INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the study
Aim and scope of the study
The aim of this study is to enrich the knowledge of deixis in use, especially to investigate person deixis in political speech Consequently, communication can be enhanced
This study aims to enhance students' understanding of political communication, enabling them to critically analyze statements made by politicians Additionally, it seeks to improve English teaching by deepening the comprehension of deixis and its application in utterances, particularly those delivered by native speakers.
To achieve the aim of this research, the following questions are set:
What kinds of person deixis are used in John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change?
What are the referents of person deixis used in John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change?
What are the political communication purpose(s) achieved by using the person deixis in the speech?
This study focuses specifically on person deixis within a single speech, acknowledging that it cannot encompass all aspects of deixis due to time constraints and the writer's expertise Other deixis types, such as spatial, temporal, social, and discourse deixis, are not addressed in this work.
Design of the study
The study is presented as follows
Part 1 – Introduction mentions some suggestions and fundamental ideas to lead in the main part of the thesis Chapter I includes “the rationale of the study”, “the aim of the study”, “the research questions”, “the method of the study”, “the scope of the study”, and
“the design of the study”, respectively.
DEVELOPMENT
Chapter I – A background to the study deals with the theoretical background that inspires the thesis and the related literature review of person deixis in political communication
Chapter II – Methodology outlines the data collection and analysis methods utilized in this study The author details the research design and the systematic approach taken to collect, classify, and analyze the data.
Chapter III - Findings and Discussion examines the analyzed data to draw final conclusions for the thesis It includes a detailed discussion of the findings, supported by examples from the data analysis, along with the author's personal interpretations and insights.
In the conclusion of Part 3, the thesis is summarized by addressing the research questions posed earlier This chapter also highlights the implications for teaching and learning pragmatics that stem from the findings Additionally, the author discusses the limitations of the study and offers recommendations for future research.
A BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Political discourse
Discourse encompasses a wide range of definitions across various disciplines, particularly in linguistics Teun A van Dijk defines discourse as "text in context," suggesting that it extends beyond mere text This perspective indicates that discourse involves the entire process of social interaction, with text being just one component of that broader interaction (Horváth, 2009; Fairclough, 1989).
Political discourse, as defined by Schaffner (1996), is a specialized form of communication influenced by historical and cultural contexts, serving various functions tied to political activities This discourse is characterized thematically by its focus on political topics, including political ideas, activities, and relationships.
Van Dijk (2009: 1) highlighted the importance of context in fully comprehending discourse To provide a thorough analysis of John Kerry's statements on climate change, the article delves into the context surrounding his remarks, including relevant details about the speaker and the circumstances under which the comments were made.
On February 1, 2013, John Forbes Kerry was sworn in as the 68th Secretary of State of the United States, marking a significant moment as he became the first sitting Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman to hold the position in over a century After 28 years in the Senate, including four as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Kerry's speeches garnered considerable public attention, particularly his Remarks on Climate Change delivered on February 16, 2014, in Jakarta, Indonesia This speech came a day after the U.S and China announced a joint commitment to combat climate change, with hopes that other nations, especially in the developing world, would follow their lead Kerry emphasized Indonesia's vulnerability to climate change due to its status as an archipelago of over 17,000 islands, urging the Indonesian people and authorities to intensify their efforts in addressing this pressing global issue.
Person deixis
Language encompasses both structure and a variety of functions, which are explored within the field of pragmatics Pragmatics focuses on how meaning is conveyed by the speaker or writer and interpreted by the listener or reader, emphasizing the importance of context over mere structural elements An utterance's meaning is derived not only from its literal words but also from external contextual factors This broad scope of pragmatics includes the study of deixis, highlighting the significance of situational context in understanding language.
Deixis, derived from the Greek word meaning "pointing" or "indicating," is a fundamental aspect of communication, as defined by Yule (1996: 9) This concept varies in meaning for different individuals, highlighting its significance in understanding utterances (Levinson 1983: 54; Cruse 2000: 319).
Deixis incorporates subjective, attentional, intentional, and context-dependent properties into natural languages, highlighting the intricate relationship between language and context (Levinson in Horn/Ward 2006: 97) This relationship is evident in the structural aspects of language, as deixis plays a crucial role in understanding utterances The significance of deictic information is particularly clear when it is absent, leading to challenges in interpretation (Fillmore 1975: 38-39 in Levinson 1983: 54).
