of thinking and worldview Both Vietnamese and English languages convey ideas and concepts similarly, particularly through idioms that reflect logical thought While some idioms are unique to specific cultures, many Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink share conceptual similarities with their English counterparts.
Among 190 idioms of each language, we can find this conceptual equivalent:
As easy as pie dễ nhƣ ăn cháo
Uống rượu bia nhiều như cá nhưng lại không biết nấu nướng gì, ăn uống như rồng cuốn, là điều đáng suy nghĩ Việc tiêu thụ đồ uống có cồn một cách thái quá có thể gây hại cho sức khỏe.
Giâ ̣t đầu cá vá đầu tôm
To rob Peter to pay Paul
A drop in the bucket Utterly nonsensical
As sweet as roasted sugar cane
Idioms may share the same meaning and convey similar concepts, yet they often evoke different imagery The clarity of a writer's or speaker's thoughts, along with their cultural background, plays a crucial role in distinguishing cultural concepts and translating them into another language To accurately understand a culture-specific concept, it is essential to relate it to more general cultural ideas and consider the context in which it is used.
At the lexicon level, many other studies show that cultural words are those that belong to a “particular language” and express “peculiar manifestations” of a culture
The lexemes denoting food and drink of the idioms collected of the two languages will follow below, classified according to the type of food or drink category represented
Danh sách các loại trái cây bao gồm: táo, chuối, dâu, cherry, hạt dẻ, bồ hòn, cà, cam sành, chanh, dưa, dừa, lý gai, nho, mật ong, mứt, hạt, cam, dứa, mận, đào, gấc, khế, mận, quýt, sung và thị.
Meat category bacon, bone, duck, fat, fowl, goose, hash, meat, mincemeat, mutton, roast, turkey thịt, gà, trâu, lơ ̣n, mỡ, nạc, dê, thịt chó
Baked produce category biscuit, bread, bun, cake, cookie, crust, gingerbread, loaf, pancake, pie, toast bánh
Fish and other aquatic produce category caviar, fish, herring, mackerel, oyster, sardine, sprat, trout cá, cá đối, cá mè , cá diếc, cá rô , săn sắt , hến, ốc, cua, tôm, cáy
Danh mục rau củ bao gồm các loại như củ cải đường, cà rốt, dưa chuột, hành tây, củ cải, khoai tây, bí ngô, rau salad, khoai, cà, mướp, hẹ, rau, măng, rau muống, húng, tía tô, rau má, mướp đắng và mùng tơi.
Beverage category ale, beer, coffee, tea, water, wine nước, trà, rượu (tửu)
Danh mục món ăn bao gồm các món như enchilada, porridge, và stew Ngoài ra, còn có cơm, cơm tẻ, cháo, oản, xôi, xôi vò, xôi gấc, gỏi, cháo lòng, chả, nem, chân giò, tương cà, bánh chưng, bánh đúc, bún, và cá rán Những món ăn này không chỉ phong phú về hương vị mà còn đa dạng về cách chế biến, mang đến trải nghiệm ẩm thực độc đáo cho thực khách.
Dairy produce category butter, cheese, cream, egg, milk trƣ́ng, bơ
Herbs and spices category ginger, mustard, salt, spice tỏi, gƣ̀ng, muối, hạt tiêu , nghê ̣ , riềng
Condiments and oil, pickle, sauce, sugar, Mắm, mắm tôm , mắm sauces category vinegar cáy, dấm, dƣa hành , dầu, mỡ, đường, ớt, mẻ, tương
Cereals category chaff, oat, wheat Gạo, ngô, nếp, tẻ, thóc, cám
Sweets category candy, icing, jelly, toffee, pudding
Mâ ̣t, mía, mía lùi, kẹo
Soups category broth, juice, soup Canh, nước xáo, riêu cua
General terms regarding food and drink food, drink , meal Ăn, cỗ, uống
I find in the selection of idioms of food and drink of both languages only a few ones translated with the name of the food and drink:
Rub salt into one’s wounds
Teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs dễ nhƣ cháo chảy đỏ nhƣ gấc chua nhƣ giấm/mẻ xát muối vào vết thương trƣ́ng khôn hơn vi ̣t
Con sâu bỏ rầu nồi canh Đắt như tôm tươi
As mute as a fish One rotten apple spoils the barrel
Sell like hot cakes Lexical equivalence is found very little in idioms translating Therefore, words which express the same concept are chosen Let’s look at some examples below:
Corn is the staff of life Bread and butter Cheap as chips
In Vietnam, "cơm tẻ" serves as the primary food staple, contrasting with Western countries where it is not considered a main dish As a result, "corn" is often highlighted as the key cereal in these regions.
