INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
High and low context communication styles significantly influence interactions between different cultures A common saying highlights this challenge: "A high-context joke from a high-context culture will not translate well to someone of a different culture, even another high-context culture." This emphasizes the importance of adapting to local customs, as reflected in the adage, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." To effectively understand others, individuals must recognize the context they are in and be aware of any underlying meanings that may not be immediately apparent.
Vietnam is recognized for its high context culture, in contrast to the low context culture of the United States However, this study aims to demonstrate that many Americans incorporate high context elements in their communication Specifically, it analyzes President Obama's inaugural speeches to highlight the presence of both high and low context elements in American discourse.
This thesis analyzes two American presidential inaugurals to explore their significance An inaugural address serves not only to outline the new president's intentions and responsibilities but also to convey their personality and enthusiasm By examining these speeches, the author aims to capture the current state of America and President Obama's aspirations for the nation Furthermore, the research demonstrates how an individual from a low-context culture can effectively incorporate high-context elements into their communication, enhancing the study's objectivity and persuasiveness.
Analyzing both of Obama's inaugurations reveals distinct patterns in his use of high-context versus low-context elements, highlighting the importance of considering both events for a comprehensive understanding of his rhetorical strategies.
Scope and objectives of the study
This study examines the high and low context elements in Barack Obama's inaugural addresses from 2009 and 2013, utilizing Edward T Hall's high and low context culture theory The research aims to identify the differences in Obama's use of these context elements when addressing similar topics at different times, evaluate his frequency of high context usage despite America's classification as a low context culture, and analyze the deeper meanings behind specific phrases.
Hall's high and low context culture theory stands out for its clarity and simplicity compared to other complex and lengthy works It effectively breaks down cultural communication into easily understandable sub-categories, including high context, low context, and the comparison between the two This structured approach enhances comprehension and connectivity, making it a valuable resource for understanding cultural differences.
Research questions
In order to fulfill its objectives stated above, this paper needs to answer the following research questions:
1 In what circumstances does Obama employ high context elements to express his ideas instead of using low context elements?
2 What are the meanings between the lines in those circumstances?
3 To what extend does Obama use high context elements to express the same content in both of his inaugural speech?
DEVELOPMENT
Context, as defined by Phil McNulty (2012), refers to the surroundings and circumstances that clarify the meaning of an event For instance, understanding the context of an argument can reveal underlying tensions in a relationship In linguistics, context is crucial as it encompasses the text surrounding a word or passage, aiding in the interpretation of its meaning.
Context plays a crucial role in language use, affecting how language varies and shapes discourse In the language sciences, including fields like linguistics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis, context is understood in two primary ways: verbal context, which pertains to the words and phrases used, and social context, which relates to the communicative situation and its constraints.
Verbal context encompasses the surrounding text or dialogue that shapes our understanding of expressions, such as words, sentences, or speech acts This highlights the importance of not quoting individuals out of context Modern linguistics often focuses on texts, discourses, and conversations, analyzing their structures and interrelationships, particularly the coherence between sentences.
In sociolinguistics, social context has traditionally been defined by objective variables like class, gender, age, and race However, contemporary approaches focus on how social identity is constructed and expressed through language in both written and spoken forms.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Context theory
Context, as defined by Phil McNulty (2012), refers to the surroundings and circumstances that clarify the meaning of an event or occurrence For instance, understanding the context of a conflict can reveal underlying tensions, such as a strained relationship that triggered a reaction In linguistics, context encompasses the text surrounding a word or passage, which is crucial for determining its meaning.
Context in language use refers to the relevant constraints of a communicative situation that affect language variation and discourse It is a key concept in various language sciences, including linguistics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics, and is understood in two primary ways: verbal context and social context.
Verbal context encompasses the surrounding text or dialogue that accompanies an expression, such as a word or sentence, significantly influencing our understanding of that expression This underscores the importance of not quoting individuals out of context Contemporary linguistics often analyzes texts, discourses, and conversations, focusing on discourse structures and their interrelationships, particularly the coherence relations between sentences.