Deixis is traditionally divided into three categories: person, time, and place deixis
In the works of Yule (1996) and Cruse (2000), "temporal deixis" is preferred over "time deixis," and "place deixis" is referred to as "spatial deixis." Building on the foundations laid by Lyons (1986, 1977a) and Fillmore (1972b, 1975), Levinson introduces two additional types of deixis: discourse (or text) deixis and social deixis (1983: 62) This study focuses specifically on analyzing person deixis, thus the discussion will be limited to the theoretical background surrounding this category.
The roles individuals assume in speech events, such as speaker and addressee, are closely linked to the grammatical category of person (Levinson in Horn/Ward 2006: 112) This is illustrated through the semantic features of speaker inclusion (S) and addressee inclusion (A), which define the traditional person paradigm: first person (+S), second person (+A, -S), and third person (-S, -A) Levinson further argues for the necessity of an independent pragmatic framework to explore the various participant roles across different languages, highlighting that while person deixis is evident in grammatical structures, understanding its application requires a broader perspective (1983: 68).
Yule (1996) highlights that third-person pronouns function as distal forms in person deixis, as they represent outsiders in interactions This distance can lead to potential ambiguity, particularly with the pronoun "we," which can be interpreted in two ways: as exclusive (referring to the speaker and others, excluding the addressee) or inclusive (referring to both the speaker and the addressee) Additionally, Levinson (1983) points out that "we" does not always indicate a plural meaning; the distinction between inclusive and exclusive can also manifest in phrases like "let's go" (inclusive) and "let us go" (exclusive), illustrating the nuances of pronoun usage in communication.
The summary of person deixis kinds is tabulated as follow:
Figure 1: Subdivision of singular person deixis
SINGULAR Subject Object Reflexive Possessive
First person I Me Myself My mine
Second person You You Yourself your yours
Masculine He Him Himself His his
Feminine She Her Herself Her hers
Neuter It It Itself Its its
Figure 2: Subdivision of plural person deixis
PLURAL Subject Object Reflexive Possessive
First person We Us Ourselves our ours
Second person You You Yourself your yours
Third person They Them Themselves their theirs
(Source: Cornelius Puschmann: Thank you for thinking we could: Use and function of interpersonal pronouns in corporate web logs [12/28/09])
2.3 The Role of Person deixis in Political Communication
Deixis plays a crucial role in political communication by providing a rich framework for interpretation To resonate with the audience and leave a lasting impression, speakers must craft their messages in an engaging manner The effective use of deixis in speeches significantly enhances their overall impact, ensuring that the speaker's voice is heard and understood by society.
According to Beard (2000), pronoun preference plays a crucial role in political persuasion, with "your" creating a personal connection and "we" serving to include or exclude audiences Additionally, Beard identifies five strategies politicians use to introduce proposed measures effectively.
First person singular pronoun “I‟ as in “Today I intend to reduce taxes by 20 percents”
First person plural pronoun „we‟ as in “Today we intend to raise the taxes by a mere 5 percent”
The government must implement tax increases to ensure the long-term stability and growth of the nation’s economy, as it is crucial for sustainable financial health.
No agentive pronoun at all and only use agentless passive without direct responsibility for action given, as in “Today it has been found necessary to raise taxes by 20 percent.”
Using metonymy: “This budget will help all those on low incomes.”
When politicians deliver speeches, they often utilize two sets of first-person pronouns: singular (I, me, myself, mine) and plural (we, us, ourselves, ours) As noted by Beard (2000: 45), the first-person plural forms can convey a variety of meanings and references.
