INTRODUCTION
Rationale
English is the most widely used language globally, serving as a crucial tool for communication in both general and specialized contexts In Vietnam, the footwear production industry has rapidly developed due to foreign investment, positioning the country as a major exporter to Europe, following Italy and China This industry has significantly contributed to Vietnam's national economy, generating substantial revenue in recent years.
The global advancement of various products highlights the significance of shared experiences and technology within the footwear industry across different countries Consequently, the translation of materials between English and Vietnamese in this sector has garnered increased interest from linguistic researchers.
However, translation in this field is always a challenging task The obvious difficulty is the problem of differences in English FW terms and Vietnamese ones
The distinct differences between these two terminology systems pose challenges for translators, particularly due to their limited understanding of footwear As a result, Vietnamese translators often focus on translating only the most common footwear terms relevant to workers and professionals in the industry.
This research serves two primary purposes: to enhance translators' understanding of translation theory for more accurate interpretation and strategic choices, and to identify effective methods for translating footwear terminology between English and Vietnamese, ensuring standardization and flexibility in the translation process.
Additionally, I decide to make this study and give some suggestions to improve the quality of translation of materials in the field of footwear.
Scope of the study
This study examines the classification of English footwear terms and their Vietnamese equivalents as outlined in the English-Vietnamese Dictionary of Leather and Footwear, published in 2012 by the Leather and Shoe Research Institute It also explores various translation strategies to address challenges in translating footwear terminology between English and Vietnamese.
Aims of the study
This study is carried out with the following aims:
This study aims to identify the translation strategies employed in the translation of footwear terminology from English to Vietnamese By exploring the common techniques used, we seek to answer the research question: "What strategies are typically utilized in translating footwear terms into Vietnamese?"
+ To provide some suggestions for translating FW terminology to achieve an exact translation based on the results of the study.
Methodology
To achieve the aims within the scope, the study is to make clear main research question:
What strategies are commonly used to translate FW terminologies from English in to Vietnamese?
This study aims to explore the theoretical foundations of translation and terminology, focusing on English and Vietnamese financial (FW) terms It will collect and analyze typical FW terms from dictionaries, examining their structural characteristics while classifying and comparing the terms between the two languages The research will identify common strategies used in translating FW terms from English to Vietnamese Employing both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study will utilize contrastive analysis and descriptive approaches commonly found in linguistic research Data collection will involve critical analysis based on Newmark's methods and the translation of neologisms.
Organization of the thesis
The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:
This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason for choosing the topic, scope, aims, and its organization
Chapter 2: Theoretical Background &Literature Review
Theoretical background in the light of which the research matters is discussed in this chapter
This chapter mentions the reasons to choose the dictionary and provides the main methodology and procedure of data collection
This chapter presents analyses and discusses the results that the researcher found out from the collected data It also gives answer to the research questions
The chapter summarizes the overall study and suggests some forms of further studies on the field.
Definition of translation
Translation plays a crucial role in today's globalized society, engaging not only linguists and professional translators but also individuals across various specialized fields Definitions of translation have been explored by numerous scholars, providing insights into its evolution and significance Catford (1965) defines translation as the replacement of textual material from a source language with equivalent material in a target language Similarly, Hartmann and Stock (1972) describe it as the representation of a text in one language being replaced by an equivalent representation in another language These definitions emphasize the focus on textual materials and original sources in the translation process.
Some philologists possess a profound understanding of translation that goes beyond mere textual replacement, emphasizing the importance of meanings, semantics, and syntax within translation theories Translation involves conveying the essence of a source language (SL) in a target language (TL) while maintaining both semantic and stylistic equivalences, as noted by Dubois (1973, cited in Bell, 1991).
Translation involves conveying the closest natural equivalent of a source language message in the receptor language, focusing initially on meaning and subsequently on style (1974, p.12).
In 1982, Wilss introduced a comprehensive concept that integrates various elements of translation Translation is a process that transforms written source language (SL) text into an optimal target language (TL) text, necessitating a deep understanding of the original text's syntax, semantics, style, and pragmatic context More broadly, it is a communicative process that occurs within a social framework (Hatim and Mason, 1990).
Translation methods and strategies
Basing on the dynamic equivalence theory of Nida, Newmark proposed 8 translation methods which can be illustrated in the form of a flattened V diagram as follows:
Word-for-word translation Adaptation
Newmark briefly explained these methods follow:
The translation is directly produced from the source text, at word level The word order is preserved, no context is considered when using this method
It is called loan translation or borrowing translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context
The article aims to accurately convey the original context while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language Certain cultural terms are directly translated from the source text, which can lead to grammatical inconsistencies and create challenges for readers in the target language.
This approach prioritizes the aesthetic qualities of the source language (SL) text over strict fidelity in translation, allowing for compromises in meaning when necessary to preserve elements such as assonance, word order, or repetition in the final version.
In adaptation, the themes, characters, and plots are maintained while transforming the source language (SL) culture into the target language (TL) culture, resulting in a rewritten text This translation approach is commonly applied to poems, stories, and plays.
Translators sometimes transcend the constraints of the source language's forms and expressions to create innovative translations, a technique frequently employed in song translation.
The method effectively conveys the original message but may alter subtle meanings by favoring colloquialisms and idioms that are not present in the source material This approach is particularly successful for translating idiomatic expressions.
It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original so that the readership finds it easier to understand Communicative translation is often used for translating a difficult document
According to Newmark (1988), communicative and semantic translations are the two primary methods among the eight identified, as they are predominantly employed to achieve the key objectives of translation: accuracy and economy.
Apart from these methods, when concluding the chapter on translation methods in A Textbook of Translation, Newmark goes on to clarify five more translation methods:
Service translation : is translation from one‟s language of habitual use into another language
Plain prose translation : this is translation of poems and poetic drama Usually stanzas become paragraphs, prose punctuation is introduced, original metaphors and
SL culture retained, and no sound-effects are reproduced
Information translation : This conveys all the information in a non-literary text, sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarized, and not in the form of a paraphrase
Cognitive translation : This reproduces the information in a SL text converting the
SL grammar to its normal TL transpositions, normally reducing any figurative to literal language
Academic translation : This reduces an original SL text to an „elegant‟ idiomatic educated TL version which follows a literary register It irons out the expressiveness of a writer with modish colloquialisms
According to Larson (1984), translation is primarily categorized into two types: form-based and meaning-based translation Form-based translation, also known as literal translation, strives to maintain the original structure of the source language In contrast, meaning-based translation focuses on conveying the intended meaning of the source text using the natural expressions of the target language, a process referred to as idiomatic translation.
