引言
选题理由
Từ ngữ tâm lý là một phân loại đặc biệt trong hệ thống từ vựng, có nguồn gốc, cấu trúc hình thức, ý nghĩa và đặc điểm ngữ dụng đáng được nghiên cứu sâu sắc Từ ngữ tâm lý trong tiếng Trung và tiếng Việt rất phong phú, được chia thành ba loại chính: nhận thức, cảm xúc và ý chí, trong đó từ ngữ tâm lý cảm xúc là đối tượng nghiên cứu chính của bài viết này Ví dụ, trong tiếng Trung có các từ như "喜欢" (thích), "愤怒" (giận dữ), "忧愁" (buồn phiền), "爱" (yêu), "讨厌" (ghét); còn trong tiếng Việt có các từ như "vui", "buồn", "yêu", "ghét".
Trong nghiên cứu của mình, Văn Nhã Lệ (2007) đã thống kê được tổng cộng 341 từ ngữ liên quan đến tâm lý cảm xúc trong từ điển tiếng Trung hiện đại Bên cạnh đó, Nguyễn Ngọc Trâm cũng đã phân tích và khai thác sâu hơn về các từ ngữ này trong các tác phẩm của Hoàng Bì.
（Hoàng Phê, 1988）主编的《Từ điển tiếng Việt》（ i n ngôn ng học）
（《越南语词典》语言学研究所）初步统计出心理词语共 3600-3800 词条，
（占词汇总量9-10%），其中情感心理谓词共 300条。[142: 11]
Từ vựng về tâm lý cảm xúc là một phần quan trọng trong ngôn ngữ, phản ánh những hoạt động cơ bản của con người, đặc biệt là các hoạt động tâm lý Ở đâu có con người, ở đó sẽ có sự phản ánh của tâm lý và mối quan hệ tình cảm Theo nghiên cứu của Nguyễn Du từ tác phẩm "Truyện Kiều", có đến 1627 từ liên quan đến cảm xúc và tâm lý được thống kê.
八诗句里“ thương ”（爱/疼爱）词用了 44 次，“ nhớ ”（想念）用了 33
次，“sợ”（害怕）用了 11 次，“buồn”（忧愁）用了 10 次，“ngờ”
（怀疑）用了 9 次，“ yêu ”（爱）用了 8次，“ mong ” （盼望）用了 8
The article highlights the high frequency of emotional vocabulary usage, noting that the word "tin" (believe) appears eight times and "ghen" (jealous) appears seven times, indicating a strong prevalence of expressions related to emotional psychology.
情感心理词语在词汇、语义系统中具有特别重要的意义和位置，因此
多 年 来 一 直 受 到 哲 学 家 、 心 理 学 家 及 语 言 学 家 的 关 注 ， 典 型 的 有
R.Descartes 的 《 u n gi i về nh ng khát vọng c a tâm hồn》（暂译：心灵 的渴望之辩解），Wilhelm von Humboldt 的思想“Về vai trò c a ngôn ng như là linh hồn c a dân tộc”（暂译：语言作为“民族灵魂”的作用。）
Humans are social beings, and psychological communication among individuals is essential for maintaining the fabric of society Language serves as the ideal solution to this need and acts as a vital link between people It is not only the primary means of communication but also a crucial tool for expressing thoughts and emotions Consequently, language inherently captures and conveys information about human cognition and feelings.
Psychological terms serve as vocal shells for expressing emotions, reflecting human cognitive processes and emotional changes Linguistic experts have observed that while certain emotional categories exist across cultures, the meanings and implications of the words representing these emotions can vary significantly between different language systems.
Over the past two decades, there has been a growing interest among experts and scholars in the vocabulary system that expresses various emotional categories, driven by the unique nature of psychological activity words and the increasing emphasis on feelings, behaviors, cognition, and cultural interactions Psychologists and linguists have examined and analyzed the grammatical and semantic features of psychological terms from different perspectives; however, most studies have focused solely on individual languages.