They can refer to „I‟ plus one other; i.e we = the leader+ vise
They can refer to „I‟ plus a group; i.e we = the leader + government and/ or political party
They can refer to „I‟ plus the whole country; i.e we = the leader + society
They can refer to „I‟ plus the rest of humanity; i.e we = the leader + people everywhere
Not only does Bread mention two sets of first pronouns but he also clarifies the advantage and disadvantage when using them:
Singular pronouns (I/me/myself/mine)
- show a clear sense of personal involvement on the part of the speaker, which is especially useful when good news is delivered
- show all too clearly where blame lies if something goes wrong
- can be seen as too self- important, with the individual speakers placing themselves above or outside the collective responsibility of their colleagues
Plural pronouns (we/us/ourselves/ours)
- help share the responsibility, especially when the decisions made are thought to be rejected by the society
- show the politician in touch with all of the country, even all of the world
- individual does not gain so much credit when things go well
Politicians and their speechwriters often face challenges in determining the optimal moments to use pronouns in their speeches, as the diverse objectives of pronoun usage can significantly impact the effectiveness of their communication.
How much responsibility are prepared to take on themselves?
How much responsibility for success are they wiling to share with other colleagues?
How confident are they that the whole groups of people share their views?
How much responsibility for failure are they prepared to accept as their own?
Finally, if we summarize all the explanation above, we can find an easy way to see how those points give significant effects to the overall speech content.
The Role of Context in Using Deixis
Hymes (1964) identifies key contextual features essential for recognizing different types of speech events, notably the roles of the addressor and addressee The addressor refers to the speaker or writer who produces an utterance, while the addressee is the listener or reader who receives it (Brown and Yule, 1983: 38) Understanding the identities of both the speaker and the listener enables analysts to predict and interpret utterances more accurately by considering extralinguistic factors related to them Consequently, a deeper knowledge of contextual features enhances the analyst's ability to anticipate potential statements (Brown and Yule, 1983: 38).
40) Context covers the identities of participants, the temporal and spatial parameters of the speech event, the beliefs, knowledge and intention of the participants in the speech event (Levinson 1983: 6)
There are three kinds of context that influence the interpretation of an utterance; they are the situational context, the background knowledge of context, and the co-textual context
3.1 The Situational Context/ Exophoric Reference
Situational context refers to how the environment or circumstances surrounding a word can influence its meaning, indicating that explicit definitions are not always necessary (Cutting 2002: 57) For instance, the interpretation of a word can change based on the specific situation in which it is used.
There is a conversation between A and B who are sitting with the curtains drawn
C: Yeah, really Are you shutting out this lovely sunshine?
In the conversation, A's remark "God, it's hot here" uses the place deixis "here" to refer specifically to the room they are in, which is understood by B and C Similarly, the question "Are you shutting out this lovely sunshine?" employs spatial deixis to indicate the sunlight filtering through the curtains Both A and C avoid unnecessary elaboration, as the context makes the location clear to the listeners, demonstrating the efficiency of deixis in communication.
Background knowledge context refers to the shared understanding that speakers have, which is exclusive to their group This context can be categorized into two types: cultural general knowledge, which encompasses widely recognized cultural information, and interpersonal knowledge, which pertains to the specific insights and experiences shared among individuals within a particular relationship or community.
According to Cutting, cultural general knowledge is a common knowledge that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of life (2002: 5) For example:
B, an Englishman, had planned to go to Spain for Easter but could not afford the tickets; he tells A, a Scottish woman, that he ended up going hill walking in Arran, an island off the west coast of Scotland
A: So you went to Arran A bit of a come-down isn‟t it! (laughing)
B: It was nice actually Have you been to Arran?
A: No I‟ve not Like to go
A: (heh) B: I went with Francesca and David
B: Francesca‟s room-mate And Alice‟s – a friend of Alice‟s from London There were six of us Yeah we did a lot of hill walking We got back Michelle and I got home she looked at her knees They were like this Swollen up like this Cos we did this enormous eight hour stretch
In this example, B mentions going "hill walking" with friends for eight hours, describing the strenuous nature of the activity that caused knee swelling A's lack of surprise indicates a shared cultural understanding between A and B regarding the low mountains on the island, highlighting their common knowledge of local outdoor activities.
Interpersonal background knowledge refers to specific and possibly private knowledge about the history of the speakers themselves (Cutting 2002:5) In example
Both A and B are aware of who "Michelle" is, as B would have mentioned his wife's name in earlier conversations According to Cutting (2002:6), this understanding stems from interpersonal knowledge gained through prior verbal exchanges and shared experiences.