Larson (1984) emphasized that idiomatic translations utilize the natural structures of the target language, both in grammar and vocabulary choices, creating a text that feels original rather than translated A proficient translator aims for idiomatic translations, but achieving this consistently is challenging As a result, translations often blend literal and idiomatic language, existing on a spectrum that ranges from very literal to unduly free translations.
Figure 1 Translation as a continuum by Larson (1984, p.17)
Krings (1986, p.18) defined translation strategy as "translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task"
Loescher (1991, p.8) describes translation strategy as a conscious approach to addressing challenges encountered during text translation This definition emphasizes the importance of awareness in differentiating the strategies employed by learners and translators.
Bell (1998) distinguishes between global strategies, which address entire texts, and local strategies, which focus on specific segments of text This differentiation arises from the different types of translation challenges encountered.
Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) they changed the term “strategies” by
Translators have the option to utilize two primary methods for translation: direct (or literal) translation and oblique translation Each method involves distinct procedures that align with parallel categories, known as structural parallelism, and parallel concepts, referred to as meta-linguistic parallelism This structured approach offers a comprehensive framework for translators to enhance their translation accuracy and effectiveness.
Direct (Literal translation) Indirect ( Oblique translation)
3 Literal translation 6 Total syntagmatic change/ Equivalence
To overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one (e.g a new technical process, an unknown concept), borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods
Translators sometimes borrow words or expressions from the source language to achieve a specific stylistic effect, enhancing the local color of the text This choice is a stylistic decision that significantly influences the overall message conveyed in the translation.
A calque is a unique form of borrowing in which one language adopts an expression from another language but translates each component literally This process can lead to either a lexical calque, which introduces a new way of expressing ideas, or a structural calque, which modifies the syntax of the target language.
Literal translation involves directly converting a source language (SL) text into a target language (TL) text while ensuring grammatical and idiomatic accuracy The translator's role is primarily to maintain the linguistic conventions of the TL This method is typically reversible and self-contained, making it a unique solution It is most effective when translating between languages that belong to the same family and share cultural similarities.
Transposition is a technique that involves substituting one word class for another while maintaining the original meaning of the message This method serves as a unique translation strategy and can also be utilized within a single language.
Terminology
Many linguists and theorists study terminology in various aspects The study will present typical definitions and general features of terminology
Terminology encompasses two key aspects: it is both a discipline focused on the principles and methods for studying concepts and their designations, and the collection and management of relevant data, as well as the specific set of terms used within a particular subject field (Valeontis & Mantzari, 2006) A term, or terminology unit, serves as the designation for a concept within that field Backer (1998) highlights that terms are distinct from ordinary words, as they refer to specific conceptual entities, properties, activities, or relations that define the knowledge space of a subject area In Vietnam, notable linguists, including Nguyen Van Tu, have conducted extensive research on vocabulary and terminology.
Terminology refers to fixed words or phrases that accurately represent concepts within specific fields such as science, technology, and culture According to Nguyen Van Tu (1968), terminology encompasses specialized language used in various domains, while Do Huu Chau (1998) emphasizes its role in scientific and professional contexts Nguyen Thien Giap (1999) further defines terminology as a segment of special lexis that conveys precise meanings related to specialized subjects Collectively, these definitions highlight that terminology consists of established terms that effectively communicate concepts pertinent to distinct areas of human knowledge.
Based on the structural patterns, FW terms can be divided into two groups including one-word terms and above -word-level terms
2.3.3.1 One-word terms in English a One-word terms in the form of verb
Dán bằng keo Phủ lên Ép Bọc Nhuộm Xén Gấp Buộc dây giầy
Many terms in the English language exhibit transferability, functioning as both verbs and nouns For instance, numerous one-verb terms have corresponding noun forms that serve as alternatives.
Sự đục lỗ trang trí
Moreover, these verbs can go with one or two certain nouns to create the terms:
Phủ một lớp vào phom giầy Ép gót Bọc gót Xén mép Gấp mép chi tiết Buộc dây giầy b One-word terms in the form of noun
Many of footwear terms are regularly used in the life, however, in this subject, they lose their normal senses and take a special meaning
In general, "reinforcement" refers to the act of making something stronger However, in the context of footwear, it specifically denotes a component within shoes that enhances their durability and strength.
Followings are some more examples of footwear terms:
Mũ giầy/Mặt giầy Phần mang giầy Mũi giầy
Familiar terms in popular discourse can pose challenges for inexperienced translators, as they often carry specific meanings within distinct scientific fields To accurately translate these terms, a deep understanding of the subject matter is essential for translators.
Each subject has specific terminology that contributes to its complexity, making it essential for users with a strong background in the field to grasp these terms Here are some commonly used high-footwear terms.
Da lộn Đế giầy Chi tiết lưỡi gà
Da mềm c One-word terms in the form of an adjective
Unlike technical terms in the form of a verb, almost all the terms in the form of an adjective do not have their nouns to be used as alternatives:
Dị thường Thực tế Chất bổ trợ
Besides, a highlight feature of these adjectives is that all of them usually unite with one or two certain nouns to form collocations, for examples:
Mũ giầy không đối xứng Chân dị dạng/dị thường
Cỡ thực tế Chất trợ thuộc tổng hợp d Eponyms derived from the names of shoes
Many renowned shoe brands like Gibson, Nike, Louis, McKay, Moccasins, New Balance, and Adidas are prevalent in foreign markets Interestingly, the term "FW" is commonly used in Vietnam without translation, highlighting the global influence of these brands.