In sociolinguistics, social context has traditionally been defined by objective social variables like class, gender, age, and race However, contemporary approaches focus on how social contexts are shaped by the social identities that language users construct and express through their spoken and written communication.
I.1.2 Influences of context to communication, language and learning
I.1.2.1 Ron Burnett and Emily Carr
In their paper "Context, Communication and Learning – The Meaning of Learning Project," Ron Burnett and Emily Carr emphasize that the learning experience is heavily influenced by its context This context encompasses a multitude of complex factors essential for completing various tasks and meeting diverse demands and expectations.
Context is a dynamic concept that encompasses various approaches to understanding its role and influence on individuals and society Different factors shape our perception of context, highlighting its multifaceted nature.
Learning is deeply influenced by the intricate dynamics of classroom and school culture The context of education is shaped by narratives, and often, the stories that inform and support the learning process are more fleeting than we might prefer to acknowledge.
I.1.2.2 Bellon ML and Rees RJ
Bellon ML and Rees RJ, in their study The effect of context on communication: a study of the language and communication skills of adults with acquired brain injury
A 2006 study investigates the impact of varying contexts on the language and communication skills of adults with acquired brain injuries The research involves four participants observed across different settings, including a baseline phase, two intervention phases (a 3-day camp and a post-camp period), and a 2-month follow-up, with all interactions recorded Findings reveal that participants show significant improvements in constructive language production during the intervention phases, attributed to structured support, cueing, and positive experiences that help mitigate the effects of organic damage However, at the follow-up stage, participants' language and communication abilities regress to baseline levels.
The findings highlight the importance of sustained interventions for enhancing language and communication skills within community-based rehabilitation programs By establishing supportive environments, these interventions can effectively improve communication behaviors and promote optimal community inclusion.
High and low context theory
I.2.1 Views on high and low context culture
In her book, "A Quick Guide to Cultural Competency," Dr Sangeeta Gupta emphasizes the significance of understanding communication styles across different groups, noting that while generalizations can be made, it's crucial to recognize the variations that exist within each group.
Individuals from high context cultures often communicate in an indirect and formal manner, relying on both verbal and nonverbal cues to convey meaning In contrast, those from low context cultures typically adopt a direct and informal communication style To fully grasp the message in high context interactions, listeners must possess strong listening and observational skills, as they need to interpret subtle nuances and read between the lines.
When someone seems to be listening but displays closed body language, such as folded arms and a frown, they may not be receptive to your message This contrast between appearance and body language highlights the importance of non-verbal cues in communication High context cultures, including many in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and South America, often rely heavily on these non-verbal signals, making it crucial to understand the underlying messages conveyed through body language.
Low context cultures prioritize the literal meaning of words, favoring clear and explicit communication where the message is conveyed primarily through language These cultures often prefer written communication, as it eliminates the need for nonverbal cues Notable examples of low context cultures include the United States, Germany, Switzerland, and the Scandinavian countries.
I.2.1.2 Brett Rutledge, World Champion of Public Speaking and Executive Communication Specialist writes about communication (August 21, 2011)
In today's interconnected world, effective communication is essential yet increasingly challenging Surprisingly, the most significant barriers often arise from subtle cultural differences rather than language discrepancies A key distinction lies between high context and low context cultures, which can complicate understanding and interaction.
In low context cultures, communication is explicit and clear, relying heavily on what is said or written, while high context cultures assume a shared understanding, leading to more implicit and indirect communication In these low context environments, listeners bear the responsibility of maintaining their knowledge and staying connected to informal networks.