Co-textual context refers to the internal context of a text, termed co-text (Cutting 2002: 8), which is independent of the surrounding environment or the speaker This context is derived solely from the text's composition There are two primary types of co-text: endophoric reference (endophora), which relates to elements within the text itself, and exophoric reference (exophora), which connects the text to external contexts.
Exophoric reference is when there is no previous mention of the referent in the text, depending on the context outside of the text (Cutting 2002: 9)
Endophoric reference occurs when pronouns refer to items within the same text (Cutting 2002: 9) This reference is categorized into two types: anaphora and cataphora, each serving distinct functions in text coherence.
The summary of reference is as follow:
Political Discourse Propaganda
According to Beard (2000: 53), delivering a speech is essential for politicians as it serves to announce policies and persuade the public The primary aim of a political speech is to convince the audience to support its content, which necessitates careful arrangement of language to encourage political engagement and action among listeners.
In recent years, extensive research has focused on "propaganda techniques," notably the theory proposed by Harold D Lasswell in 1927 As a political science professor at the University of Chicago, Lasswell emphasized the importance of amplifying stimuli that elicit desired responses while minimizing those that provoke unwanted reactions The core challenge for propagandists is to enhance favorable suggestions that align with their objectives while suppressing unfavorable ones.
In this sense of the word, suggestion refers to cultural material with a recognizable meaning instead of individual psychology which to mean the acceptance of an idea without reflection (Lasswell 1927: 630-631)
There are four major objectives of propaganda (Lasswell, 1927, in Pinkerton, 2006: 26), they are:
1 To mobilize hatred against the enemy
2 To preserve the friendship of allies
3 To preserve the friendship and, if it is possible, to procure the cooperation of neutrals
There are seven propaganda devices of propaganda, they are name calling, glittering generality, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, card stacking and ban wagon (Sproule, 2001:136).
Related Study
In 2006, Akinbiyi Adetunji analyzed inclusion and exclusion in two Nigeria President Olusegun Obasanjo's Speeches In Text A, the deictic centre is nearer the plural
"we" than the usual, singular "I" This reflects the all-embracing content and context of the speech, which is given away by the rapport-inviting opening sequence,
In the speech, the speaker strategically uses the personal deictic "we" to foster a sense of unity and shared responsibility among the audience, aiming to persuade them to align with his perspective Conversely, in Text B, the frequent use of "I" highlights the speaker's personal viewpoint, expressing a specific conviction that may not resonate universally with the general populace or its authoritative figures This contrast underscores the differing approaches in engaging the audience and conveying responsibility.
The term "we" serves as an appeal to "ideological common sense" (Fairclough 1989: 88), subtly recruiting the audience through the opening salutation "Fellow Nigerians," a phrase popularized by Nigerian military coup announcers to foster public acceptance.
In comparing Texts A and B, a significant distinction emerges in their use of deixis The speaker in Text A aims for acceptance and collaboration with the audience, creating a sense of inclusion, while the speaker in Text B rejects and vilifies the referent "he," resulting in a self-exclusive narrative Consequently, Text A embodies a macro-text of inclusion, whereas Text B represents a macro-text of exclusion.
In Kuo's 2002 study, titled “From solidarity to antagonism: The uses of the second-person singular pronoun in Chinese political discourse,” the researcher investigates the role of deixis in political debates Analyzing two televised debates from the 1998 Taipei mayoral election, Kuo found a significant increase in the use of the second-person singular pronoun “ni” (you) in the second debate compared to the first The study reveals that candidates employed “ni” differently, indicating a shift in the interactive goals of the debates—from fostering solidarity with the audience to expressing antagonism.
METHODOLOGY
Research methods and instruments
This study employs a descriptive research approach utilizing qualitative methods, specifically focusing on document analysis of speech transcripts Qualitative research is ideal for this investigation as it examines deictic expressions in word form, with the frequency of person deixis used to illustrate patterns of deixis occurrence Additionally, referencing relevant publications is a crucial technique, providing both theoretical and empirical foundations for the research.
In qualitative research, the researcher plays a crucial role in data collection, whether independently or with assistance (Lichtman 2009: 16; Merriam 2009: 39) This thesis, being a qualitative study, positions the researcher as the primary instrument for analysis, utilizing documentary evidence rather than questionnaires to address the research problem.