Similarly, “bread and butter” is not understood as “bánh mì phết bơ” but as
“kế sinh nhai” as they show the basic things for life
Let us see other idioms below which show people’s characteristics to see another problem of lexical equivalence
Butter wouldn’t melt in their mouth
Sugar and spice người xấu, không đáng tin con nhà nòi làm ra bộ đoan trang tốt bu ̣ng và thân thiê ̣n
Trong tiếng Việt, có nhiều thành ngữ thú vị thể hiện sự khéo léo và trí tuệ của người dân Ví dụ, câu "Ăn cây táo rào cây sung" ám chỉ việc hưởng lợi từ công sức của người khác, trong khi "Ăn chực đòi bánh chưng" thể hiện sự tham lam, muốn nhận mà không bỏ công sức Câu "Ăn nói cà riềng cà tỏi" nhấn mạnh đến việc giao tiếp không rõ ràng, còn "Đo lường nước mắm đếm củ dưa hành" nói về sự cẩn trọng và tính toán trong cuộc sống Những thành ngữ này không chỉ mang ý nghĩa sâu sắc mà còn phản ánh văn hóa và lối sống của người Việt.
Miệng thơn thớt, dạ ớt ngâm
Bite the hand that feeds you Ask for too much
Speak disrespectfully Stingy, cheese-paring
As gentle as a lamb Pick and choose / Choosy
A honey tongue a heart of gall
To grasp the meaning of idioms, it is often more effective to use words for explanation rather than seeking direct equivalents This is due to the fact that diverse cultures influence language use and the expression of meanings Consequently, a lack of cultural knowledge can hinder effective communication, leading to cross-cultural misunderstandings Therefore, substituting an idiom with a word that conveys a similar meaning is often the best approach, even if some nuances are lost.
Cultural characteristics of English and Vietnamese idioms containing
Vietnamese idioms, deeply rooted in the nation's agricultural civilization and experiences of poverty, reflect the agricultural lifestyle of the Vietnamese people Given that rice is the staple food, it is no surprise that numerous idioms are associated with it, such as "cơm bưng nước rót," "cơm chẳng lành canh chẳng ngọt," "cơm hàng cháo chợ," and "cơm niêu nước lọ." These expressions illustrate the significance of rice in daily life, highlighting various aspects of culture and community.
Vietnamese agricultural communities are heavily reliant on weather and crop yields, which significantly impacts their livelihoods This dependence often leads to experiences of hunger and poverty, reflected in various idioms that capture their challenging living conditions One such idiom is “cơm niêu nước lọ,” which translates to "to live on simple fare," highlighting the simplicity and struggle inherent in their daily lives.
“cơm thừa canh cặn – a miserable life of a servant”, “cơm đen vận túng – stroke of bad luck”
English idioms, particularly those related to food and drink, reflect the influence of industrial civilization rather than a historical agricultural lifestyle While staples like bread and butter or soup are mentioned in these idioms, they do not convey the same sense of poverty found in Vietnamese expressions For instance, phrases such as "bread and butter" and "quarrel with bread and butter" illustrate this distinction, highlighting how English idioms are shaped by cultural context rather than mere sustenance.
Due to varying living conditions, Vietnam and England exhibit distinct lifestyles Vietnamese individuals often work collaboratively in the fields, fostering a sense of resilience against natural disasters, which contributes to their more emotional nature In contrast, the English tend to approach life with a more rational mindset This cultural difference is reflected in their respective idioms.
- Vietnamese idioms: ăn mận trả đào , ăn miếng trả miếng , chén tạc chén t hù, không ưa thì dưa có giòi…
- English idioms: from soup to nut, full of beans, grain of salt …
Idioms serve as a reflection of societal perspectives and are accessible to individuals of all ages and genders for expressing their thoughts Notably, the idioms examined in this study do not reveal any indications of class struggle in either language.
The analysis reveals that culture is embedded in the idioms of both languages, highlighting the importance of cultural context in determining the most suitable translation of these expressions.
Implications for teaching and learning idioms containing food and drink39
Firstly, it’s advisable for teachers to raise students’ awareness of similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English idioms of food and drink
While idioms related to food and drink are commonly taught and practiced in the classroom, students often fail to incorporate them into their everyday conversations Therefore, it is essential for teachers to motivate students to use these idioms in their daily lives as much as possible.
When teaching English idioms, it's crucial for educators to clarify their figurative meanings, as the literal interpretations can often be misleading For idioms related to food and drink, learners are more likely to retain and effectively use these expressions if teachers draw parallels with similar Vietnamese idioms and highlight the cultural differences in the use of food imagery between the two languages.