Low context cultures include Anglos, Germanics and Scandinavians High context cultures include Japanese, Arabs and French The implications are obvious
Interactions between high and low context peoples can be problematic For example:
Japanese can find Westerners to be offensively blunt Westerners can find Japanese to be secretive, devious and bafflingly unforthcoming with information
French can feel that Germans insult their intelligence by explaining the obvious, while Germans can feel that French managers provide no direction
High context cultures often face communication challenges due to an overestimation of shared understanding, relying heavily on indirect communication methods, particularly in diverse environments In contrast, low context cultures struggle with diversity and tend to communicate more explicitly, which can lead to misunderstandings and resentment It's essential to recognize that cultural differences can manifest not only across international borders but also in local interactions, making it crucial not to assume that geographic proximity ensures shared cultural heritage.
High-context cultures emphasize ceremony and tradition, defining the roles individuals assume within the society, which may appear overly formal and rigid to outsiders Conversely, low-context cultures might seem disorganized and disrespectful, as participants often overlook traditional norms and courtesies, leading to a perception of rudeness.
Low and High-Context in Written Communication
High-context and low-context cultures differ significantly in their writing styles, particularly in the amount of contextual detail provided High-context cultures tend to assume that readers share a common understanding, resulting in less explicit information and fewer explanations, similar to the concise language used by twins or close-knit groups In contrast, low-context cultures prioritize clarity and thoroughness, providing detailed explanations to ensure the message is easily understood by all, regardless of cultural background This approach aims to create messages that stand alone, independent of context, while high-context cultures rely on shared knowledge and omit explicit details.
Low and High-Context in More General Communications
In the United States, business meetings are typically low-context, characterized by informal interactions such as brief introductions and handshakes, with participants often engaging in a free-form discussion without strict speaking rules Conversely, in Japan, business meetings are conducted with high-context communication, where participants adhere to formal procedures for greetings, the exchange of business cards, and structured topic introductions.
The degree of high- and low-context communication varies within cultures, as seen in specific U.S settings like weddings, court proceedings, and funerals, where structured behaviors often go unnoticed This distinction reflects not only a culture's self-representation but also its actual practices; low-context cultures tend to take pride in their straightforwardness while minimizing the role of context in shaping behavior Understanding these nuances is essential for navigating high-context versus low-context interactions effectively.
Homogeneous (inside/outside clearly defined)
Heterogeneous (open to outsiders) Individual oriented
Encourages variation Active and solution oriented Conflict encouraged (productive) Procedural (rules govern behavior) Welcome risk
(adapted from Ting-Toomey, 71-86, qtd in Andrews, 9)
I.2.2 Concept of high and low context culture by Edward T Hall (1976, p105) I.2.2.1 Context
The context gives additional information, which is necessary to encode the whole situation / background of given information
High context communication relies heavily on shared knowledge and experiences For instance, when asking, "Where is my black pepper?" the response "above my microwave" assumes familiarity with the speaker's kitchen layout Those who know the editor's living space can easily locate the pepper based on this context Without this shared background, the message lacks sufficient clarity, highlighting the importance of contextual information in effective communication.
In high context communication, [a piece of] information can have different meanings according It needs additional information to encode (understand) Speaking in examples is also high context information
High Context Communication is prevalent in many Western countries, making it challenging for foreigners to grasp the true meaning behind British expressions For instance, the phrase "you must come for dinner" is often perceived as a genuine invitation, but it is frequently used as a polite gesture without the intention of extending an actual invite Additionally, when a Brit starts a sentence with "with the greatest respect," it typically implies a strong disapproval, suggesting that they think the listener is foolish.
I hear what you say I disagree and do not want to discuss it further
He accepts my point of view
You are an idiot He is listening to me
That‘s not bad That‘s good That‘s poor
That is a very brave You are insane He thinks I have courage proposal
Quite good A bit disappointing Quite good
I would suggest Do it or be prepared to justify yourself
Think about the idea, but do what you like
Oh, incidentally/ by the way
The primary purpose of our discussion is
That is not very important
I am annoyed that It doesn‘t really matter
Very interesting That is clearly nonsense They are impressed
I‘ll bear it in mind I‘ve forgotten it already They will probably do it I‘m sure it‘s my fault It‘s your fault Why do they think it was their fault?
