Rationale of the study
As a young Vietnamese from the post-war generation, have you ever contemplated the experiences of our fathers and grandfathers during the Vietnam War, which lasted from the 1950s to the 1970s? This conflict, characterized by the American Empire's invasion, brought devastation to our nation through relentless bombings and the use of Agent Orange, leading to enduring effects of depression and destruction The war inflicted severe consequences, including starvation, poverty, disability, and homelessness, leaving a legacy of grief and loss that resonates in the hearts of Vietnamese people for generations to come.
In contemporary America, "Vietnam" symbolizes the nation's longest and most contentious foreign conflict, often reduced to a political cliché associated with a disastrous war and domestic unrest For many, its significance is encapsulated by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC, where visitors experience deep emotions yet struggle to transition from personal contemplation to a wider understanding of this complex historical event.
Many young Vietnamese, like their American counterparts, seek to understand the origins and complexities of the Vietnam War, prompting Hollywood filmmakers to explore its lasting impact Despite the departure of U.S combat troops 43 years ago, the war remains a significant influence on American politics and culture From John Wayne's portrayal in the 1968 film The Green Berets to Robert Downey, Jr.'s role in the 2008 comedy Tropic Thunder, the war's intricate nature continues to captivate filmmakers and audiences alike.
Among those, Forrest Gump, one of the most famous films about the
The Vietnam War is a significant American film that explores the profound impact of the Vietnam War on American society, particularly highlighting the struggles faced by veterans suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), often referred to as Vietnam Syndrome Despite President George Bush's assertion in 1991 that the nation had overcome this syndrome, the psychological scars of the war continue to affect both veterans and the broader American community.
So how exactly the Vietnam Syndrome appears in the script of the
Forrest Gump movie, in order to find out the answer to this question, I manage to do a research called ―The Vietnam War Syndrome in “Forrest
Gump” Movie Script: A Critical Discourse Analysis”.
Aims of the study
This research explores the lasting impact of the Vietnam War on American cinema and examines the ongoing relevance of the Vietnam Syndrome in contemporary American culture Additionally, the study aims to demonstrate the application of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methods to cinematic texts, particularly focusing on movie scripts.
To fulfill these purposes, the study will answer the following research questions:
(1) How is the Vietnam War Syndrome reflected in “Forrest Gump” movie script from CDA perspective?
(2) What are implications of the study for teaching the Vietnam War concerning texts?
Scope of the study
This thesis examines the representation of the Vietnam Syndrome in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, produced by Paramount Pictures It analyzes various elements of the movie, including its topic, plot, characters, setting, genre, theme songs, and language, to uncover the underlying aspects of the syndrome.
Methods of the study
This research employs a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, utilizing qualitative methods and content analysis Data was collected from a movie script and analyzed through Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework, which includes Description, Interpretation, and Explanation.
Details of the analysis procedure are presented in the Methodology chapter.
Background of the data
Forrest Gump stands out among Vietnam War films as a six-time Academy Award winner, offering a compelling narrative that critiques American involvement while showcasing realistic combat scenes The film presents a unique perspective through the innocent and uncritical eyes of its protagonist, Forrest, honoring soldiers as brave and decent individuals fulfilling their duty This portrayal fosters a patriotic view of the Vietnam War, highlighting the soldiers' longing to return home and evoking sympathy for the U.S Furthermore, Forrest’s ignorance about the Vietcong reflects the broader lack of understanding within the military regarding containment policies.
The film portrays the harsh realities of war, highlighting the significant human cost of guerrilla warfare While it offers a mild critique of US involvement in Vietnam, the narrative is predominantly shaped by an American perspective, resulting in a romanticized and patriotic depiction of the military and the conflict.
The Vietnam War, lasting from 1955 to 1975, was a highly controversial conflict that resulted in over 55,000 American and millions of Vietnamese deaths Unlike previous wars, it deeply divided the nation, with many Americans opposing the war, believing it was futile and that soldiers were being sent to their deaths Soldiers returning home faced hostility, being labeled as "baby killers" by protesters The war began during the Cold War as the U.S sought to eliminate communism in Vietnam, with Presidents Lyndon B Johnson and Richard Nixon playing pivotal roles in escalating troop deployments Nixon's strategy of "Vietnamization" aimed to gradually withdraw American forces and bring an end to the conflict.
Design of the thesis
There are three main parts in this research paper
Part A - INTRODUCTION - presents the rationale, aims, scope, methodology, background, and design of the thesis
Part B - DEVELOPMENT - consists of four chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
This chapter provides a concise overview of Vietnam Syndrome and the film's context, while also outlining the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) It includes a brief history, definitions, and methodologies associated with CDA, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of the subject.
In this chapter, the theory of CDA in chapter 1 is applied in analyzing the movie script to uncover the relationship between power, ideology and language
The collected data is analyzed in this chapter
In this chapter, the finding from the study is mentioned and discussion on them is also indicated
Part C - CONCLUSION - summarizes the study and suggestions for further studies
Literature Review
The Vietnam Syndrome
The term "Vietnam Syndrome" is commonly referenced in America, but this study specifically uses "Vietnam War Syndrome" to clarify its focus Throughout the thesis, "Vietnam War Syndrome" will be interchangeably used with "Vietnam Syndrome" to ensure readers grasp the intended meaning.