In the late 19th century, contrastive linguistics emerged as a fundamental method for understanding and studying languages According to Professor Lü Shuxiang, "only through comparison can we identify the commonalities and unique aspects of various linguistic expressions." The theoretical significance of contrastive linguistics lies in its ability to deepen our understanding of languages through comparison, thereby advancing linguistic research and refining certain language theories Practically, contrastive linguistics plays a crucial role in foreign language teaching, translation, and the compilation of bilingual dictionaries, leading to increased attention from the linguistic community.
Over the years, scholars from China and Vietnam have conducted extensive comparative studies on various aspects of Chinese and Vietnamese languages, focusing on syntax, semantic direction, cognition, and valency While significant progress has been made in comparing psychological vocabulary between Chinese and languages such as English and Russian, the comparative study of psychological vocabulary between Chinese and Vietnamese appears to remain an unexplored area.
Based on the reasons outlined above, we aim to conduct a comparative study focusing on the structural and semantic aspects of Chinese and Vietnamese psychological vocabulary Our goal is to provide a comprehensive description, analysis, and comparison of the structural and semantic features, as well as the semantic relationships of these terms This research will highlight the similarities and differences between the two languages, contributing to the field of comparative studies between Chinese and Vietnamese.
研究目的及研究任务
This article conducts a comparative study of emotional and psychological vocabulary in Chinese and Vietnamese, aiming to highlight the similarities and differences in structure and semantics between the two languages.
The study of emotional psychological vocabulary contributes to the fields of semantics, lexical semantic domains, and grammatical functions in linguistic theory.
Building semantic networks of emotional psychological terms facilitates computer applications Human memory operates by storing extensive aggregated semantic networks, while computers organize information in a way that mimics the brain's interconnected structure Consequently, the construction of semantic networks significantly aids computers in processing information effectively.
Language serves as a vital medium for human interaction, reflecting our emotions and feelings within its structure It encapsulates the nuances of human experience, allowing individuals to express complex emotional states and connect with others Through the use of specific words, tones, and expressions, language conveys not only information but also the underlying sentiments, enriching communication and fostering deeper understanding among people This interplay between language and emotion highlights the significance of linguistic choices in shaping human relationships and social dynamics.
为汉、越语教学、研究工作提供有益的参考资料。
This study aims to establish a comprehensive theoretical foundation, specifically focusing on semantic fields, componential analysis, and relevant theories in contrastive linguistics.
This article examines and analyzes the internal structure and collocational capabilities of emotional and psychological vocabulary in both Chinese and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences It identifies all lexical units within four distinct emotional semantic fields, determines their semantic characteristics, and constructs corresponding semantic networks.
This article conducts a comparative analysis of the structural, collocational, and semantic relationships of emotional and psychological terms in Chinese and Vietnamese It identifies the similarities and differences between the two languages and provides explanations for these distinctions.
研究方法及研究手段
本文对汉、越心理词语对比研究主要采取以下方法：
The semantic analysis method aims to reveal the semantic characteristics of emotional psychological vocabulary By categorizing words that express joy, love, sadness, and disgust into four conceptual fields based on their meanings, this approach utilizes component analysis to examine the semantic features of these emotional terms It highlights the semantic relationships among words that convey the same concept Through comparative analysis, the study identifies the fundamental similarities and differences in the meaning transfer mechanisms of emotional vocabulary in both Chinese and Vietnamese, which is a significant highlight of this paper.
This article employs a comparative method to quantitatively examine and analyze the quantity, structure, and semantic relationships of emotional psychological terms in Chinese and Vietnamese Comparison is a fundamental tool in linguistic research, as noted by Xi (1993), who emphasizes that comparative results can reveal both similarities and differences Through these similarities, one can observe the shared heritage of the languages, while the differences highlight their developmental evolution The nuances of these comparisons—whether significant similarities with minor differences, or vice versa—offer valuable insights into the complexities of linguistic relationships.