You must come for dinner
It‘s not an invitation, I‘m just being polite
I will get an invitation soon
I almost agree I don‘t agree at all He‘s not far from agreement
I only have a few minor comments
Please rewrite completely He has found a few typos
Could we consider some other options
I don‘t like your idea They have not yet decided
(adapted from 'Translation table explaining the truth behind British politeness becomes internet hit' by Alice Philipson, the Telegraph, 02 Sep 2013)
A well-crafted manual exemplifies low context communication, where the information presented is clear and straightforward In this type of communication, each piece of information conveys a single, unambiguous meaning, requiring no extra context for comprehension.
I.2.2.4 High Context vs Low Context
Take a look how members of high and low contextual cultures see themselves and their opposites:
High Context claims Low Context
2 ―cannot read between the lines‖
Low Context claims High Context
(adapted from 'Notes on Intercultural Communication', The Journalist v1.9 Theme, Word Press, 18 July 2009)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Applications of E T Hall`s Theories of the Context
Hall‘s theory, for its plausibility, can be found in a number of studies of the influences of high and low context elements A brief summary of such works is as follows
II.1.1 Website Design in High and Low Context Cultures
Tendency in Low Context Cultures Animation High use of animation, especially in connection with images of moving people
Lower use of animation, mainly reserved for highlighting effects e.g., of text
Promotion of Images promote values Images promote values values characteristic of collectivist societies characteristic of individualistic societies
Individuals separate or together with the product
Featured images depict products and merchandise in use by individuals
Images portray lifestyles of individuals, with or without a direct emphasis on the use of products or merchandise
Links promote an exploratory approach to navigation on the website; process-oriented
Clear and redundant cues in connection with navigation on a website; goal-oriented
Linear vs parallel navigation on the website
Many sidebars and menus, opening of new browser windows for each new page
Few sidebars and menus, constant opening in same browser window
(adapted from 'Notes on Intercultural Communication', The Journalist v1.9 Theme, Word Press, 18 July 2009)
II.1.2 Studies on influences of high and low context
The study "The Influence of High/Low-Context Culture and Power Distance on Choice of Communication Media: Students’ Media Choice to Communicate with Professors in Japan and America" by Rieko Maruta Richardson and Sandi W examines how high-context and low-context cultures, along with power distance (PD), affect communication media preferences among students It tests the hypothesis that Japan exhibits higher levels of context and power distance compared to the United States Additionally, the research investigates the relationship between individual cultural values and the selection of communication media, highlighting the significant role culture plays in shaping communication choices in academic settings.
In his 2009 study, "Uncertainty Reduction and Predictability of Behavior in Low and High Context Cultures," William B Gudykunst explores the dynamics of initial interactions in varying cultural contexts The research reveals that individuals from high context cultures tend to be more cautious and rely heavily on assumptions based on a stranger's cultural background compared to those from low context cultures While people in high context cultures ask more questions to gather background information, this does not significantly enhance their ability to predict future behaviors The findings contribute to the understanding of uncertainty reduction theory and align with Edward T Hall's distinctions between high and low context cultures.
In their study on conflict resolution styles across different cultural contexts, William B Gudykunst and Elizabeth G Chua analyzed the interpersonal conflict resolution strategies of 355 international undergraduates in the US Utilizing an organizational communication conflict instrument, the research revealed that cultural influences significantly affect conflict resolution approaches, aligning with R Ting-Toomey's theoretical predictions based on E T Hall's definitions of low and high context communication The findings indicate that individuals from low context cultures tend to employ solution-oriented strategies more frequently, while those from high context cultures favor non-confrontational methods.