The Vietnam Syndrome, initially coined in the early 1970s to describe the physical and psychological effects experienced by Vietnam War veterans, evolved into a broader political term by the late 1970s Originally recognized as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), it was later popularized by figures like Henry Kissinger and Ronald Reagan to illustrate the United States' hesitance to deploy troops in foreign conflicts This reluctance stemmed from fears of becoming ensnared in another protracted conflict, similar to Vietnam, which could undermine governmental support.
The negative memories of the Vietnam War, including widespread protests, the Watergate scandal, and graphic images of casualties, have fostered a deep-seated distrust among the American public regarding foreign interventions Consequently, any U.S military engagement is likely to be met with skepticism and opposition from the populace.
―another Vietnam.‖ American leaders were also afraid of involvement in other nations’ problems
The Vietnam Syndrome significantly impacted American society, affecting veterans' reintegration into civilian life Many veterans struggled to lead normal lives after returning from Vietnam, with a tragic increase in suicides linked to psychological issues stemming from their experiences Alarmingly, over three-quarters of a million veterans faced homelessness or unemployment, highlighting the widespread societal challenges resulting from the war.
Nearly 700,000 draftees from underprivileged educational backgrounds struggled to receive honorable discharges, leaving many Vietnam veterans facing significant challenges in securing employment to support their families This plight is poignantly captured in various movies, documentaries, and television programs that portray the hardships these veterans endured during the war and the mistreatment they faced upon returning home.
There are considerable debates whether the war in Iraq (2003) is
The phrase "another Vietnam" suggests that the Vietnam Syndrome remains relevant in American foreign policy Despite President George H W Bush's assertion in the aftermath of the Gulf War that the syndrome was "kicked," the U.S has not completely overcome its impact This is evident in the cautious approach of Democratic presidents, who often refrain from overseas interventions unless absolutely necessary For instance, Bill Clinton withdrew troops from Somalia following the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993, and Barack Obama was deliberate in addressing conflicts in Libya and Syria in 2013 Ultimately, the U.S tends to employ military force as a last resort, prioritizing clear national interests, strong public support, and the potential for swift, cost-effective victories.
Intrinsically, the Vietnam Syndrome is a collective psychological sickness caused by the conflicts between ideological powers and reality
Ideological powers encompass the belief in "Noble" American values, dreams, and strength, shaping how individuals communicate, live, and behave As Thomas Paine noted, the American cause is viewed as a cause for humanity However, the stark reality reveals a contrasting image, as American soldiers in Vietnam became associated with atrocities, including the use of napalm and participation in violent massacres.
The American government faces scrutiny over its honesty regarding actions that contribute to widespread psychological disorders in the nation, both during and after wartime This raises concerns about the potential deception involved in their decision-making processes and its impact on the mental health of citizens.
The Vietnam Syndrome reflects a profound skepticism among Americans regarding the nation's values, leading to questions about the true nature of freedom and greatness in America Many wonder if the military intervention in Vietnam was genuinely aimed at liberating the oppressed from communism or if the belief in a benevolent God still holds true This disillusionment extends to a broader uncertainty about the future and life's purpose, leaving individuals feeling lost and directionless.
The syndrome appears everywhere in every fields of American society including in artworks, literature, newspapers, especially in movies, of which the film Forrest Gump is a very interesting example.
Discourse and Discourse analysis (DA)
V.N Volosinov, a Russian linguist, was the first to define "discourse" in its contemporary sense in his 1926 article "Discourse in Life and Discourse in Art." He asserts that verbal text, whether oral or written, is only a component of language communication, with context playing a crucial role The fundamental unit of communication is not the repeatable sentence, but the unique utterance that encompasses both the sentence and its context Similarly, while text can be replicated, discourse—which integrates text and context—is inherently unique Volosinov emphasizes that verbal discourse is not self-sufficient; it emerges from a pragmatic situation and is deeply connected to life, losing its significance if detached from its context.
Volosinov emphasizes that to fully grasp the sense and meaning of discourse, it is essential to consider the "extra-verbal context" that renders an utterance significant for the listener This extra-verbal context consists of three key factors that contribute to the overall understanding of communication.
(1) the common spatial purview of the interlocutors,
(2) the interlocutor’s common knowledge and understanding of the situation, and
(3) their common evaluation of that situation
The relationship between extra-verbal context and verbal discourse is not one of mere reflection; instead, discourse actively interprets and evaluates the situation, leading to a conclusive understanding.
Behavioral utterances play a crucial role in actively shaping and advancing situations, outlining future actions, and organizing those actions among participants They foster a sense of shared understanding and evaluation among individuals involved, creating a collective ideological expression rooted in their common experiences Importantly, the extra-verbal context is not merely an external influence on the utterance; instead, it is an integral component that shapes its meaning Consequently, a behavioral utterance consists of two key elements: the explicit content conveyed through words and the underlying assumptions that inform that content.