Footwear acronyms in English are often directly adopted into Vietnamese, derived from the initial letters of specific terms or names Examples include PVC (polylvinyl chloride), which translates to nhựa PVC; ISO (International Standards Organization), referred to as tổ chức tiêu chuẩn quốc tế; EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), known as chất EVA; and AAFA (American Apparel & Footwear Association), which is called Hiệp hội các nhà sản xuất giầy dép, quần áo Hoa Kỳ.
2.3.3.2 One word terms in Vietnamese
In Vietnamese, Footwear terms which are formed of one word mainly comprise a Noun or a Verb They are only hold a small proportion
One word terms in form of Noun
One word terms in form of Verb Ép Compress
Obviously, Footwear terms at one word in Vietnamese usually exist at one word terms in English
2.3.3.3 Above-word-level terms in English
Technical and scientific terms, particularly in the field of FW, are primarily created through compounding According to Mark Halliday (1985), noun compounds, which are structured as nominal groups, represent the largest share of these FW compound terms.
Footwear above -word -level terms in the form of nominal group
First of all, we have a brief theory of the experiential structure of the nominal group a Nominal group
Mark Halliday (1985) describes the Nominal Group structure as consisting of a head noun, referred to as the "Thing," which is preceded by elements such as Deitic, Numerative, Epithet, and Classifier, and is followed by a Qualifier This structural interpretation of the nominal group is illustrated in the following example.
All items of nominal group will be presented below:
Deictic: The deictic element indicates whether or not some specific subset of the
Thing is intended with such specific words as this, these, that, those, my, your, her, etc or non-specific like a, an, each, all, every, etc
Deictic Numerative Epithet 1 Epithet 2 Classifier Thing Qualifier
Those two Splendid Old electric trains with pantographs Determiner Numeral Adjective Adjective Adjective Noun Preposition+
The numerative element indicates a numerical characteristic of a subset, representing either quantity (such as one, two, three) or order (like first, second, third) It can also be classified as exact (one, two, three) or inexact (few, little, several).
An epithet is a descriptive term that highlights a specific quality or characteristic of a subset, which can be an objective property of the thing itself or a subjective expression of the speaker's attitude towards it, such as "asymmetrical upper", "hard rubber", or "real leather", providing a detailed description that adds depth and meaning to the subject being referred to.
Classifier: The classifier indicates a particular subclass of the thing in question; it can be an adjective or a noun For instance, fabric boot, heel layer, foam rubber
Furthermore, verbs also appear in the nominal group and function as Epithet or Classifier in one of the two forms as following:
Present participle, V-ing such as ageing test or past participle, V-ed as in moulded heel
When these forms serve as epithets, they typically convey the meaning of the finite tense; the present participle indicates "which is (was/will be) ing," while the past participle signifies "which has (had/will have) been ed."
For examples: bending resistance (the resistance of something which is bending), punched toe-cap (toe-cap which has been punched)
The Thing serves as the semantic core of a nominal group, encompassing common nouns, proper nouns, or personal nouns Examples include terms like international law, strict liability, and forced payment.
A qualifier enhances the meaning of a noun by providing additional details, often in the form of a relative clause or prepositional phrase For instance, phrases like "anatomy of the shoe" or "inside of foot" exemplify how qualifiers function Additionally, footwear terminology often appears as nominal groups, which further clarifies specific aspects of shoes and their design.
Based on the classification mentioned above, the FW terms collected might be classified in the form of nominal group with their sub-classes as follows:
METHODOLOGY
Reasons to choose the dictionary
The Vietnamese footwear industry emerged in 1996, yet there is a scarcity of English-Vietnamese footwear materials Despite the limited resources, numerous English footwear documents are widely published and utilized In 2007, the Leather and Footwear Research Institute initiated a project focused on researching and compiling English footwear terminology.
The "Vietnamese Footwear Terminology" project is a highly regarded resource, though currently only a draft of about 2000 words that requires further development It serves as a reference point and has not yet been officially published In 2012, Ngo Dai Quang and his team enhanced the content by adding approximately 3000 new terms, which were subsequently registered and made available on the Institute's official website Consequently, this dictionary was selected for study due to its comprehensive coverage of footwear terminology and its high level of reliability.
Methodology
This study employs a qualitative approach for data collection and analysis, emphasizing the interpretation of phenomena within their natural contexts, as noted by Denzin and Lincoln (1994) Qualitative research focuses on personal experiences, introspection, life stories, interviews, observations, and interactions, all of which hold significant meaning for individuals Additionally, it incorporates visual texts that can be collected, analyzed, and interpreted, enabling researchers to gain a thorough and accurate understanding of the issues at hand.
In conclusion, the choice of qualitative research is appropriate which determines the choice of subject, sample selection method and data analysis procedure in the study
Contrast analysis, as defined by Johansson (2000), involves the systematic comparison of two or more languages to highlight their similarities and differences This study specifically aims to utilize this method to explore the structural features of footwear terminologies in both English and Vietnamese, ultimately identifying key similarities and differences in their respective dictionaries.
Additionally, quantitative description is also used to help to count the data Due to the aim of the study to investigate of strategies applied in translating
FW terminologies in the dictionary from English into Vietnamese, document analysis becomes the main data collection method in this study
Specifically, the dictionary is selected to classify FW terminologies into certain groups with the analysis to figure out which strategy is used to transfer these terms
Chapter 2 outlines various translation strategies, with a primary focus on Newmark's methods This study analyzes data using eight specific translation procedures, as Newmark (1988b) designed these strategies to effectively address sentences and smaller language units, making them particularly suitable for translating footwear terminology Additionally, the translation of neologisms is also incorporated into the analysis.
To achieve the aims within the scope, the study is to make clear main research question:
What strategies are commonly used to translate FW terminologies from English in to Vietnamese?
Data collection procedure includes three steps:
+Collecting English terminologies and Vietnamese equivalents in the
According to categorized term groups in chapter 2, collected English and Vietnamese terminologies in step 1 are classified into one word and above- one word terms based on their structure patterns
+ Finding the common translation strategies
In accordance with the translation strategies outlined in chapter 2, the researcher identifies prevalent strategies within the FW dictionary This analysis directly addresses the research question, providing valuable insights into the translation process.
What strategies are commonly used to translate FW terminologies from English in to Vietnamese?