Data of the study
This study analyzes person deixis through specific words and phrases in speech, focusing on John Kerry's remarks about climate change The transcript for this analysis is sourced from the U.S Department of State's website.
The writer analyzes person deixis in a speech by utilizing the "Find" tool in Microsoft Word to identify occurrences To confirm her findings, she employs Writeword, a website that features a Word Frequency Counter, listing words by frequency After comparing results from both sources for consistency, she categorizes the person deixis into first, second, and third person Finally, the writer examines each paragraph to determine the specific person deixis utilized in the speech.
Data analysis
Basing on the data collected, the writer sets an analysis procedure as follow:
Step 1: recognizing and categorizing the person deixis
After identifying the data through the collection technique, person deixis is categorized into three main types: first-person, second-person, and third-person deixis Each of these categories further divides into two subdivisions: singular and plural forms.
Step 2: analyzing and illustrating data
In the subsequent phase, the collected data is analyzed to identify the relevant referents within their context It is important to note that this paper focuses only on significant instances of person deixis, rather than examining all occurrences The referents are determined through context subdivision, which includes both endophoric context (within the text) and exophoric context (outside the text) If a person deixis is not exophoric, it will undergo further analysis to ascertain whether it is anaphoric or cataphoric.
After identifying the referents of person deixis, the collected data is analyzed to explain the purpose of person deixis in the speech This analysis is grounded in theories of political communication objectives and informed by the writer's personal experiences.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Kinds of Person deixis used in John Kerry‟s Remarks on Climate Change
After analyzing the text, kinds of person deixis found in the text were summarized in the following figure
Figure 4: Kinds of person deixis used in John Kerry’s Remarks on Climate Change Kinds of person deixis Person Deixis Occurrence Frequency (%)
2 Referents and Political Purposes of Person deixis used in John Kerry’s Remarks on Climate Change
The study of person deixis is categorized into its subdivisions, examining both endophoric context, which refers to elements within the text, and exophoric context, which pertains to references outside the text The subsequent section delves into the findings and discussions regarding the use of person deixis in the analyzed speech.
First person deixis can be categorized into first person singular and first person plural The first person plural encompasses the speaker's perspective, which may either include or exclude the addressee in the communication.
First person singular covers the pronoun of “I”, “me”, and “myself”, “my” and
“mine” However, there are only three of them occurs in this speech; they are pronoun
In the speech, John Kerry employs the first-person singular deixis with a total of 41 occurrences, using "I" to refer to himself as the subject and "me" to indicate his object position Additionally, the possessive form "my" is included, further emphasizing his personal connection to the content Figure 5 illustrates the findings related to Kerry's use of first-person singular deixis throughout the speech.
Figure 5: Occurrence of first person singular
Thank you, Robert, for your heartfelt appreciation It appears that some of the cheers may have originated from the same university, creating a sense of unity among the supporters.
It’s a pleasure to be in America, surrounded by the unique atmosphere and energy of this place I'm thrilled to see our friends from Kalimantan and Sumatra joining us Thank you all for being here! Let’s capture this moment with some selfies—wave if you can hear me! I see many iPads flashing in the air, adding to the excitement of our gathering.
In his speech at the American Cultural Center in Jakarta, John Kerry expressed heartfelt gratitude to all the students in attendance His use of the first-person pronoun "I" clearly identifies him as the speaker, the Secretary of State, despite the absence of prior references Additionally, he acknowledged Ambassador Robert Orris Blake, Jr., highlighting the importance of diplomatic representation in fostering international relations.
The event fostered a warm, friendly atmosphere, reminiscent of a university gathering, as both the Secretary and the Ambassador were former students John Kerry, referred to as "I," embodied the dual roles of Secretary of State and a senior student, connecting with the audience on a personal level as a friend.
In contrast to previous analyses, this paragraph highlights a specific use of the pronoun "I," referring to John Kerry in his capacity as Secretary of State He stated, “This year, as Secretary of State, I will engage in a series of discussions on the urgency of addressing climate change,” effectively connecting with the audience By positioning himself within the audience, Kerry introduced the critical topic of climate change while underscoring his political authority This approach enhanced the speech's credibility and significance, given that it was delivered by a representative of the United States, a leading global power.