Volosinov introduces a groundbreaking perspective by integrating context as an essential component of discourse, rather than viewing it as an external and separate entity.
In "Marxism and the Philosophy of Language," Volosinov argues that the expression-utterance is shaped by the immediate social context, emphasizing that utterances are constructed between socially organized individuals He notes that even in the absence of a real addressee, speakers presuppose an ideal representative of their social group The structure of an utterance is influenced by both the immediate participants and the broader social environment, which dictate its form and tone This context determines how an utterance is expressed—whether as a demand, request, or plea—affecting its style and delivery, whether confident or hesitant.
In the second half of the 20 th century, Michael Foucault, a key theorist in Europe about discourse analysis, defines discourse more ideologically as
―practices which systematically form the objects of which they speak.‖ (1970:
Discourse serves as a means of organizing knowledge, shaping social relations through collective understanding and acceptance of its logic as a social fact According to Foucault, the logic of discourse is intrinsically linked to the broader episteme of its historical context However, discourses emerge from power dynamics within social structures, which establish rules and categories that legitimize knowledge and truth These foundational elements are a priori, predating the discourse itself, thus obscuring its construction and ability to generate meaning This process allows discourse to present itself as ahistorical and universal, while simultaneously fixing the meanings of statements to align with the political rationality behind its creation Consequently, discourse conceals both its potential to determine meaning and its underlying political motives, appearing objective and stable.
In "The Order of Things" (1970), it is highlighted that every society regulates the production of discourse through various procedures These mechanisms serve to control, select, organize, and redistribute discourse, aiming to mitigate its potential dangers, manage unpredictable occurrences, and navigate its substantial materiality.
Postmodern thinkers like Jacques Derrida argue that discourse is fundamental to human society, asserting that everything is discourse Discourse encompasses how we think and communicate about people, objects, social organization, and their interrelationships It arises from social institutions such as media and politics, structuring our language and thought, which in turn shapes our lives and relationships Sociologists view discourse as a productive force that influences our thoughts, beliefs, values, identities, and interactions, ultimately determining much of what happens within individuals and society as a whole.
The term discourse analysis was first introduced by Zellig Harris
In 1952, Harris focused on analyzing connected speech and writing, emphasizing the examination of language beyond the sentence level and its relationship with non-linguistic behavior He aimed to describe the distribution of language features within texts and their combinations in various styles A key observation was that connected discourse is context-dependent, occurring in specific situations, such as conversations or the writing process over time He argued that these discourses not only convey particular meanings but also possess distinctive linguistic characteristics Understanding these meanings and their linguistic realizations is fundamental to discourse analysis.
Discourse analysis encompasses the examination of language use in interpersonal communication, focusing on both written texts and spoken interactions Unlike other linguistic studies that analyze specific components like grammar or phonetics, discourse analysis investigates the dynamics of ongoing conversations between speakers and listeners, or the relationship between a writer's text and its audience.
Discourse analysis, as defined by Teun A van Dijk in the Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol 4 (1985), involves examining the authentic use of language by real speakers in genuine situations This approach considers not only the content of the conversation but also the context, including the location of the dialogue, the social and cultural frameworks involved, and nonverbal cues like body language In textual communication, elements such as images and symbols also play a crucial role in understanding meaning.
In his book "Discourse Analysis: An Introduction" (2012), Brian Partridge defines discourse analysis as the study of language patterns across texts, emphasizing the connection between language and its social and cultural contexts This field explores how language shapes various perspectives of the world and influences our understanding It also investigates the impact of language on social identities and relationships, highlighting how discourse constructs views of the world and individual identities.
According to Michel Foucault, discourse analysis diverges from the Marxist perspective by focusing not on uncovering absolute truths, but rather on understanding the effects of truth within various discourses and practices, shaped by intricate power dynamics Foucault emphasizes that discourses themselves are neither inherently true nor false; instead, they generate effects of truth historically He argues that power is not merely a restrictive force but actively shapes and influences knowledge, induces pleasure, and creates discourse.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
In the 1970s, discourse and text analysis emerged, highlighting the role of language in shaping power dynamics within society While much linguistic research focused on the formal aspects of language, as emphasized by Chomsky (1957), there was a growing recognition of the importance of context and pragmatic competence in language use (Levinson, 1983) Sociolinguistic studies primarily addressed language variation and communicative structures but often overlooked social hierarchy and power (Hymes, 1972) This shift towards examining texts, their production, interpretation, and their connections to societal structures, marked a significant change in linguistic research, as seen in the works of Kress and Hodge (1979), Van Dijk (1985), and Fairclough.
(1989) and Wodak (ed.) (1989) serve to explain and illustrate the main assumptions, principles and procedures of what had then become known as Critical Linguistics (CL)
Kress (1990) outlines the theoretical foundations of Critical Linguistics (CL), noting that the term was intentionally adapted from its social-philosophical origins by scholars at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s By the 1990s, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) became the preferred term for this linguistic approach Kress highlights that CDA was evolving into a distinct theory of language, marked by unique criteria that set it apart from other forms of politically engaged discourse analysis Fairclough and Wodak (1997) expanded on these criteria, establishing ten fundamental principles for a CDA framework.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) encompasses various identifiable schools or groups, each with distinct perspectives and methodologies Notably, the foundational British approaches presented by Fairclough (1985, 1989) and Fowler (1991) differ significantly from the more advanced framework outlined by Chouliaraki and Fairclough (1999) Additionally, the socio-cognitive model of CDA, championed by van Dijk (1991) and his associates, represents another key perspective within this field, alongside the contributions from the Viennese school.