-Classification: Collect and arrange English and Vietnamese terms into 2 groups: one word terms and above-one word terms
The analysis examines various strategies employed in translating English and Vietnamese footwear terminology A comprehensive list is provided, accompanied by statistical calculations and visual representations of the translation strategies used This data processing is crucial, as it establishes a framework for proposing effective methods to translate English footwear terms into Vietnamese.
-Implication: Make some suggestions for translation strategies in Footwear terms
This chapter outlines key methodologies for conducting the study, emphasizing that a qualitative approach is the most effective for data analysis It provides a comprehensive overview of the data collection and analysis procedures, highlighting their significance in achieving optimal findings.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The translation of one-word terms from English into Vietnamese
This section explores the translation of one-word terms from English to Vietnamese, highlighting common challenges associated with these terms Building on the terminology features identified in Chapter 2, the study outlines effective strategies and procedures used in translating one-word terms within the context of foreign words (FW).
10 Old word with new sense
The translation of terms, particularly neologisms and technical vocabulary, is shaped by various influencing factors In the following sections, we will explore the specific terms affected by these factors during the translation process from English to Vietnamese, outlining the procedures and strategies involved.
4.1.1 Translation by using old words with new sense
This strategy focuses on translating sub-footwear terms that possess a basic nuclear meaning in the target language (TL) When used in a specialized context, these terms develop additional meanings relevant to the field while retaining their original definitions For instance, the term "close" typically refers to covering an opening, but in the context of footwear, it specifically means assembling shoe components and stitching them together This approach ensures that the translated terms are both accurate and suitable for the specialized language of the footwear industry.
English terms Basic nuclear terms Typical terms
Sự bổ trợ Phần dưới Lưỡi
Mũ giầy/ Mặt giầy Gia cố
Mặt đế Chi tiết lưỡi gà bảo vệ mu bàn chân
According to Newmark (1988, p.81), a loan word is a source language (SL) term that is directly incorporated into the target language (TL) text without translation This strategy is increasingly favored in translating terms that lack lexical equivalents in the TL Due to cultural non-equivalence, creating new names for novel concepts proves to be difficult, leading to the widespread use of loan words in translation.
Loan words for translating the materials and chemicals in shoes making
Many chemical and material names are widely recognized and used as an international language, originating from Latin or Greek These terms are consistently utilized in texts across both Vietnamese and English.
Enzyme Enzyme (xúc tác sinh học)
In the realm of footwear terminology, specific terms refer to shoe brands, types, and manufacturing methods To clarify these terms, proper names are directly translated from English to Vietnamese, while their classifiers are adapted accordingly This approach not only preserves copyright but also enhances the clarity of the translated content.
Phương pháp Goodyear Giày Moccasin
Logo của công ty Nike Giày Adidas
Giầy Geox Kiểm tra giầy theo tiêu chuẩn Gore-tex
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of each word in a phrase and pronouncing them as a single word, serving to simplify lengthy names like those of international organizations or materials They play a crucial role in translation by providing context, which aids both translators and readers in avoiding confusion and reducing verbosity in communication For example, PVC is a commonly recognized acronym that illustrates this concept.
This strategy is increasingly utilized across various sectors, where terms are adapted into Vietnamese based on similar pronunciations, making them easier for Vietnamese speakers to read and remember Examples include "boot" translated as "bốt," "crepe" as "kếp," "zig-zag" as "zic zắc," and "box-calf" as "da bốt can."
4.1.4 The translation of terms with the use of descriptive equivalent procedure
Due to their unique characteristics, footwear (FW) terminology often requires detailed explanations for better understanding, particularly regarding shoe components and accessories, which can be difficult to grasp without prior shoemaking experience FW terms tend to have more precise meanings compared to translation language (TL) terms, necessitating the inclusion of additional TL words to convey a closer approximation of their meanings Furthermore, many FW terms are accompanied by images to aid in illustration.
Awl Cái dùi (của thợ giầy dùng trong việc khâu các chi tiết giầy và đồ da bằng tay)
Baguette Túi xách tay (loại túi xách tay dài và hẹp có hình dạng tương tự như một loại ổ bánh mì)
Balmoral Giầy cao cổ (có dây buộc phía trước), mũ Xcôtlen bằng len có lông chim một bên
Welt Diếu (dải bằng da bao quanh mép mũ giầy để khâu đế vào)
Waders, hay ủng lội nước, là loại giày cao đến ngực, được thiết kế không thấm nước, thường được làm từ cao su lưu hoá, PVC, cao su tổng hợp và biến thể Gore-Tex Sản phẩm này rất phổ biến trong các hoạt động ngoài trời như câu cá, săn bắn và làm việc trong môi trường ẩm ướt.
Table 4.1: The descriptive equivalent procedure used in one word term translation 4.1.5 Translation by paraphrase using a related word
In the footwear industry, derived terms play a significant role in defining various footwear concepts, often featuring naturalized suffixes Many footwear-related words function as nouns, adjectives, or verbs, utilizing diverse prefixes and suffixes to convey different meanings in the target language (TL) These terms frequently express propositional meanings and other nuances in English that lack direct equivalents in the TL Therefore, translators must carefully consider the meanings of both suffixes and prefixes, as well as the overall word, to ensure that the new term retains some of its original meaning while aligning with the appropriate lexical choices in the TL For instance, suffixes like –or, –er, and –ee are commonly used to denote individuals associated with specific actions or roles.
–non, -un to show the opposite as in the following examples:
Người vẽ truyền Thợ pha cắt
Chống trơn trượt Chống mốc Tẩy lông Không có khả năng co được Không trơn trượt
There are some footwear terms which are literally translated thanks to available meaning As following are some example of applying literal translation to single noun, verb and adjective:
In nổi Trang trí Dán keo
In the field of FW translation, one-word terms may be less numerous than multi-word terms, yet they often pose significant challenges for translators To achieve successful FW translation, it is essential for translators to identify and address these challenges, utilizing the theory of technical term translation By selecting the appropriate procedures and strategies, translators can effectively navigate the complexities of terminology translation and enhance their overall results.