真探讨。[76: 6]。该研究方法贯串第二和第三章，使本研究能够确定两种
语言中情感心理词语的结构及语义的异同。
Ngoài hai phương pháp nghiên cứu chính đã đề cập, chúng tôi còn áp dụng một số phương pháp phân tích khác, bao gồm: Phương pháp thống kê, trong đó chúng tôi tiến hành khảo sát từ điển "Hiện đại Hán ngữ" và "Từ điển tiếng Việt" cùng với các tài liệu tự tìm kiếm để thống kê các từ ngữ liên quan đến tâm lý
The quantitative analysis method utilized in this article aids in accurately and comprehensively reflecting the overall nature and distribution of psychological terms.
In conclusion, this article summarizes the structural and semantic differences between emotional psychological terms in Chinese and Vietnamese, formulating several key rules based on the inductive method.
This study will examine psychological terms from a synchronic perspective while incorporating some diachronic comparative analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of their meanings.
研究范围、研究对象及语料来源
This paper aims to conduct a comparative study focusing on the structural and semantic aspects of emotional psychological terms in Chinese and Vietnamese It seeks to provide a comprehensive description, analysis, and comparison of the structural and semantic relationships of these terms.
This article focuses on the comparative analysis of emotional vocabulary in modern Chinese and Vietnamese, specifically examining the expressions of joy, love, sorrow, and anger By using Chinese as a foundation, it highlights the similarities and differences in how these emotions are articulated in both languages.
Trong quá trình tìm kiếm các từ ngữ liên quan đến tâm lý cảm xúc, chúng tôi chủ yếu sử dụng từ điển "Hiện đại Hán ngữ" (phiên bản thứ năm, Nhà xuất bản Thương mại, 1999) và từ điển "Từ điển tiếng Việt" do Hoàng Phê biên soạn (Viện Ngôn ngữ học, 1989).
《现代汉语词典》1993 年获得了中国社会科学院优秀科研成果奖，
1994 年获中华人民共和国新闻出版署颁发的国家图书奖。《Từ điển tiếng
Vi t》 đã nhận giải thưởng nghiên cứu xuất sắc cấp quốc gia Hiện tại, hai cuốn từ điển này là tài liệu quý giá nhất cho việc học và nghiên cứu tiếng Trung và tiếng Việt.
此外，我们还采用其他词典，如:《近义词应用词典》（陈炳昭，
2003 年）、《应用汉语词典》（商务印书馆，2000 年）、《象形字典》、
The article references dictionaries such as the "Chinese-Vietnamese Dictionary" and "Vietnamese-Chinese Dictionary," along with scholarly articles that explore the emotional and psychological vocabulary between Chinese and Vietnamese languages, as well as relevant academic theses from China and Vietnam.
The principles for extracting emotional and psychological terms in Chinese and Vietnamese are based on the theory of semantic fields We select morphemes that express emotions such as joy, love, sadness, and disgust Following this, we identify synonyms for each term based on the definitions provided in the Modern Chinese Dictionary.
Sadness encompasses a range of emotions including sorrow, grief, and despair To explore this concept further, we can identify antonyms for terms related to sadness; for instance, the antonym of "sadness" is "joy." Additionally, it's essential to examine other related terms like "mourning" and "lamentation" to determine if they belong to the same semantic field as "sadness" and "sorrow." Understanding these connections helps clarify the emotional landscape surrounding the concept of sadness.
在搜索例句时，我们主要依靠《北大语料库》及“Kho ng li u tiếng
Vi t”（越南语语料库）。
本论文的理论及实践意义
This paper conducts a comprehensive and detailed study of emotional psychological vocabulary in Chinese and Vietnamese, utilizing semantic fields, component analysis, semantic networks, and contrastive linguistics as theoretical foundations The research offers valuable insights into the word formation, collocational abilities, and semantic relationships of emotional psychological terms, contributing beneficial evaluations and corpora for comparative studies between the two languages By applying component analysis, semantic networks, and contrastive linguistics, the paper identifies similarities and differences in emotional vocabulary across Chinese and Vietnamese and explains the reasons behind these variations The findings aim to enhance the understanding of these terms for learners and researchers, providing useful reference material for Chinese and Vietnamese language teaching and research Additionally, the constructed semantic networks for emotional psychological vocabulary facilitate applications in computer translation and dictionary compilation.