―discourse historical school‖ led by Wodak (Wodak et al 1990; Wodak 1996,
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines how social power, abuse, and inequality are expressed and challenged through language in social and political contexts (Van Dijk, 2001) Its primary focus is on addressing social problems and political issues rather than adhering to contemporary trends CDA specifically investigates how discourse shapes, legitimizes, and contests power dynamics within society.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), as defined by Fairclough (1995), systematically examines the complex relationships between discursive practices, events, and texts, and their connections to broader social and cultural structures It investigates how these practices are influenced by power dynamics and ideological struggles, highlighting the often opaque nature of these relationships This opacity plays a significant role in maintaining power and hegemony within society.
According to Wodak (1996), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) emphasizes the linguistic and discursive aspects of power relations in modern societies It explores how these power dynamics are enacted and negotiated through discourse, making it essential to examine both "power in discourse" and its implications.
―power of discourse‖, and ―power over discourse‖ in these dynamic terms
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a self-aware movement that presents various definitions reflecting its political agenda and academic focus While some definitions emphasize the examination of power relations and struggles (Fairclough 1989), others adopt a more neutral stance, addressing the connections between language and society (Rogers 2005) Despite these variations, a consensus exists on two core elements of CDA: a political concern with ideology and power dynamics, and an interest in how language plays a role in these processes Ultimately, CDA investigates the intricate relationship between language, discourse, and power, focusing on the overt and covert struggles that arise within societal contexts (Weiss and Wodak 2002).
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a unique approach that investigates how power is abused by dominant groups and institutions through discourse It focuses on the patterns of access and control over various contexts, genres, texts, and conversations, analyzing their properties and the strategies used for mind control CDA examines the role of discourse in society, particularly how inequality is expressed, represented, legitimized, or reproduced in language Additionally, it actively opposes those who misuse power while supporting marginalized groups by uncovering and challenging discursive dominance and fostering empowerment for the oppressed.
Key concepts needed for everyone to understand this new linguistic approach are critical, power, and ideology
The notion of critical in CDA program is understood very differently
In her work "Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis" (2001), Ruth Wodak emphasizes that critical discourse analysis (CDA) involves maintaining a distance from the data while contextualizing it within social frameworks and taking an explicit political stance This approach encourages scholars to engage in self-reflection during their research CDA critically examines discourse as a social practice, highlighting how it perpetuates socio-political inequalities and power imbalances In contemporary usage, the term "critical" has also come to signify the application of rational thinking to challenge prevailing arguments and ideas.
The concept of power is central to critical studies, focusing on the relationships and effects of structural differences Language plays a crucial role in social power dynamics, as it indexes, expresses, and is involved in the contestation of power While power does not originate from language, it can be challenged and subverted through linguistic means, influencing power distribution over time Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examines how linguistic forms are utilized to express and manipulate power, emphasizing that language itself is not inherently powerful; rather, its power is derived from the intentions and actions of those who wield it.
Ideology plays a crucial role in understanding Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), as it encompasses the social forms and processes through which symbolic representations circulate, according to Thompson (1990) Fairclough (2003) emphasizes that ideologies reflect aspects of the world that help establish and sustain power dynamics, domination, and exploitation, influencing interactions and shaping identities Textual analysis is vital for ideological critique, highlighting the significance of examining the underlying ideologies in discourse (Simpson, 1993).
Language serves as a tangible expression of ideology, making it essential for analyzing ideological constructs In Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), ideology plays a crucial role in the formation and perpetuation of unequal power dynamics within society, reflecting a complex interplay of cultural beliefs, political views, and institutional practices.
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has its roots in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School prior to World War II, with its emphasis on language and discourse emerging through "critical linguistics" in the late 1970s Additionally, CDA aligns with "critical" advancements in sociolinguistics, psychology, and social sciences, some of which trace back to the early 1970s Furthermore, CDA serves as a response to the prevailing formal paradigms of the 1960s and 1970s, which were often considered asocial or uncritical.
Critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality Fairclough and Wodak (1997: 271—80) summarize the main tenets of CDA as follows:
3 Discourse constitutes society and culture
6 The link between text and society is mediated
7 Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory
8 Discourse is a form of social action
The first principle of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) focuses on social issues, highlighting the significance of addressing discrimination, racism, class conflicts, and post-war syndromes, making it a distinctive aspect of CDA.