Also being inspired by Hall‘s concepts of culture, in 2005, the article Intercultural
The article "Communication on Websites: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Websites from High Context Culture and Low Context Culture" by Elizabeth Würtz, published in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, investigates the strategies employed by high context cultures in leveraging the Internet—a predominantly low context medium—for communication and marketing The study posits that individuals from high context cultures are inclined to utilize visual elements more effectively to convey their messages compared to those from low context cultures It explores how high context cultures can maximize the advantages of today's Internet and examines the variations in visual communication methods across different cultural communication styles Utilizing Hall's high and low context dimensions, the analysis of McDonald's websites reveals five distinct strategies that enhance high context communication through visual means.
Researches on high and low context elements in two inaugural speeches of 2009 and
2009 and 2013 by American President Barack H Obama
Junling Wang, a student at the School of Foreign Languages at Northwest Normal University in Lanzhou, China, explores the application of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in political discourse, particularly in public speeches that aim to elicit favorable responses from audiences In his paper, "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches," Wang employs CDA and Systematic Functional Linguistics to examine Obama's presidential speeches, focusing on aspects of transitivity and modality This analysis reveals how language is utilized to convey ideology and exert power, enhancing our understanding of the political objectives behind these speeches.
Fadipe Modupeoluwa Ebunoluwa's study critically analyzes President Barack Obama’s Inauguration Speech, focusing on the persuasive strategies employed in his public speaking Grounded in Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis, the research emphasizes that ideologies are inherent in texts and acknowledges their potential for varied interpretations The analysis evaluates the ideological and persuasive elements of the speech, exploring the interplay between textual features and power dynamics This investigation reveals how Obama's language reflects and shapes ideology and reality, ultimately highlighting his ability to empower the public with a new political consciousness through his inaugural address.
John Gary Stobbs has another way to critically analyze Obama‘s Inaugural through his paper Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s 1st Inaugural Speech
(May 26, 2012) This study investigates the methods and lexis used by Barack Obama to foster a sense of inclusion of the American public in his inaugural speech
This article examines the use of pronouns in Barack Obama's speeches to assess how they foster public inclusion in governmental processes By comparing Obama's linguistic inclusivity to that of recent presidents, the research aims to determine if he employs more inclusive language It analyzes his syntactic choices, which contribute to the emotional resonance and flow of his speeches, and explores the phrases and sentence structures that shape his narrative and persona Additionally, the article discusses how various narratives within his speeches relate to his overarching persona Political discourse, defined as the formal exchange of reasoned views on societal issues, is a key focus as the article investigates how Obama articulates his views on social problems through lexical and syntactical choices that promote consensus The study also seeks to uncover the deeper ideologies and intentions behind his rhetoric, ultimately determining whether Obama's language is more or less inclusive than that of his predecessors.
William A Galston offers keen insights into President Obama's second inaugural address in his critique of the 2013 State of the Union He emphasizes that Obama's 2012 election victory significantly shapes his presidency and policy direction moving forward.
With Republicans controlling the House of Representatives, the administration faces a crucial decision: engage with the opposition or leverage public opinion to influence House Republicans Recent negotiations regarding the fiscal cliff indicate that the White House opts for the latter strategy This choice is further underscored by the president's 2013 State of the Union address, which serves as a pivotal moment to outline his agenda for the second term, ultimately betting the future of his presidency on this approach.
On January 23, 2013, Allan Erickson from Portland Political Buzz criticized President Obama's second inaugural address, stating that Americans desire to trust and respect their leaders but find it challenging when they feel misled Erickson's analysis highlights the disconnect between leaders and the public, echoing Sam Leith's perspective that Obama's speech resembled a collection of rhetorical tricks, akin to a "greatest hits" album Leith suggests that the address showcased all of Obama's favorite oratorical devices simultaneously, creating a chaotic display reminiscent of a firework box ignited by a candle.
David Lightman’s analysis of President Obama’s second inaugural address highlights its exceptional coherence and depth, marking it as a significant moment in American political discourse Unlike recent inaugurals, which often resemble a laundry list, Obama’s speech presents a cohesive argument that reflects a distinct worldview While it may lack memorable lines, its clarity makes it worthy of future examination, as it articulates a crucial aspect of American political thought However, this clarity also exposes the superficiality and misconceptions inherent in the progressive worldview that it represents.
