日本語における敬語表現及び誤用の概念と分類 …
敬語の概念・誤用の概念
1.敬語の概念
敬語 đã phát triển trong tiếng Nhật, nhưng không được sử dụng một cách hệ thống như trong các ngôn ngữ hiện đại châu Âu Việc xác định sự tồn tại của敬語 trong các ngôn ngữ châu Âu phụ thuộc vào định nghĩa của敬語 Theo hướng dẫn về敬語 (2007), "biểu hiện敬語 có nghĩa là cách sử dụng ngôn ngữ dựa trên tinh thần tôn trọng lẫn nhau, với sự cân nhắc đến đối tượng và hoàn cảnh trong giao tiếp." (tr 2)
Honorifics are defined as politeness formulas within a specific language, which can include particular affixes, words, or sentence structures, as noted by Jack C Richards and Richard Schmidt (2002).
Trong ngôn ngữ, có những công thức lịch sự phản ánh mối quan hệ giữa các cá nhân, như việc sử dụng "please" trong câu mệnh lệnh lịch sự trong tiếng Anh, hay việc thêm "sir/madam" vào cuối câu trả lời của học sinh hoặc quân nhân đối với giáo viên hoặc cấp trên Tiếng Anh cũng có các hình thức kính ngữ, như đại từ nhân xưng "you" vốn dĩ là kính ngữ nhưng đã mất đi ý nghĩa đó do sự lãng quên của "thou" Điều này cho thấy rằng, trong quá khứ, người nói tiếng Anh luôn sử dụng kính ngữ cho cả gia đình và bạn bè thân thiết, dẫn đến việc "thou" không còn được sử dụng Tuy nhiên, nếu định nghĩa kính ngữ như là các biểu hiện ngôn ngữ phản ánh hệ thống mối quan hệ xã hội như trong tiếng Nhật, thì các ngôn ngữ hiện đại châu Âu sẽ không có kính ngữ Ngày nay, kính ngữ chủ yếu được sử dụng trong giao tiếp với người thứ ba, góp phần thúc đẩy sự giao tiếp suôn sẻ với những người không quen biết.
The concept of hierarchical relationships discussed here is not fixed by age or status; instead, it varies depending on the context, such as when dealing with customers or strangers This dynamic is also influenced by the level of familiarity or distance between individuals Additionally, it can sometimes be used to subtly convey a sense of superiority over others.
In both Vietnamese and Japanese, honorific language is often perceived as a form of speech used in hierarchical relationships Indeed, it is commonly employed in situations involving superiors and subordinates, teachers and students, as well as between older and younger individuals.
In Japanese communication, even in the absence of a hierarchical relationship between speaker and listener, honorific language is employed towards unfamiliar individuals When interacting with acquaintances, speakers typically refrain from using honorifics with close friends but will use them with those they are less familiar with This indicates that the use of honorifics is influenced by the degree of intimacy in the relationship Generally, the greater the distance in familiarity, the more polite and respectful the expressions used tend to be.
In the past, honorifics in the Japanese language were primarily based on a rigid hierarchy of social status However, today, the choice to use honorifics is increasingly influenced by the nature of personal relationships rather than strict social rankings This shift has led some to refer to this new form of honorifics as "lateral honorifics," emphasizing the importance of familiarity over hierarchical distinctions.
Vietnamese learners may feel uncomfortable with the notion that honorific language is solely a means of expressing respect This discomfort arises from the belief that it is unlikely for individuals to use honorifics out of genuine respect or admiration for strangers or acquaintances.
Showing respect often creates a sense of distance, making it challenging to approach those we admire Many people have experienced the feeling of being unable to easily connect with someone they respect In other words, demonstrating respect can reflect a psychological distance towards that individual.
Demonstrating respect towards unfamiliar individuals indicates a psychological distance between them In essence, the use of honorific language based on the relationship between individuals serves to express deference, thereby adjusting the psychological distance with the other person—maintaining a certain distance and avoiding unnecessary closeness.
Keigo, or honorific language, serves as a linguistic tool in communication that considers the other person and the context, allowing for the adjustment of social and psychological distance between individuals This article adheres to this definition.
2.誤用の概念
Errors in language learning, as defined by Jack C Richards and Richard Schmidt (2002), refer to the incorrect use of linguistic items by second or foreign language learners, which fluent or native speakers recognize as indicative of incomplete learning A key distinction exists between errors, stemming from insufficient knowledge, and mistakes, which occur due to factors like lack of attention or carelessness Errors can be categorized into various types, including lexical errors related to vocabulary, phonological errors concerning pronunciation, syntactic errors in grammar, interpretive errors arising from misunderstandings, and errors that lead to unintended communicative effects, often linked to the misuse of speech acts or language rules.
SPEAKING (pragmatic error).」（【日本語訳】誤用：第二言語あるいは外国語学習者
In speeches or written documents, language items that are deemed incorrect or incomplete by proficient speakers or native speakers of a language can lead to misunderstandings Distinguishing between errors caused by insufficient knowledge and mistakes is crucial; the latter occurs when learners make unintentional errors during writing or conversation due to carelessness, fatigue, or inattention Misuses often violate the rules of speech acts and can manifest as lexical errors, phonological errors, or grammatical errors.
(syntactic error)、発話者による意図、意味の誤解(interpretive error)、間違った伝達
の効果などに分類されている。）
Each language has its own set of general rules, which are derived from the linguistic activities and usage patterns of its native speakers According to Jack C Richards, these rules reflect the common practices within the language community.
Richard Schmidt（2002）の定義からすると、そのルールに違反する言語使用を誤用と
Furthermore, Yoshikawa (1982) addresses the definition of misuse, stating that modern linguistics operates under the premise that all expressions by native speakers are correct Consequently, it implies that there is, in principle, no misuse in the speech of native speakers The issue of misuse arises primarily when learning that language as a second language.