Fairclough's approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) emphasizes that language functions as a social practice, where "discourse" is defined as a product of the dialectical relationship between specific discursive events and the surrounding social structures (Fairclough, 1989; 1995) This relationship indicates that discourses are both shaped by and shape social contexts, influencing knowledge, identity, and social relations (Fairclough, 1993; 1995) Furthermore, discourses are influenced by ideology and social practices, highlighting the significance of social context in CDA, as different situations impact discourses in unique ways Consequently, Fairclough advocates for critical discourse analysts to "historicize" their data, ensuring a clear understanding of the historical context surrounding their analyses (Fairclough, 1995).
1.3.7 Differences between CDA and other approaches to Discourse Analysis
Methodology
Research objects
This research focuses on the 1994 film "Forrest Gump," produced by Paramount Pictures, and its original source material, the novel by Winston Groom published in 1984 The study includes insights drawn from both the English edition and its Vietnamese reprint, highlighting the connections between the film and the literary work that inspired it.
The research utilizes additional documents from Youth Publishing House (2017) to support the analysis of the differences between the novel and its film adaptation The study reveals that the portrayal of the Vietnam Syndrome is more pronounced and authentic in the movie Screenwriter Eric Roth incorporated significant historical events from the Vietnam War era that are absent in the book, enhancing the script's depth This comparative analysis lays the groundwork for further evaluations in the subsequent stages of the research.
Furthermore, before this research was carried out, the author has seen the movie for several times and compared the script with all the scenes of the film as well.
Research method
This study employs critical discourse analysis, a qualitative research method, to examine the Vietnam Syndrome as it is represented across various elements of the movie script.
In my research, the analysis was implemented on the basis of Fairclough’s three- dimensional framework for studying discourse as stated in Chapter 1
Fairclough's three-dimensional approach to discourse analysis encompasses text, discursive practice, and social practice The smallest dimension, "text," pertains to the linguistic characteristics of the discourse, which in this study is represented by the movie script.
The production of discourse involves understanding how it is created and the reasons behind its specific presentation, while also exploring alternative methods of expression This first level of analysis, as outlined by Fairclough (1995), sets the foundation for examining the interaction or discursive practice, which encompasses both the production and consumption of discourse At the broader level, discourse is evaluated in the context of sociocultural practices, considering the underlying ideologies, norms, culture, and power dynamics that influence it Each of the three dimensions—description, interpretation, and explanation—requires distinct analytical approaches to fully comprehend the discourse's complexities.
Figure 1: Three-dimension conception of discourse analysis (Fairclough, 1992: 73)
Fairclough outlines three levels of discourse: first, the social conditions influencing the production and interpretation of a text, which include societal factors that shape both its creation and understanding Second, he examines the process of production and interpretation, focusing on how the text is crafted and its impact on meaning Lastly, the culmination of these stages results in the text itself, which embodies the effects of the preceding factors and processes.
Corresponding to the three levels or dimensions of discourse, he proscribes three stages of CDA:
The description stage focuses on identifying the formal properties of a text, specifically analyzing the language structures utilized This includes examining the discourse structure of a movie script, which encompasses essential components such as the topic, plot, characters, setting, theme songs, and the language employed in the film.
Interpretation explores the connection between text and interaction, viewing the text as both a product of its creation and a tool for understanding In the selected discourse from the movie script, meanings are frequently perceived differently than the writer's original intent.
Explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context – with the social determination of the processes of production and interpretation, and their social effects
In summary, Fairclough's analytical framework emphasizes that Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) researchers focus on the interplay between texts, their production and interpretation processes, and the surrounding social conditions This includes both the immediate situational context and the broader institutional and social structures that influence discourse.
In this study, the data analysis focusing on the Vietnam Syndrome follows a three-stage process: Description, interpretation, and explanation
In the descriptive phase, I will emphasize the key elements that make up a movie script, including the topic, plot, characters, setting, genre, theme songs, and the language utilized throughout the script.
In the stage of interpretation, I will show how the expressions should be interpreted in the specific context of the movie script of which the syndrome displays explicitly and implicitly
In the stage of explanation, I will demonstrate how those expressions are affected by socio-cultural powers, such as situational, social, or institutional, in this case by the Vietnam Syndrome.
Data analysis
Topic, plot, and characters
The film explores the enduring impact of the Vietnam War, a topic that continues to resonate in American culture despite the passage of time With a wealth of films, books, and documentaries already addressing the conflict, the director's choice to revisit this subject highlights the unresolved questions surrounding the war and its lasting effects on American society This ongoing inquiry reflects the persistent Vietnam Syndrome, a phenomenon that remains deeply embedded in the nation's historical consciousness.
The Vietnam War is known as the Anti-American Nation Saving Resistance War in Vietnam, highlighting a stark contrast in perspectives between the two nations While the U.S views it as one of many conflicts in its history, the naming reflects deeper ideological influences that shape how wars are perceived and remembered This divergence underscores the role of political narratives in framing historical events.
The film "Forrest Gump" chronicles the life of a man who, despite facing numerous challenges such as wearing leg braces, having a below-average IQ, and enduring gunshot wounds, maintains an unwavering belief in the goodness of life and pursues his dreams Each setback transforms into an opportunity, exemplified when he discovers his exceptional running ability after his braces are removed, leading to a football scholarship and saving soldiers during the Vietnam War Ultimately, while Forrest achieves many of his aspirations, winning the heart of his lifelong friend proves to be his greatest challenge.