In summary, extensive research has been conducted on Obama's two inaugurals, focusing on both discourse and political analysis However, a review of the literature reveals that previous studies primarily concentrate on political content or general discourse analysis, lacking a methodological evaluation of high and low context elements This study aims to address this gap in the existing literature.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY III.1 Research methodology
The qualitative research method focuses on evaluating data through document analysis rather than numerical statistics, making it particularly effective for gathering culturally specific insights into the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of distinct populations By categorizing data into patterns, researchers can effectively organize and report their findings This approach allows for in-depth examination of individual texts and facilitates the use of various analytical strategies.
The analysis of texts employs both synthetic and analytic methods, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the material The analytic approach focuses on identifying and isolating specific elements, while the synthetic perspective explores how these components interact as a cohesive whole By objectively examining two inaugural speeches through the lens of high and low elements, deeper meanings can be revealed Ultimately, the synthesis of findings highlights the contexts in which these elements are utilized, providing valuable insights into their significance.
This study employs descriptive and comparative methods to deliver detailed evaluations and meanings By analyzing two inaugurals instead of one, the research aims to provide more convincing results and insights The paper logically explores the descriptions and comparisons between the two texts Additionally, the descriptive research method is utilized to capture specific behaviors as they occur in their natural environment, with observation being the primary focus among various descriptive research techniques.
This thesis analyzes two inaugural speeches by categorizing elements into high and low context, based on Hall's high and low context theory (1976) The paper systematically lists the characteristics of each context type in separate sections, providing a comprehensive understanding of their distinctions.
Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information
More internalized understandings of what is communicated
Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others
Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an
Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority
Rule oriented, people play by external rules
More knowledge is codified public, external, and accessible
Sequencing, separation–of time, of space, of activities, of relationships
More interpersonal connections of shorter duration
Knowledge is more often transferable
Task-centered Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities
(adapted from 'Communicating Across Cultures' by Jennifer E Beer, 1997-2003)
This article examines how President Obama incorporates high and low context elements in his inaugural speeches By illustrating each character with selected lines from the speeches, it demonstrates the presence of these elements and analyzes the significance behind the chosen examples The analysis is conducted in a parallel format, allowing for a direct comparison of high and low context elements across both speeches, ultimately addressing whether Obama employs high context elements to convey similar messages The paper concludes with a synthesis of the contexts in which Obama utilizes these elements and provides the author's overall commentary.
This data analysis schedule is based on these steps below:
1 Reading and doing an analysis to get the contents and formats of both texts (Analytic method)
2 Giving an overview of both texts according to the purposes, presentation approaches, ideologies (Synthetic method)
3 Comparing two scripts to produce the same and differences between their formats and between their contents Examining the appearance of high and low context elements in both speeches to express the same idea (Comparative method)
4 Providing an assessment of the influences of high and low context elements on changing the idea of the speakers or the way to understand of the audiences (Descriptive method)
This section presents the results of applying the previously outlined steps and evaluates the impact of high and low context elements on the content of both inaugural addresses.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION IV.1 Brief introduction of the inaugural addresses
2.2.1.3 Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others
“These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.”
The challenges we encounter today are significant and numerous, requiring time and effort to address effectively.
To grasp the significance of these lines, it is essential to connect them with the societal, educational, economic, and military contexts of the time, a task best undertaken by those who experienced it firsthand rather than by outsiders.
This generation of Americans has faced significant challenges that have strengthened our determination and demonstrated our resilience As we conclude a decade of war and embark on an economic recovery, the potential for America is boundless We embody the essential qualities needed in a globalized world: youthful energy, diverse perspectives, openness, a willingness to take risks, and an exceptional ability to reinvent ourselves.
The inaugural address connects various events and concepts, including crises, wartime circumstances, and economic recovery For effective communication, both the speaker and listeners must share a common background knowledge, enabling them to grasp the significance of the events referenced by Obama.