As Secretary of State, I will initiate discussions on the urgent need to tackle climate change, focusing on its national security implications and economic opportunities Jakarta, being at the forefront of climate change, highlights the critical risks to our way of life It is essential to engage in an open dialogue about this pressing threat and explore what we, as global citizens, can do to combat it.
John Kerry frequently emphasized his role as Secretary of State to strengthen his arguments and build trust with his audience.
When I think about the array of global climate – of global threats – think about this: terrorism, epidemics, poverty, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction – all challenges that know no borders – the reality is that climate change ranks right up there with every single one of them And it is a challenge that I address in nearly every single country that I visit as Secretary of State, because President Obama and I believe it is urgent that we do so… hear is that it‟s going to be too expensive to be able to address climate change I have to tell you, that assertion could not be less grounded in fact In fact, it‟s exactly the opposite…
All the instances of “I” in the speech were used to refer to the speaker, Secretary of State John Kerry, except the following case
“Every bit of evidence I‟ve seen persuades me that we are on a course leading to tragedy.”
The pronoun "I" in this context does not refer to John Kerry, and understanding its specific use requires examining the preceding paragraph for clarity.
Recently, I visited the vibrant city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which is steeped in rich history While there, I attended a conference with representatives from around 170 countries, where experts highlighted the escalating threat of climate change and the dire consequences of inaction Maurice Strong, the Secretary General of the conference and an early climate change advocate, warned, “Every bit of evidence I’ve seen persuades me that we are on a course leading to tragedy.”
In John Kerry's speech, the first three instances of "I" clearly referred to him, while the final "I" referenced Maurice Strong, whose quoted words underscored the undeniable risk of climate change based on scientific evidence By invoking Strong's authority, Kerry enhanced the credibility of his argument, making it more objective and reliable, as it extended beyond his personal ideology This strategic use of a respected scientist's insights further strengthened the overall message regarding the urgency of addressing climate change.
In conclusion, John Kerry employs the term "I" for various purposes, reflecting both his role as Secretary of State and his personal identity He expresses gratitude towards his audience, acknowledging their awareness of climate change and positioning himself as a leader in the fight against it This strategic use of "I" not only clarifies his stance compared to others but also enhances his public image, fostering trust among Indonesians who view him as a credible representative of the State Additionally, by using "I" to refer to himself as an individual, Kerry effectively bridges the gap between himself and his audience, making his message more relatable and impactful.
CONCLUSION 1 Recapitulation
Based on the theoretical background about deixis of John Kerry‟s remarks on climate change, this thesis has reached its fulfillment
The analysis revealed that not all subdivisions of person deixis were utilized in the speech, with instances of both exophoric and endophoric usage Consequently, the referents of person deixis were identified by examining the context provided within the transcript.
While analyzing what person deixis are used in the speech, the writer also analyzed the referents of person deixis used in the speech
In his speech, John Kerry predominantly utilized the person deixis "I" and "we," with "we" serving to create a sense of inclusivity and group identity, while "I" highlighted his individual identity and role as Secretary of State The use of "we" positions him as part of specific groups, fostering a collective identity, whereas "I" emphasizes his personal stance and self-positioning This strategic shift between "I" and "we" reflects Kerry's approach to group identification, illustrating how individuals define themselves socially in relation to the prominent groups they belong to.
The use of the person deixis mentioned above finally lead the achieved political communication purpose that is to preserve friendship (the relationship between John Kerry and Indonesian people)
The use of the person deixis "we" by John Kerry effectively conveyed a sense of care and unity within society regarding climate change issues By emphasizing togetherness, Kerry fostered a collective experience in addressing these challenges and encouraged collaborative action towards solutions This strategic choice of language played a crucial role in the successful delivery of his message, highlighting the importance of carefully selecting person deixis to enhance speech acceptance.
John Kerry's remarks on climate change serve as an excellent resource for teaching pragmatics, as they exemplify how a native speaker employs deixis to influence others Utilizing authentic materials enhances learners' pragmatic knowledge, enabling them to interpret and apply person deixis effectively in real-life contexts, which in turn boosts their motivation The study highlights the close relationship between the use of person deixis and communication purposes, particularly in political discourse To improve students' pragmatic skills, explicit instruction is essential; teachers can guide learners through exercises that identify person deixis in speeches and analyze their referents, distinguishing between anaphoric and cataphoric references Additionally, educators can assign tasks related to other types of deixis, with guided investigations and constructive feedback to support students' language acquisition.