论文结构
This paper is structured into three main chapters, excluding the introduction, conclusion, references, and appendices The first chapter provides a comprehensive review of the research on emotional psychological vocabulary in Chinese and Vietnamese, establishing the theoretical foundation and research perspective for this study It introduces key concepts such as semantic fields, semantics, and contrastive linguistics.
第二章：汉、越情感心理词语的结构对比。这章将对汉、越情感心理 词语的内部结构及搭配能力进行对比、分析，指出异同。指出汉语情感心 理词字形的特殊性。
第三章：汉、越情感心理词语的语义网络对比。这章分别描述、确定表喜、爱、哀、恶四种情感心理语义场的词语，构建各语义网络，说明各语义网络中词语之间的语义关系。将汉、越情感心理词语的语义网络进行比较，指出异同。
汉、越情感心理词语的研究综述以及论文的理论基础
汉、越情感心理词语的研究综述
Since the late 19th century, psychological terms expressing emotions have garnered the attention of linguists in both Chinese and Vietnamese Numerous experts have dedicated their efforts to studying these psychological terms, resulting in significant achievements Overall, the research discussions primarily focus on four key perspectives.
第一、情感心理词语定义和范围的探讨
第二、从语义层面上对心理词语进行研究
第三、从语法层面上对心理词语进行研究
第四、从认知层面上对表情感心理概念进行研究
下面我们就概括前人对情感心理词语的重要研究成果。
1.1.1 情感心理词语定义和范围的探讨
In the late 19th century, psychological terminology, particularly psychological verbs, began to attract the attention of linguists Scholars such as Ma Jianzhong (1898) and Lü Shuxiang (1956) made early references to psychological verbs in their works At that time, researchers primarily identified words that express emotional psychological activities as a small subclass of verbs, but the definition of psychological verbs had yet to be discussed.
The essence of emotional expression is conveyed through verbs, as indicated by the phrase “凡心之感与意之之，皆动字也,” which suggests that all words reflecting inner feelings are action words This perspective is supported by Li Jinxin (1992), who asserts that verbs play a crucial role in expressing psychological states.
吕叔湘（1956）列出心理活动动词有：想、忆、爱、恨、怨、悔、感 激、害怕等。[42: 16]
The early discussions on verbs have laid the groundwork for subsequent studies Following Lü Shuxiang, many grammar texts and educational materials reference a specific subset of verbs known as "psychological activity" verbs However, there remains a lack of clear definitions regarding what constitutes "psychological activity," and there is no consensus on which verbs fall into this category, leading to significant discrepancies among different scholars in their classifications of psychological verbs.
Huang Borong (1988) categorizes verbs into six types, one of which includes verbs that express psychological activities Examples of these verbs are love, fear, hate, miss, plan, hope, worry, and dislike Liu Yuehua also contributes to this classification.
（1983a）将动词分为动作动词、状态动词、关系动词与能愿动词。其中
Stative verbs primarily express the mental, emotional, and physical states of individuals or animals They encompass psychological states such as love, hate, like, dislike, miss, and hope, as well as physiological conditions like blindness, hunger, and illness.
We argue that the physiological expressions in this category should not be classified as psychological verbs; instead, they should be categorized as sensory physiological verbs.
In the late 20th century, several linguists, including Li Linding (1990), Hu Yushu (1995), and Yuan Mingjun (2000), conducted in-depth studies on psychological verbs, leading to the establishment of the concept of psychological verbs in linguistics.
At this stage, most researchers have defined psychological verbs as those that express emotions, such as love, hate, perception, cognition, and forgetting, which are closely related to mental activities Yuan Mingjun further clarifies that psychological verbs specifically denote a person's internal behaviors or states, while cognitive verbs do not truly represent "internal" activities; they merely indicate mental processes occurring in the brain and should not be classified as psychological verbs.
Chen Changlai (2002) argues that the scope of psychological activities is minimal, encompassing primarily emotional psychological verbs such as love, like, hate, sympathy, think, miss, and long for However, some scholars believe that in addition to expressive verbs, psychological verbs should also include those that convey knowledge, such as know, think, feel, remember, and understand, which are integral to human cognitive activities.