The translation of above-word level terms from English into Vietnamese
The collected compound terms are classified as nominal groups, as defined by Mark Halliday (1985) These terms are categorized based on their relationships with the primary element, "Thing." Effective translation strategies for these compounds include transposition, omission, and descriptive translation, with transposition being the most commonly used method in translating compound terms.
4.2.1 Translation by shift and transpositions
This strategy is effectively utilized in translating the majority of compound terms from English to Vietnamese It involves two types of transpositions, including changes in word order from the source language to the target language.
Transposition and rank-shift are essential techniques in translation, particularly for compound terms Changing word order is often used when translating simple and unmarked nominal groups, such as "automatic press," which becomes "máy ép tự động" in Vietnamese Conversely, transposition involves rank-shift for compound terms that lack direct Vietnamese equivalents, where these terms may correspond to a clause in Vietnamese For instance, "performed leather" translates to "da có đục lỗ." This illustrates how transposition plays a crucial role in the translation of foreign words.
4.2.1.1 Translation with the change word order from SL to TL
Hoang Van Van (1988) highlights a key distinction between English and Vietnamese in the structure of nominal groups, noting that in English, Classifier and Epithet elements come before the Thing, while in Vietnamese, they follow it This difference necessitates the use of transposition in translation, which involves altering word order, particularly the placement of adjectives and modifying elements within nominal groups between the two languages.
Classifier/ Epithet + Thing Thing + Classifier/Epithet
Above-word level terms can be translated by transposition in subgroups: a Classifier/ Epithet (adjective) + Thing
Translating compound terms from English to Vietnamese can be straightforward when the lexical equivalents, such as the Thing and Classifier or Epithet, are clearly identifiable Translators simply need to rearrange the lexical items and the sequence of English compounds to fit Vietnamese syntax For example, the compound term "real leather" can be analyzed through Halliday's experiential structure of the nominal group.
In the context of translation from English to Vietnamese, the term "real leather" illustrates a shift in word order and meaning In English, "leather" serves as the main noun, positioned second, while "real" acts as the qualifying adjective, placed first Conversely, in Vietnamese, "leather" translates to "da," occupying the first position, with "real" as "thật" following in the second position Consequently, the compound term "real leather" translates to "da thật" in Vietnamese.
Giầy dép loại thấp Giầy bảo hộ lao động
Da thật Mũi may thô(dầy) Mũi giầy không đối xứng
Continental size Cỡ giầy quốc tế b Classifier (noun) + Thing
When translating compounds that consist of a Classifier (Epithet) and a Thing, translators typically rearrange the elements to form a nominal group in English In this process, the Thing, which is the second element in the compound, becomes the first element in English, while the Classifier, indicating a specific subclass of the Thing, is placed second in the Vietnamese equivalent This structure is clarified by relational words such as "for" and "of," which help to convey the meaning of the compounds effectively.
The phrase "made of" is used to indicate the purpose and origin of products in English This compound term can be effectively translated into Vietnamese without the need for additional relational words For instance, "canvas shoes" can be translated directly, maintaining its meaning while simplifying the expression.
“giầy vải” In Vietnamese, relational words “làm bằng” is lost Following are other examples of this type:
Giầy ba lê mềm Giải phẫu bàn chân Dép đi biển
Translators can efficiently translate terms using a simple two-step process: first, they identify the divisions between elements in a group, and second, they rearrange these elements into the correct logical order in Vietnamese This method is particularly effective for translating longer nominal groups.
Lót phần hậu Keo nhiệt dẻo Miếng đệm gót Máy may trụ
Heel attaching machine Máy đóng gót
A rank-shift involves replacing a virtual lexical gap with a grammatical structure to accurately convey meaning This may require altering the grammatical structure of specific items in the source language (SL) text, where a phrase or word in SL may translate to a clause in the target language (TL) and vice versa Many terms in collected FW terminology are formed as nominal groups without direct Vietnamese equivalents, often aligning with Vietnamese clauses or verbal groups Therefore, applying the rank-shift translation procedure is crucial for translating these terms effectively.
These nominal groups are in the various forms which are examined in subgroups as follows: a Classifier/ Epithet (V-ed) + Thing
To translate this type of compounds, the form of the Classifier/ Epithet which is formed by a derived word from a verb in –ed participle when it is followed by a
Thing is specially paid attention Actually , the derived words from verb in –ed participle of the compounds which play the role of an adjective to characterize the
The term "ruched" in "ruched boots" functions similarly to an embedded clause in Vietnamese, detailing how the action is performed Translators must identify the lexical equivalents for the components of the compound term and arrange them logically in Vietnamese The English participle ending in -ed, which indicates the subclass of the Thing, transforms into a verbal group in Vietnamese Consequently, the Thing is placed first in the embedded clause, resulting in the translation "Giầy ủng được trang trí bằng vải xếp nếp." This strategy enhances the clarity and comprehensiveness of the semantic meanings compared to the change order procedure Other similar compound terms are translated in a comparable manner.
Da được gia cố Mép được đánh bóng b Thing + qualifier (N + Prp + N)
When translating compound terms from English to Vietnamese, translators must identify the grammatical unit of the Qualifier within nominal groups, as the prepositional phrase serving as the Qualifier is often rank-shifted In this context, the Qualifier is no longer part of a nominal group but is instead embedded While there is no direct Vietnamese equivalent for such Qualifiers, they typically correspond to clauses or verbal groups For example, in the term "elongation at break %," "elongation" serves as the Thing and is the first element of the compound, while "at break %" functions as the Qualifier, characterizing the Thing In Vietnamese, "elongation" translates to "độ dãn dài" and "at break %" translates to "khi da gẫy mặt tính theo %," resulting in the compound term being translated appropriately.
“độ giãn dài khi da gẫy mặt tính theo %”
Translators can maintain the original word order of compound terms in Vietnamese, which follows the structure (Thing + Qualifier) However, it is essential for translators to identify the appropriate equivalent for the Qualifier in the target language (TL) to achieve the most accurate translation Here are additional examples of this type of compound term.