By analyzing John Kerry's speech, students can gain insights into pragmatics, particularly the use of deictic expressions that enhance cohesion and the flexible application of these expressions in authentic contexts Initially, students may feel hesitant to engage with political content, often perceived as dull or irrelevant However, with supportive guidance from teachers, they can overcome these reservations Ultimately, this analysis allows students to better understand political perspectives and communication, empowering them to form informed opinions and judgments about politicians' statements.
This research is specifically concentrated on the use of person deixis in political speech, due to constraints in time, knowledge, and interest from the writer Consequently, other forms of deixis, such as spatial and temporal deixis, have not been examined.
This thesis focuses exclusively on person deixis, with plans for future research to explore other deixis types such as time, spatial, and discourse deixis The study reveals that social factors play a crucial role in shaping speech through person deixis, suggesting that discourse analysis can enhance our understanding of communication Following the completion of this research, the author is inspired to conduct further studies on person deixis, proposing a contrastive analysis of debates This approach aims to uncover how different candidates utilize person deixis in their speech, potentially reflecting their political intentions.
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Remarks on Climate Change Retrieved from the World Wide Web, http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/02/221704.htm
APPENDIX Remarks on Climate Change
Thank you immensely, Robert I appreciate it greatly It appeared that some of you cheered for the same university multiple times, which was interesting and seemed to resonate from a common source.
It's a pleasure to be in America, surrounded by the unique air conditioning pipes that define this place The atmosphere is truly special, and it's wonderful to connect with friends from Kalimantan and Sumatra Thank you all for joining us! Can you hear me? Let's see some waves and take a few selfies! It's fantastic to be here, and I notice many iPads capturing these moments.
Ambassador Blake, thank you for your presence, and I appreciate everyone who has gathered here today, including those joining us via webcast It is a true pleasure to return to Jakarta and Indonesia, a nation renowned for its rich ecosystems Indonesia ranks highly in global biodiversity, boasting both marine and terrestrial richness, and is home to an incredible human tapestry with around 300 ethnic groups and over 700 languages spoken, making it an extraordinary place.
But because of climate change, it is no secret that today, Indonesia is also one of the most vulnerable countries on Earth
As Secretary of State, I will prioritize discussions on the urgent need to tackle climate change, focusing on its national security implications and economic opportunities Starting in Jakarta, a city and region at the forefront of this crisis, I invite you to engage in an open dialogue about the risks we face and the actions we, as global citizens, must take to combat this pressing threat.
Recently, I visited the vibrant city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, known for its rich history While there, I found myself in a large room with representatives from around 170 countries, listening to numerous experts discuss the escalating threat of climate change and the dire consequences of inaction The Secretary General of the conference, Maurice Strong, a pioneer in climate change advocacy, emphasized the urgency of the situation, underscoring the need for immediate action.
“Every bit of evidence I‟ve seen persuades me that we are on a course leading to tragedy.”
Well, my friends, that conference was in 1992 And it is stunning how little the conversation has really changed since then
When I think about the array of global climate – of global threats – think about this: terrorism, epidemics, poverty, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction – all challenges that know no borders – the reality is that climate change ranks right up there with every single one of them And it is a challenge that I address in nearly every single country that I visit as Secretary of State, because President Obama and I believe it is urgent that we do so
The science of climate change is unequivocal and demands our urgent attention, much like a vivid 3D movie We can trust the certainty of its findings, as they are widely accepted and undisputed For instance, just as we know an apple falls to the ground when it separates from a tree due to the laws of physics, we can rely on scientific principles that dictate water freezes at low temperatures and boils at high temperatures Similarly, common sense confirms that touching a hot stove will result in a burn These fundamental truths underscore the undeniable reality of climate change and the need for immediate action.
Numerous leading scientists and extensive reports consistently indicate that climate change is accelerating at an unprecedented rate, primarily driven by human activity It is crucial that we heed these warnings and take action to address this urgent issue.
When 97 percent of scientists agree on anything, we need to listen, and we need to respond