Hu Yushu and Fan Xiao provide a comprehensive definition of psychological verbs, encompassing both their connotation and denotation They define psychological verbs as those that express mental activities or states related to emotions, intentions, cognition, sensations, and thoughts.
Despite existing disagreements among various discussions, the concept of psychological terminology is generally accepted by many researchers, encompassing two main categories: expressions and representations.
在越南专门研究心理词语的篇章不多。典型的有黄慧（Hoàng Tu ）、
阮 才 瑾 （Nguyễn Tài Cẩn） 、 阮 金 坦 （Nguyễn Kim Th n） 、 阮 玉 簪
Trong nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ tiếng Việt, các từ ngữ biểu thị tâm lý cảm xúc được phân loại vào nhóm động từ, tạo thành một tiểu loại đặc biệt.
Trong ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, động từ được phân thành nhiều loại, trong đó có nhóm động từ biểu thị cảm xúc như tin (tin tưởng), yêu (yêu thương), biết (biết), nhớ (nhớ nhung), và nghi ngờ (nghi ngờ) Các tác giả đều cho rằng những động từ này cần có bổ ngữ hoặc thành phần phụ trợ đi kèm để diễn đạt ý nghĩa đầy đủ Ngoài ra, những từ này cũng có thể được điều chỉnh bởi các trạng từ chỉ mức độ.
丁文德（Đinh Văn Đức，1986）则把情感心理词看作形容词（vui-快
Các tính từ như vui, buồn, yêu, thương, khinh, trọng đều phản ánh mối quan hệ giữa con người và sự vật, được xác định bởi ý thức chủ quan của con người Tuy nhiên, tác giả cũng thừa nhận rằng những tính từ mô tả trạng thái này có màu sắc "động", thể hiện cảm xúc như vui vẻ, buồn bã, yêu thương, và mong nhớ.
本论文的理论基础
1.2.1 词义的相关理论
1.2.1.1 词义的概念
The question of what a word means is considered one of the most challenging issues in philosophy and linguistics Throughout history, philosophers and linguists have proposed various theories By the mid-20th century, European scholars recognized that words denote objects through the mediation of concepts Structural grammarians discovered that words serve as signs, linking both to human consciousness and to the objects they represent Essentially, words do not directly signify objects; rather, they do so through specific modes or patterns, such as entities, actions, or qualities.
示物”（S.Ullmann，转引自符淮青，[16]）。这就是说当时的学者已经把
词义构成的要素分解为三个部分：词、概念（或意识、模式）和物。
In their 1923 work "The Meaning of Meaning," American scholars C.K Ogden and I.A Richards thoroughly explored the relationship between three essential elements of meaning They introduced the semantic triangle, which illustrates the connections between thought or referential activity, the symbol, and the referent.
According to American scholar C Morris, "Nothing inherently serves as a sign; rather, it becomes a sign or a signifier when it mediates the consideration of another entity." For instance, the syllable "书" (book) is not a sign by itself; it only becomes one when it represents the concept of "a bound collection of works" or the various intellectual products created by writers This indicates that the relationship between a sign and its referent is one of mediation, representation, and knowledge.
Scholars of index theory emphasize that "index" and "the object represented by the index" are phenomena that arise during human communication The relationship between the index and its represented object is a construct assigned by individuals, functioning as a mediating connection.
Nhà ngôn ngữ học Liên Xô Smirnovski (P Smirnovski) cho rằng "ý nghĩa của từ là sự phản ánh nhất định của sự vật, hiện tượng hoặc mối quan hệ trong ý thức (hoặc là sản phẩm tâm lý được hình thành từ những yếu tố phân tán có thực trong tự nhiên) Ý nghĩa này là một khía cạnh nội tại của từ, và âm thanh là lớp vỏ vật chất của nó Âm thanh không chỉ cần thiết để diễn đạt ý nghĩa và truyền đạt nó cho người khác, mà còn là yếu tố không thể thiếu trong sự hình thành, phát triển và sản sinh ra ý nghĩa của từ."