Forrest Gump, often labeled as an idiot, navigates a series of life events that coincide with the Vietnam War (1955-1975) His personal journey reflects the broader questions faced by Americans during this tumultuous period, intertwining his experiences with the societal struggles of the time.
The character of Forrest Gump serves as a poignant representation of the United States during the Vietnam War, highlighting America's perceived foolishness in its involvement in the conflict Ultimately, the nation struggles to find a way to move forward or disengage from the war, which remains a significant blemish on American history.
The film "Forrest Gump" centers on the life journeys of its titular character, who was named after a soldier from the American Civil War (1861-1865).
When I was a baby, Momma named me after the great Civil War hero, General Nathan Bedford Forrest
General Nathan Bedford Forrest is recognized as the founder of the Ku Klux Klan, a group notorious for donning robes and sheets to create a ghostly appearance This imagery serves as a powerful metaphor in the film, evoking the Vietnam War and highlighting the lingering effects of the Vietnam Syndrome.
There are three other major characters of the movie who stick to Forrest’s life They are Jenny, Lieutenant Dan Tayler (Lt Dan) and Bubba
Jenny, Forrest's childhood friend, becomes the object of his unwavering love throughout his life Traumatized by childhood sexual abuse from her father, she chooses a tumultuous path, engaging in the self-destructive lifestyle of the 1960s and 1970s hippie movement In her journey, she participates in anti-Vietnam War protests and travels across the country with various companions Tragically, her life comes to an end by the film's conclusion.
Lt Dan, the platoon leader of Forrest and Bubba during the Vietnam War, comes from a lineage that has sacrificed in every American conflict, feeling destined to continue this legacy After suffering the loss of his legs in an ambush and being saved by Forrest against his wishes, he struggles with bitterness and resentment towards Forrest, viewing his new life as a "cripple" as a betrayal of his family's legacy This leads him into a profound depression as he grapples with his altered fate.
Bubba is Forrest's friend whom he meets upon joining the Army
Bubba was originally supposed to be the senior partner in the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, but he dies by the river in Vietnam
The main characters in the movie are profoundly impacted by the Vietnam War, with their lives either ending tragically or being irrevocably altered due to injuries sustained during the conflict.
These characters seem to embody the image of the United States at that time, completely ruined and bitterly divided - a disabled America.
Setting and genre
The film primarily takes place in Savannah, Georgia, where the protagonist, Forrest Gump, shares his life story from a bench The choice of Georgia as the movie's setting raises the question of why the director selected this state over others.
Georgia played a significant role in the Civil War (1861-1865), becoming a major battleground where key conflicts occurred, particularly between Atlanta and Savannah The state suffered heavy losses, with approximately one in five Georgian soldiers perishing in service Notably, Georgia was the last Confederate state to be reintegrated into the Union Additionally, the state has a complex history of territorial changes, including the division of western Georgia in the early 1800s, which contributed to the formation of Alabama Unfortunately, racism has been a persistent issue in Georgia, highlighted by the establishment of a white primary in 1908 that effectively marginalized Black political participation within the Democratic Party.
The Ku Klux Klan, a notorious American terrorist organization, has rapidly gained traction in Georgia through the establishment of the Association of Georgia Klans, promoting extremist ideologies including white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration sentiments.
Given the complex historical context of Georgia, it is reasonable to conclude that the movie director deliberately selected a location marked by deep-rooted divisions stemming from its national conflicts.
The Vietnam War has long been viewed as a source of deep trauma and division among the American populace, leaving lasting scars that resonate to this day Its impact not only affected the nation internally but also significantly tarnished the global perception of the United States.
The genre of Forrest Gump is a drama but mixing with a comedy
The film portrays an epic tale centered around an American citizen with a low IQ of 75, often labeled as a local fool Despite this perception, he emerges as a hero during the war by bravely rescuing his fellow soldiers from bomb explosions and enemy attacks Formally recognized as a football star, war hero, national celebrity, shrimp boat captain, and college graduate, he hails from Greenbow, Alabama, showcasing the extraordinary journey of an underestimated individual.
The events in his life are characterized by humor and folly, as exemplified by his reaction to being named to the All-America Team and receiving an invitation to meet the President of the United States in the Oval Office, where his primary concern is food and drink.
United States is the food‖ He drank about fifteen Dr Peppers When
President Kennedy shakes his hand and asks ―How do you feel?‖, he replies ―I gotta pee‖
In a memorable scene, Forrest Gump humorously reveals his bullet wound to President Johnson while receiving the Medal of Honor, symbolizing a satirical critique of American values like wealth, freedom, and nobility His absurd actions highlight a deliberate challenge to the traditional notions of power in society.
Forrest's actions mirror the complexities of American society during his time While public media portrays America as a wonderland of freedom and democracy, the reality reveals a landscape rife with racism, inequality, and discrimination permeating various aspects of life.
Language
The movie features a diverse range of language, with a notable prevalence of offensive terms throughout the script One character stands out for frequently using this type of language, highlighting the film's raw and unfiltered dialogue.