る。」（p.120）また、吉川（1982）にとって、誤用とはもっぱら第二言語学習者が目
標言語を使うときに犯す誤りをさしている。
日本語における敬語表現
In Japanese, honorifics are generally categorized into three types: respectful language, humble language, and polite language However, in the field of Japanese linguistics, a more detailed classification into five categories is commonly used, which includes respectful language, humble language I, humble language II (polite language), polite language, and beautifying language In 2007, the Cultural Council, an advisory body to the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs, recommended this five-category guideline for honorifics.
Keigo, or honorific language, can be categorized into two main types: sonkeigo, which elevates the subject of the conversation, and teineigo, which elevates the listener The five classifications of keigo are defined by distinguishing between these two types, building upon the traditional three classifications Additionally, beautifying language, which is originally part of polite language, is often excluded from the definition of keigo In middle school, students learn about these three classifications of keigo, as well as the differences between plain and polite forms of speech.
敬語の分類及び特徴
3分類 5分類 特徴
尊敬語 尊敬語
This article discusses the actions, matters, and conditions related to another party or a third party, emphasizing the importance of presenting these aspects from the perspective of the individual involved.
自分側から相手側又は第三者に向かう行為
・物事などについて、その向かう先の人物 を立てて述べるもの。
The act of respectfully describing one's own actions or matters in relation to the counterpart in conversation or writing is essential for effective communication.
丁寧語 丁寧語 語や文章の相手に対して丁寧に述べるもの
。 美化語 - 物事を、美化して述べるもの。
（注）上記の表での「立てる」は「敬語の指針」（文化審議会、2007）で「言葉
The expression "to position highly" is utilized in this context, and it is important to interpret "to establish" in this manner within the main discussion.
１ １尊敬語とは
Honorific language is used to describe the actions, belongings, or states of others, emphasizing their status and elevating their importance in conversation.
When stating, "The teacher will be going abroad next week," using "いらっしゃる" instead of "行く" elevates the respect shown towards the teacher This demonstrates how "いらっしゃる" functions as an honorific, acknowledging the status of the subject Such forms of respectful language are commonly referred to as "sonkeigo," or respectful speech Phrases like "the teacher's guidance" also exemplify this type of honorific language that emphasizes the importance of the individual performing the action.
In Japanese, certain expressions known as honorifics extend beyond actions to describe states or things, such as "お名前" (your name) and "お忙しい" (busy) For instance, the phrase "先生のお名前" (the name of the teacher) highlights the teacher as the owner of the name, while "先生はお忙しいようですね" (It seems the teacher is busy) acknowledges the teacher's state of being busy, thereby elevating their status in conversation.
1.2 尊敬語の形
1.2.1 動詞の尊敬語
① 動詞の尊敬語の形
In Japanese, there are two main forms of honorific expressions: specific forms, such as "行く" becoming "いらっしゃる," and general forms that can be applied to various verbs, like "読む" changing to "お読みになる" or "利用する" to "御利用になる."
【特定形の主な例】
・いらっしゃる （←行く・来る・いる）
・おっしゃる （←言う）
・なさる （←する）
・召し上がる （←食べる・飲む）
・下さる （←くれる）
・見える （←来る）
【一般形の主な例】
・お（ご） になる
The Japanese language features a unique passive form that transforms verbs to indicate an action is received rather than performed For example, the verb "to read" becomes "read by" (読まれる), "to use" changes to "used by" (利用される), "to start" is expressed as "started by" (始められる), and "to come" is rendered as "came by" (来られる) This grammatical structure is essential for conveying actions from the perspective of the receiver.
・ なさる（例：利用する→利用なさる）
・ご なさる（例：利用する→御利用なさる）
・お（ご） だ（例：読む→お読みだ、利用する→ご利用だ）
・お（ご） くださる（例：読む→お読みくださる、指導する→ご指導くださ る）
【「お（ご） になる」を作る上での留意点】
ア．「お」「御」の使い分け
In Japanese, when the verb is a native Japanese word, it typically transforms to the honorific form by adding "お になる," as seen in "読む" becoming "お読みになる" and "出掛ける" changing to "お出掛けになる." In contrast, for Sino-Japanese verbs, the honorific form is expressed differently, such as "利用する" remaining unchanged.
In Japanese, the expression "ご になる" is used to convey respect, as seen in phrases like "御利用になる" (to use) and "御出席になる" (to attend) This structure highlights the irregular forms of "お（ご） になる," emphasizing the nuances of politeness in the language.
次の場合は、変則的な作り方となる。
・ご覧になる （←見る）
・おいでになる （←行く・来る・いる）
・お休みになる （←寝る）
・お召しになる （←着る）
ウ．「お（ご） になる」が作れない場合
It is important to note that certain verbs do not typically combine with the honorific prefixes "o" or "go," making the construction "o(go) ni naru" impossible.
In Japanese, certain expressions can be refined for politeness and clarity For instance, instead of saying "お死にになる," one can use "お亡くなりになる" or "亡くなれる." Similarly, instead of "御失敗になる," it's more appropriate to say "失敗なさる" or "失敗される." Lastly, for "御運転になる," one can opt for "運転なさる" or "運転される." These alternatives enhance the respectfulness and formality of the language.
② 可能の意味を添える場合
To convey the meaning of possibility in a respectful manner using verbs, one must first transform the verb into its respectful form and then apply the possibility structure.
例：召し上がる →召し上がれる、
お読みになる →お読みになれる
ご利用になる →ご利用になれる
1.2.2 名詞の尊敬語