Based on the perspectives of various experts, Fu Huaqing (1996) affirms that the meaning of a word, in its narrow sense referring to conceptual meaning, is fundamentally composed of the word's phonetic form, which can be differentiated into the "material shell of the word" when necessary.
The concept of "the sound image of words" relates to the inherent nature of conceptual content, which serves as a reflection of objective reality.
According to Fu Huaqing (1996), there are three main characteristics of word meanings First, the relationship between a word's meaning and its phonetic form is conventional, as the sound serves as a material shell for the meaning From a native speaker's perspective, using a word inherently involves its meaning, often disregarding its phonetic structure Second, word meanings can achieve a high level of abstraction Third, the polysemy of words allows them to convey diverse information This polysemy manifests in four ways: many words develop new meanings over time, most words can acquire temporary meanings in different contexts, many words possess both conceptual meanings and connotative aspects (such as emotional or stylistic nuances), and general terms can emphasize different ranges, aspects, specific objects, actions, and characteristics depending on the context Thus, strictly speaking, pure single-meaning words do not exist; dictionary definitions of single-meaning words merely provide a typological explanation of words with relatively fixed rational content.
1.2.1.2 词义的分类
Words are generally understood to possess both lexical and grammatical meanings This study focuses on emotional psychological words, which are classified as content words, typically carrying only lexical meaning Furthermore, lexical meaning can be categorized in various ways.
从派生关系上词义分为本义、引申义和比喻义。
The original meaning of a word can be understood in two ways: one refers to its etymology, which is the word's initial significance— for example, the original meaning of "页" (ye) is "head." The other perspective considers the most commonly used meaning as the word's primary definition, known as its "basic meaning"; in modern Chinese, the basic meaning of "页" is "page." Most words have their original meaning aligned with their basic meaning, such as "信" (xin), where both the original and basic meanings denote "honesty."
Ý nghĩa mở rộng của từ ngữ được phát triển từ nghĩa gốc của nó Chẳng hạn, từ "đau" ban đầu chỉ cảm giác đau ở một bộ phận cơ thể do bị thương, sau đó mở rộng để chỉ trạng thái tinh thần khó chịu hoặc buồn bã, như trong các cụm từ "đau lòng" hay "đau xót" Tương tự, từ "acid" có nghĩa gốc chỉ mùi vị giống như giấm, như trong "dưa chua" hay "mận xanh rất chua", nhưng cũng được mở rộng để diễn tả cảm xúc như "đau lòng, buồn bã", ví dụ như "trong lòng chợt thấy chua xót, nước mắt liền rơi".
There are two primary pathways for the extension of word meanings: from the specific to the general and from the concrete to the abstract Metaphorical meanings arise when a word's original or derived meaning is used to refer to another concept, based on their similarities For instance, the term "red-eye disease" originally refers to an illness characterized by red eyes due to acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, but it later metaphorically signifies the jealousy felt when envying others' fame or advantages Similarly, "to catch fire" originally means "to start burning," but it has evolved to metaphorically express the idea of becoming angry or losing one’s temper.
The content of communication can be divided into conceptual meaning, which refers to the rational aspects, and connotative meaning, also known as associative or emotional nuances, including stylistic tones.
The conceptual meaning of a word, known as its rational meaning, reflects the essential characteristics of the objective objects it represents Each word possesses a unique conceptual meaning, which is closely linked to its specific phonetic form Understanding a word's conceptual meaning is fundamental to grasping its overall meaning While dictionaries typically provide detailed explanations of a word's conceptual meaning, they often offer limited information on its additional meanings.
The connotative meaning of a word does not reflect the essential characteristics of the objective object it denotes, but rather expresses the subjective attitude of the user or the context in which the word is used This additional meaning primarily pertains to the emotional tone and stylistic color of the word For instance, the concept of "admiration" conveys respect and support, carries a positive emotional connotation, and is classified as formal language.
1.2.1.3 义素及义素分析法的相关理论