In the film, Lt Dan frequently uses profanity, including phrases like "goddammit," "shit," and "son-of-a-bitch," which reflect the characters' frustrations and disillusionment with society The inclusion of expletives such as "Viet fucking Nam" and "this fucking war" underscores the pervasive sense of discomfort among Americans during that era, as they grappled with discrimination, violence, and racism in their daily lives This language serves as a manifestation of their disappointment with the government and a sense of hopelessness for the future, illustrating a key aspect of the Vietnam Syndrome depicted in the movie.
Together with those offensive words, there are many other expressions that demonstrate the syndrome presented in the film script
In the midst of the Vietnam War, as American soldier Bubba took his last breath, he poignantly asked his friend Forrest, "Why’d this happen?" This rhetorical question encapsulates the confusion and despair surrounding the war, prompting reflections on the reasons behind his platoon's attack and the larger implications of America's involvement For years, Americans have sought answers to questions about the war's origins, the dissent it sparked, and its prolonged duration Bubba's inquiry echoes the sentiments expressed in Country Joe McDonald's 1967 song, "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag," highlighting the enduring struggle to understand the complexities of the Vietnam War.
And it’s one, two, three What are we fighting for?
Don’t ask me, I don’t give a damn Next stop is Vietnam
And it’s five, six, seven Open up the pearly gates
Well there ain’t no time to wonder why Whoopee! We’re all gonna die
The song is about placing blame on American politicians, high-level military officers, and industry corporations on starting the Vietnam War
―What are we fighting for?‖ is the question which young Americans drafted for the Army always attempts to get the answer
Bubba's poignant last words to Forrest, "I wanna go home," encapsulate the deep longing of a soldier shot far from his hometown, yearning for the comfort of family Tragically, his dream remains unfulfilled as he dies by the river in Vietnam This hope resonates with the anti-Vietnam War slogan "Bring them home," which echoed through the streets of America from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, highlighting the collective desire for soldiers to return to their loved ones.
"Bring them home" or "Bring the boys home" are powerful slogans reflecting growing discontent with U.S military involvement in an unpopular war These phrases resonate with the sentiments of those advocating for the return of troops and are also associated with the iconic anti-war song by Pete Seeger, released in 1971.
For defense you need common sense Bring them home, bring them home They don't have the right armaments Bring them home, bring them home
The song is an anti-war anthem emphasizing the fact that American government should pull their military out of Vietnam
Another expression deeply indicates the Vietnam Syndrome is that of
In the film, Lt Dan becomes furious with Forrest after being rescued from the battlefield, expressing his anger by accusing Forrest of cheating him out of his destined death with honor He confronts Forrest, declaring, "Did you hear what I said? You cheated me I had a destiny!" This pivotal moment highlights the conflict between fate and survival, underscoring the emotional turmoil experienced by soldiers in the aftermath of war.
In fact, he was rescued by Forrest, and Forrest did not cheat him anything, but he repeatedly said that Forrest cheated him So who cheated Lt
The American government, particularly its Presidents, misled soldiers into fighting in the Vietnam War under the guise of stopping communism and liberating the oppressed Many soldiers believed they were engaging in a noble cause, only to confront a harsh reality where they were involved in the tragic killing of innocent women and children This disillusionment led them to bitterly recognize that they had been deceived by their own leaders.
After badly injured, Lt Dan became ―a legless freak‖, he did not know what to do with the rest of his life He screamed: ― What am I gonna do now?
Lt Dan's struggle after his amputation symbolizes the broader deadlock faced by American society following years of war involvement, reflecting the US Army's inability to either remain or withdraw from the conflict This predicament evokes the themes of Pete Seeger's 1967 song "Waist Deep in the Big Muddy," highlighting the challenges of finding a way out of a difficult situation.
We were waist deep in the Big Muddy
And the big fool said to push on
The song was considered symbolic of the Vietnam War (the Big
Muddy) and President Lyndon Johnson (the big fool) 's policy of escalation, then widely seen as pushing the United States deeper into the increasingly unpopular war
The haunting rhetorical question posed by Lt Dan serves as a powerful reminder of a dark chapter in American history, reflecting the collective consciousness of the nation The United States became embroiled in a civil war in a distant country, driven by poorly justified motives and lacking a clear strategy for victory Despite deploying extensive military resources and committing significant human rights violations against the local population, the U.S ultimately achieved nothing in this conflict.
In a poignant moment during Forrest's visit to Washington, DC to receive the Medal of Honor, he found himself silenced alongside other veterans as a policeman disrupted the audio, leaving the crowd unable to hear his words about the Vietnam War The only audible part of his speech, "That’s all I have to say about that," starkly illustrated the broader issue of the American public's ignorance regarding the true experiences of soldiers in Vietnam This moment symbolized the struggle for transparency, as the government consistently obscured the realities of the war, preventing citizens from grasping the full story behind the conflict Ultimately, the veterans' voices were stifled, leaving the nation in the dark about the war's impact and the soldiers' perspectives.