Boot with turn-over top
Giầy ủng có phần trên lật lên
Da mềm để làm giầy
Ornamentation for the quarter Trang trí chi tiết lên phần thân sau của giầy
In Vietnamese, certain concepts may not have direct lexical equivalents; however, translators can effectively convey these ideas by utilizing familiar words or phrases This approach ensures that all readers, regardless of their prior knowledge in the field, can gain a clear and comprehensive understanding of the FW terminology.
Syntactically, this strategy makes a quite long explanation, on contrast, semantic meanings of FW terms become more and more detailed and comprehensive
Giày ủng của người chăn bò miền Tây nước Mỹ là loại giày đặc biệt dành cho cao bồi, với thiết kế gót cao, mũi nhọn và các đường khâu trang trí tinh tế Mũi giày nhọn giúp dễ dàng lồng vào bàn đạp khi cưỡi ngựa, trong khi gót giày giữ chân người cưỡi vững vàng trong vị trí khi điều khiển ngựa.
Appropriate strategies and procedures applied in translating Footwear
Recent research on translating English footwear terminology into Vietnamese highlights the increasing number of footwear terms and the challenges faced during translation Key issues include subtechnical terms, derived words, and differences in form and collocational patterns, as well as concepts in the source language that lack direct equivalents in the target language To address these challenges, translators employ strategies such as transference, naturalization, transpositions, translation by omission, paraphrase, and descriptive procedures.
To effectively translate footwear terminology from English to Vietnamese, it is essential to revisit and outline the various translation strategies and procedures This comprehensive approach will help identify the most suitable methods for accurately conveying the meaning of footwear terms in the target language.
4.3.1 Using old words with new sense
This translation procedure is mainly applied when the terms are sub technical terms or an ordinal word is translated with typical meaning in a special field (See examples in 4.1.1.)
Loan words play a crucial role in translating materials and chemicals used in shoe manufacturing, particularly when it comes to footwear acronyms and eponyms These terms are often utilized when the source language concept lacks a direct equivalent in the target language.
Translation by naturalization is employed to the footwear terms which have same pronunciation or morphology (see examples in 4.1.3.)
This strategy is employed when the footwear terms in English have not been lexicalized in the TL (see examples in 4.1.4 and 4.2.2)
Paraphrase using a related word strategy is proposed when the terms in English is lexicalized in the TL but in a different form (see examples in 4.1.5.)
Transposition procedure is applied because of the differences in the language structures of the two languages (see examples in 4.2.1.1., 4.2.1.2.)
When translating compound terms structured as nominal groups (Thing + Qualifier), it is essential to apply a reduction procedure, particularly when the Qualifier is a prepositional phrase This approach ensures that the translation appears natural in the target language.
Some suggestions for the Footwear terminology translation strategies
This study highlights the increasing preference for transference in translating technical terms, especially foreign words (FW) While this approach offers several benefits, it also presents some drawbacks.
One significant advantage of directly borrowing English words into the target language is its effectiveness in addressing non-equivalence issues, particularly when the target language lacks certain concepts This strategy allows translators to provide concise and accurate translations without delving deeply into the term's meaning, thereby minimizing the risk of misinterpretation, especially with entirely new terms.
The frequent use of borrowed or loan words poses challenges in preserving national characteristics in terminology This becomes particularly problematic when terms like "New Balance" and "Moccasin" retain their original forms in the source language, complicating comprehension for readers.
Transposition is a valuable translation technique that addresses various challenges by adapting different groups of terms It effectively navigates the disparities in word formation and structural patterns between languages, making it an essential tool for translators.
4.4.3 Suggestion for descriptive equivalent procedure
This translation strategy effectively addresses the issue of non-equivalence by providing clear explanations of concepts for better understanding While it enhances clarity for readers, lengthy descriptions of footwear can pose challenges for translators and hinder comprehension Therefore, developing new concepts is essential yet challenging Translators should focus on using both concise and concrete terms to ensure listeners grasp the intended meaning deeply.
This chapter explores the translation of both one-word and multi-word terms through the lens of translation theory It identifies commonly used translation procedures and highlights effective strategies for addressing translation challenges.
CONCLUSION
Summary of findings
1 Using old word with a new sense to deal with sub-footwear terms, these words exist in the TL and take on the typical meanings in a special field
2 Terms referring to the name of shoes brand, shoes making methods and materials, footwear eponyms and acronyms, they are unavailable in the subculture of footwear in Vietnam Transference is the best procedure in translating FW terms from English into Vietnamese
3 The FW terms are adapted in Vietnamese because of the same pronunciation and help Vietnamese people to read and memorize, the naturalization procedure should be applied
4 Many of footwear terms are noun, adjective or verb with various suffixes and prefixes creating different meanings in the TL, we can translate by paraphrase using a related word
5 Terms referring to words that are available in the Vietnamese, it is simple to apply the literal translation
6 Both one word terms and above-word terms, the footwear concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese or they can call the names, however, the listeners can not imagine, therefore, translators can use descriptive equivalent procedure to express and explain them
1 Terms translated with transposition procedure that involves an automatic change in the word order from SL to TL
2 Terms consisting of Classifier (past participle) + Thing, translation by rank- shift (English nominal group = Vietnamese clause) is proposed
3 Terms consisting of Thing + Qualifier (Noun + of + Noun, Noun +for+ Noun), the translators can employ omission of the prepositions.
The Implications of the Study
5.2.1 For the translation of FW terminology between English and Vietnamese
A professional translator is able to transfer the meaning of the SL text to the
To achieve effective translation across various fields, translators must possess a thorough understanding of the specific domain, particularly in accurately translating terminology while maintaining its essence in the target language (TL) This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of financial and business (FW) terms, assisting translators in avoiding confusion and ensuring clarity in their translations.
Below are valuable notices to deal with the translation of FW terms at word and above word level:
Translators working with foreign word (FW) terms at the word level must focus on the field register to identify the closest lexical equivalents in the target language (TL) for source language (SL) terms, especially when translating neologisms It is advisable to include one or more equivalent words in the TL for derived words to enhance clarity Additionally, for terms that refer to FW materials or shoe-making methods that are new and not yet lexicalized in the TL, transference may be the most effective translation strategy.