Our journey has been defined by hard work and perseverance, avoiding shortcuts and the allure of immediate rewards It is not for the faint-hearted or those who prioritize comfort over effort Instead, it is the risk-takers and diligent creators—often unsung heroes—who have propelled us toward prosperity and freedom along this challenging path.
“This is the journey we continue today”
To fully grasp the significance of Obama's speech, audiences must possess a deep, long-term understanding of their nation's history, tracing the journey from its origins and recognizing the contributions of its founders.
“Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time.”
“For more than two hundred years, we have….”
A long-term relationship is essential for analyzing the purpose, outcomes, and processes of actions It enables audiences to grasp the historical context and developmental journey of their country, fostering a shared background knowledge with leaders like Obama As a result, the president's speeches become more comprehensive and persuasive.
IV.2.2.1.5 Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an ―outsider‖
―For everywhere we look, there is work to be done”
“But this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control.”
To fully grasp the nuances of Obama's first public address as President, audiences must be insiders who understand the underlying messages and the specific crises he references The distinction between insiders and outsiders is prominently highlighted, shedding light on the high-context elements present in his speech.
Our generation's mission is to actualize the principles of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness for all Americans Upholding our founding documents does not necessitate unanimous agreement on every aspect of life; rather, it acknowledges that our interpretations of liberty and our journeys toward happiness may differ.
“For now decisions are upon us, and we cannot afford delay”
Insiders and outsiders interpret ideas differently, with insiders being those who engage directly with President Obama and the American generation Only these individuals fully grasp the President's messages, as he aims to communicate, persuade, and inspire them specifically.
IV.2.2.1.6 Knowledge is situational, relational
“We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense”
“For we know that our patchwork heritage is strength, not a weakness….”
“As we consider the role that unfolds before us…”
“And yet at this moment, a moment that will define a generation, it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.”
The statements and promises made are context-specific and cannot be generalized to other situations or historical contexts Obama's emphasis on his words highlights that the knowledge conveyed in his speech is temporary and relevant only to the present moment, addressing the current circumstances and the audience of that time.
“That is our generation's task …”
“It is now our generation's task to carry on what those pioneers began …”
“We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths - that all of us are created equal - is the star that guides us still…”
In his second speech, Obama emphasizes the unique responsibilities and roles that this generation must embrace, highlighting that only they can fulfill these crucial missions By incorporating situational details and momentary insights, he instills a sense of pride and determination in his audience, motivating them to unite and advocate for their lives and their country.
IV.2.2.1.7 Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority
―My fellow citizens, I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you've bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.”
The essence of our liberty and beliefs is reflected in the unity of men, women, and children from diverse races and faiths, celebrating together in this grand space It underscores the remarkable progress that allows an individual, whose father faced discrimination less than 60 years ago, to now stand before you and take a revered oath.
“Today I say to you that …‖
In his inaugural speech, Obama emphasizes his personal connection to the responsibilities of leadership by frequently using the words "my" and "I." This choice of language underscores his authority and ownership of the promises made, highlighting his commitment to guiding the nation forward.
In my oath today, I reaffirm my commitment to God and country, transcending party lines and divisions This pledge mirrors the dedication of soldiers who enlist and the dreams of immigrants striving for a better life Ultimately, it reflects the pride we all share for the flag that unites us.
2.2.2.1 Rule oriented, people play by external rules
On this day, we unite to embrace hope instead of fear, prioritizing a shared purpose over division and strife We come together to declare an end to trivial disputes and empty promises, rejecting the blame and outdated beliefs that have long hindered our political progress.
―Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things‖
Obama emphasizes the reasons for gathering on that day: choosing hope over fear and unity over conflict He defines the attendees as risk-takers and creators, urging them to move past petty grievances and outdated beliefs His message is clear and consistent, allowing even those who join later to grasp its significance.
Every presidential inauguration reaffirms the resilience of our Constitution and the commitment to our democratic values It serves as a reminder that our national unity transcends race, religion, and heritage.
“Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time”
In his interactions with the public, Obama exudes authority, encouraging them to align with his vision and objectives Following his first presidential term, he has gained deeper insights and increased confidence in his approach As a result, his second address is perceived as more persuasive, practical, and hopeful Obama aims to leverage both the positive and negative experiences from his initial term to rebuild trust and effectively engage his audience once again.
IV.2.2.2.2 More knowledge is codified public, external, and accessible
“As for our common defense ”
“To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent …”
“To the people of poor nations …”
In his speeches, Obama provides clear and detailed insights on key issues such as the economy, defense, and finance, demonstrating a strong understanding of the topics that resonate with the public While political and military discussions may sometimes lack clarity, he consistently addresses straightforward matters with directness and reliability, earning the trust of his audience.
“Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce; schools and colleges to train our workers.”
“Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play.”
“Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life's worst hazards and misfortune.”
Obama presents his announcement with a familiar and approachable tone, outlining various criteria in a clear and organized manner By systematically addressing key areas such as the economy, market, and nation, he ensures that all listeners, including newcomers, can easily grasp and comprehend his message.
IV.2.2.2.3 Sequencing, separation–of time, of space, of activities, of relationships
“At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office,…”
“Today I say to you that …”
“On this day, we gather because …”
The current economic situation demands immediate and decisive action to create jobs and establish a sustainable foundation for growth We will invest in infrastructure by building essential roads, bridges, electric grids, and digital networks that enhance commerce and connectivity By prioritizing science and leveraging technology, we aim to improve healthcare quality while reducing costs Additionally, we will utilize renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and biomass to power our transportation and industries Finally, we are committed to transforming educational institutions to equip them for the challenges of the future.
Obama emphasizes clarity in his communication by specifying the time, place, and future activities, such as creating new jobs, laying a new foundation, building roads, restoring science, and improving healthcare quality He consistently aims to ensure that his intentions and directives are easily understood by the public, fostering transparency and guiding his audience effectively.
“For more than two hundred years, we have …”
As times evolve, we recognize the necessity of adapting our approaches; staying true to our foundational principles demands innovative solutions to emerging challenges Ultimately, safeguarding our individual freedoms hinges on the importance of collective action.
“This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience A decade of war is now ending.”
In his inauguration address, Obama effectively incorporates clear and logical references to time, place, and activities, creating a speech that is both persuasive and emotionally resonant He avoids unnecessary repetition, addressing each issue thoroughly and succinctly, which contributes to the clarity, organization, and overall coherence of his message.
IV.2.2.2.4 More interpersonal connections of shorter duration
In his inaugural speech, Obama addresses nearly the entire American populace, both those present at the event and those watching from home The connection he establishes with the audience is fleeting, lasting only until the conclusion of the inauguration After this moment, the personal touch and eye contact will fade, leaving behind a sense of distance and formality.
This address targets audiences in the square, as well as those watching TV or listening to the radio from home Once the speech concludes, the connection is severed, leaving ordinary citizens with little opportunity to meet the President in person.
IV.2.2.2.5 Knowledge is more often transferable
In our darkest moments, it is the kindness of those who welcome strangers in times of crisis and the selflessness of workers who sacrifice their hours to protect their colleagues that truly sustain us The bravery of firefighters who confront danger and the unwavering dedication of parents nurturing their children ultimately shape our destiny.
Obama's examples of relatable figures, such as firefighters and parents, create easily transferable knowledge that resonates across generations The clarity and simplicity of these low-context elements make his ideas accessible, allowing them to be shared among individuals, nations, and generations alike This ability to retell and apply his insights underscores the universal appeal of his message.
We are committed to protecting our citizens and maintaining our values by combining military strength with adherence to the rule of law We will demonstrate the bravery to seek peaceful resolutions to our differences with other nations.
“And we must be a source of hope to the poor, the sick, the marginalized, the victims of prejudice …”