The Vietnam War profoundly shattered American society's faith in the noble values that symbolize the United States Despite approximately 70% of the American population identifying as Christian, the war led many to question their religious beliefs and the existence of Jesus Christ This disillusionment is poignantly illustrated in Lt Dan's speech to Forrest during their reunion, highlighting the deep spiritual crisis faced by many veterans and citizens alike.
Have you found Jesus yet, Gump?
The conversation about finding Jesus often leads to profound spiritual reflections A priest once shared with me that while God is always listening, personal effort is essential for spiritual growth Embracing Jesus in my heart is portrayed as a pathway to walking alongside Him in the Kingdom of Heaven, highlighting the importance of faith and self-initiative in one's spiritual journey.
Did you hear what I said? Walk beside him in the Kingdom of Heaven Well, kiss my crippled ass God is listening What a crock of shit
The words of Lt Dan reflect the deep hopelessness felt by many Americans towards a merciful God, revealing a loss of faith in the prayers for peace and a better life often recited in church His speech, marked by the repeated invocation of "Jesus" and "God," underscores the profound despair of a veteran grappling with the realities of loss and depression, illustrating a life devoid of purpose and hope.
The tragic life of Lt Dan is poignantly illustrated through his interactions with two prostitutes on New Year's night, where they harshly label him as a "big loser," "retard," and "freak." These derogatory remarks pierce his heart, emphasizing his dual defeat in both the war and his personal life As a crippled veteran returning from Vietnam, he finds himself reliant on government support, stripped of faith in the world around him As Forrest poignantly states, "there's something you can't change," highlighting Lt Dan's painful acceptance of his new identity as a legless veteran His life, irrevocably altered by the Vietnam War, mirrors the deep divisions within the United States caused by the conflict, underscoring the war's lasting impact.
In the film, a recurring question posed to Forrest by new acquaintances is, "Are you stupid or something?" This highlights his simple-minded nature and low IQ, emphasizing the challenges he faces in social interactions.
Theme songs
The film script references several notable anti-Vietnam War songs from the 1960s and 1970s, highlighting their cultural significance Among these, "Blowing in the Wind" (1962) stands out as one of the greatest songs of all time, performed by the character Jenny in the movie.
How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man?
How many seas must a white dove sail before she sleeps in the sand?
Yes, and how many times must the cannon balls fly before they're forever banned?
In the early sixties, as the United States escalated its military involvement in Vietnam, Bob Dylan penned a poignant anti-war song that poses a series of rhetorical questions about peace, war, and freedom Through these questions, Dylan critiques the nation's engagement in the Vietnam War, encouraging listeners to view the conflict negatively The song not only reflects the sentiments of the era but also serves as a powerful commentary on the broader implications of war.
This song employs rhetorical questions to effectively critique America's foreign policy during the Vietnam War, despite not explicitly naming any specific policies.
“Fortunate Son” (1969) is one of the Vietnam era’s best-known protest songs
Some folks are born made to wave the flag
Ooh, they're red, white and blue
And when the band plays "Hail to the Chief," ohh, they point the cannon at you all
It ain't me It ain't me
I ain't no Senator's son, no
It ain't me It ain't me
"Fortunate Son," written by John Fogerty and performed by Creedence Clearwater Revival, critiques the U.S political and military elite who advocate for war while remaining unaffected by its consequences Fogerty drew inspiration for the song from the marriage between Dwight D Eisenhower's grandson and Richard Nixon's daughter, highlighting the disconnect between those in power and the realities of war.
Fogerty's lyrics convey a powerful message about the inequities of war, emphasizing that it is the working-class children, rather than the privileged "senator's sons" or "millionaire's sons," who are drafted to fight The repeated refrain, "It ain't me," underscores the notion that those with connections can evade military service, highlighting the disparity in how different social classes experience the consequences of war Released during the height of U.S involvement in Vietnam, the song critiques the broader implications of such inequalities, even if it does not explicitly target the Vietnam War itself.
John Fogerty emphasizes that the essence of the issue lies more in the inequities of social class than in the concept of war itself He highlights the age-old adage that suggests wealthy individuals instigate conflicts while the burden of fighting falls on those from less privileged backgrounds.
Another song, ― For what it worth ‖ (1967) is a well-known protest song written by Stephen Stills and performed by Buffalo Springfield
What it is ain't exactly clear
There's a man with a gun over there, telling me I got to beware
Written during the Vietnam War, the song emerged amidst a divided America, where anti-war protesters and pro-war supporters clashed Its creators aimed to raise awareness about the war's real consequences, encouraging listeners to form informed opinions based on the unfolding events.
There are some other songs mentioned in the film such as “Mr
During the Vietnam War, iconic protest songs such as "President (Have Pity on the Working Man)" by Randy Newman (1974), "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" by Pete Seeger (1961), and "All Along the Watchtower" by Bob Dylan (1967) played a significant cultural role This era witnessed the creation of some of the most impactful music of the 20th century, reflecting the artists' opposition to America's involvement in the conflict Renowned musicians like Bob Dylan, Pete Seeger, and Randy Newman used their art to voice powerful protests against the war, highlighting the profound relationship between music and social activism during challenging times.