When translating FW compound terms, it is essential for translators to classify the word class of the compound and select the appropriate corresponding word class in the target language (TL) to maintain the propositional meaning of the source language (SL) Furthermore, due to the differing grammatical structures between English and other languages, changes in word order are often necessary.
Vietnamese Moreover, there are many new concepts and new objects appearing in
SL and they are not unfamiliar to the TL readers, translators can use description strategies to make clearer with detailed explanation
Description equivalent strategies are frequently proposed, but they often pose challenges for both translators and readers in terms of listening and writing Therefore, developing a new concept is essential yet complex Translators need to provide both concise and specific terms to enhance the listener's comprehension.
In conclusion, the study demonstrates that translators can effectively translate footwear terminology by employing suitable strategies, provided they possess a thorough understanding of the grammatical and semantic characteristics of both the source language (SL) and target language (TL) Prior to undertaking this challenging task, it is crucial for translators to engage in practical lessons on the shoe-making process This research aims to serve as a valuable resource for translators and anyone interested in the field of footwear translation.
5.2.2 For EFL Teaching and Learning
Despite the widespread teaching of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in universities, there is currently no ESP course focused on the Footwear (FW) industry To address this gap, we aim to create an ESP course book that introduces students to essential knowledge in the FW field, emphasizing the importance of reading comprehension By engaging with relevant written materials, students can gain a deeper understanding of the FW industry Our experience in teaching ESP has highlighted that specialized terminology, although it constitutes a small portion of the texts, often poses significant challenges for learners Therefore, providing accurate translations of these terms, grounded in a solid understanding of their grammatical and semantic aspects, will facilitate the learning process.
For ESP learners, grasping new vocabulary is crucial for comprehensive text understanding Effective methods for presenting new terms include concise definitions, detailed descriptions, synonyms, antonyms, and translations In the context of FW texts, providing detailed descriptions and translations is the most efficient way to convey meaning Given that many FW terminologies are compounds, analyzing their grammatical features and the semantic relationships between constituents is essential, as these aspects can influence the overall meaning This research aims to assist ESP teaching and learning for students interested in the FW field.
Suggestions for Further Study
This study aims to analyze the translation strategies of fixed-word (FW) terms by examining their structural features and gathering data from authentic documents The research identifies common strategies for translating both individual words and compound terms, as well as unique methods tailored to specific translation challenges.
Due to time constraints, we have been unable to gather all the FW books, which contain numerous paragraphs and specific instructions on shoe-making As a result, we have not addressed certain aspects, such as the textual and pragmatic equivalence between FW texts in the two languages.
Additionally, the followings are our suggestions for further study which will be of great interest and use for anyone concerning the study of translation of footwear terminology
A study on the translation of footwear noun phrase terminology
A study on the grammatical equivalence of the footwear terminology
A study on the textual equivalence of the footwear terminology
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APPENDICES Appendix 1: Old words with new sense
Quarter Thân sau của giầy
Tip Trang trí mũi giầy
Tongue Chi tiết lưỡi gà bảo vệ mu bàn chân
Upper Mũ giầy/ Mặt giầy
Ankle socks Giải phẫu bàn chân
Baby shoes Giầy trẻ mới sinh
Ballerina shoe Giầy múa ba lê
Ballet slippers Giầy múa ba lê mềm
Basketball shoes Giầy vận động viên chơi môn bóng rổ
Bathroom slippers Dép đi trong nhà tắm
Beach sandals Dép đi biển
Blister stitch Mũi may nổi
Boot loops Các vòng thắt của ủng
Boot puller Sợi kéo của ủng
Boot waist Phần eo của ủng
Burst strength Độ bền nổ
Canvas slippers Dép lê bằng vải
Crescent reinforcement Gia cố hình lưỡi liềm
Exhibition last Phom giầy trưng bày
Field boot Ủng làm ruộng/ Ủng thợ mỏ
Bottom filler Độn đế giầy
Foam rubber Cao su xốp
Flexibility resistance Độ bền chịu uốn
Heel grip Rãnh nhỏ ở gót giầy
Heel girth Chu vi gót giầy
Heel layer Lớp gót giầy
Heel pad Miếng đệm gót
Heel piece Miếng da gót giầy
Leather footwear Giầy dép da
Adherent force Lực bám dính
Amphibious boots Giầy ủng làm bằng da động vật lưỡng cư Asymmetrical upper Mũ giầy không đối xứng
Automatic press Máy ép tự động
Automatic oven Lò sấy tự động
Classic last Phom giầy kinh điển
Direct dyes Thuốc nhuộm trực tiếp
Direct mould Khuôn đổ trực tiếp
Fashionable footwear Giầy thời trang
Flat boots Giầy ủng phẳng
Haft boots Giầy ủng lửng
Hard rubber Cao su cứng
Butted seam Đường may nối
Burnished edge Mép được đánh bóng
Buttoned shoes Giầy cài khuy
Cemented shoes Giầy dán keo
Closed seam Đường may khép kín
Closed toe Phần mũi kín
Coated leather Da tráng phủ
Dressed leather Da may mặc
Mũi giầy có đục lỗ Punched toe-cap
Ribbed sole Đế thêm đường kẻ sọc
Appendix 5: Noun/Adjective+ Noun+Noun Noun/Adjective+ V-ing+Noun
Albert tab slipper Giầy dép nhẹ có quai để đi trong nhà Ballet hard toe shoe Giầy ba lê mũi cứng
Bar strap shoe Giầy có quai
Calf length boot Giầy ủng cao đến bắp chân
Canvas rubber shoe Giầy vải có cao su
Last side projection Hình chiếu bên của phom
Soft shoe upper leather Da mũ giầy mềm
Automatic conveyor belt Băng tải tự động
Breathable nylon upper Mũ giầy nilông thoáng hơi
Classic fashion court Giầy nữ thời trang cao gót kinh điển Industrial sewing machine Máy may công nghiệp
Edge burnishing machine Máy làm bóng mép
Manifold heel copying lathe Máy tiện sao chép gót đa chiều Leather marking pen Bút đánh dấu trên da thuộc
Leather punching machine Máy đục lỗ da
Jute sole sewing machine Máy may đế quay
Heel attaching machine Máy đóng gót
Bending resistance Độ bền chịu uốn
Binding machine Máy làm viền
Brushing machine Máy chải bụi
Burnishing wax Sáp đánh bóng
Buying department Bộ phận thu mua
Cementing machine Máy bôi keo
Cleaning solution Dung dịch làm sạch
Climbing shoes Giày leo núi
Closing department Xưởng may ráp
Combing leather Da thuộc kết hợp
Cracking grain Mặt cật bị rạn
Curing agent Chất lưu hóa
Cutting board (hand) Thớt cắt chi tiết thủ công
Cutting die Dao chặt, dao cắt
Cutting plate Tấm cắt, thớt chặt
Dancing shoes Giầy khiêu vũ
Dancing clog Guốc khiêu vũ
Dyeing assistant Phụ gia nhuộm
Dyeing auxiliaries Chất trợ nhuộm
Flexing endurance Độ bền uốn gấp
Finishing material Chất hoàn thiện
Cutting edge Lưỡi dao cắt
Folding machine Máy gấp mép
Gimping punch Đục trang trí mép răng cưa
Hunting shoes Giầy đi săn
Making room Bộ phận hoàn chỉnh giầy
Overlapping sewing May đè lên nhau
Packaging material Vật liệu đóng gói
Packing list Bản kê đóng gói
Perforating machine Máy đục lỗ
Rolling machine Máy lăn da
Running shoes Giày điền kinh
Appendix 7: Using descriptive equivalent procedure
Cái dùi là công cụ quan trọng của thợ giầy, được sử dụng để khâu các chi tiết của giày và đồ da bằng tay Brogan là loại giày ống cao đến mắt cá chân, thường được sử dụng cho công việc nặng.
Giày ủng, xuất hiện từ thế kỷ 16, có thiết kế với mũ giày bằng da mềm xốp và ống cao đến bắp chân hoặc đầu gối Loại giày này cũng bao gồm cả ủng buộc dây ngắn hơn, có nguồn gốc từ giày brodeguin của thế kỷ trước.
15 Từ thế kỷ 16, người ta bắt đầu giới thiệu các loại giày dép khác, như giày cao gót Hy Lạp cổ/ corthurnus/ korthornos, như "buskins" vì chúng giống như Buskins, dẫn đến sự nhầm lẫn về những gì giày đế cao thực sự có được Chúng cũng được sử dụng cùng với bít tất ngắn thấp và ống bằng da, lanh, lụa, hoặc vải thêu)
Calc Dép sandal (một loại dép sandal theo thuật ngữ Anglo Saxon)
Calceology chuyên ngành nghiên cứu về giày dép, đặc biệt là lịch sử về giày dép, cho dù là khảo cổ học, lịch sử thời trang giày v.v
Cligae Giầy cổ (loại giày dép của hàng giáo sĩ thời Trung cổ Tên này có nguồn gốc từ Caligae của La Mã, loại ủng này
Giày cao su, hay còn gọi là galosh, là loại giày lý tưởng cho việc đi mưa, đi tuyết và thường được sử dụng khi ra ngoài với những đôi giày khác Trong khi đó, giày moccasin, được làm từ da hươu hoặc da mềm, bao gồm cả phần mũ và đế, thường được sử dụng bởi các bộ lạc bản địa ở Mỹ Đế giày moccasin có thể được làm từ vật liệu cứng hoặc mềm, và phần mũ giày được ghép lại bằng cách khâu ren, tạo nên sự kết hợp hoàn hảo giữa tính năng và phong cách.
Giày ủng của người chăn bò miền Tây nước Mỹ là loại giày chuyên dụng cho cưỡi ngựa, thiết kế với gót cao, mũi nhọn và các đường khâu trang trí tinh xảo Mũi giày nhọn giúp người cưỡi dễ dàng lồng vào bàn đạp, trong khi gót giày giữ chân người cưỡi ổn định trên bàn đạp, tạo sự kiểm soát tốt hơn khi điều khiển ngựa.
Giày mũi rộng đã trở thành xu hướng thời trang nổi bật vào cuối thế kỷ 15, khi thiết kế giày chuyển từ mũi nhọn sang mũi ngắn và mũi vuông Với độ rộng khoảng 6 inch, giày mũi rộng thu hút sự chú ý và tạo nên phong cách riêng biệt trong thời kỳ này.
Dép xỏ ngón là loại dép lê không có quai hậu, thiết kế với quai trước hình chữ V được gắn vào đế tại ba điểm: giữa các ngón chân lớn, ngón thứ hai và hai bên bàn chân Loại dép này mang lại sự tiện lợi cho người sử dụng khi dễ dàng đi vào và tháo ra.
Phương pháp chỉnh sửa phom giầy là kỹ thuật quan trọng trong ngành đóng giày, đặc biệt khi bàn chân có kích thước không đều như rộng hơn, mu bàn chân hoặc ngón chân cái cao hơn, hoặc gót chân dày hơn mức trung bình Người thợ đóng giày sẽ thực hiện việc này bằng cách gắn thêm các miếng da phù hợp lên bề mặt phom để đảm bảo sự vừa vặn cho người sử dụng Ngoài việc đóng giày theo đo chân, phương pháp này còn được áp dụng trong sản xuất hàng loạt bằng máy phay chép phom, giúp tạo ra phom giầy với số lượng lớn.
Enzyme Enzyme (xúc tác sinh học)
Goodyear method Phương pháp Goodyear
Gore-tex test Kiểm tra giầy theo tiêu chuẩn Gore-tex
Nike logo Logo của công ty Nike
AAFA (American Alparrel & Footwear) AAFA(Hiệp hội các nhà sản xuất giầy dép, quần áo Hoa Kỳ)
EAC (ethyl acetate) Chất EAC
ISO (international standards organization) ISO (tổ chức tiêu chuẩn quốc tế)
Box-calf Vải bốt can
Appendix 9: Translation by paraphrase using a related word
Anti-skid Chống trơn trượt
Non-shrinkable Không có khả năng co được
Non- slip Không trơn trượt
Anti-blocking agent Chất chống đóng cứng
Eco-leather Da sinh thái
Skiver Người lạng mỏng da
