INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the research
Metaphor and figurative language are fascinating areas of study that continue to inspire research Despite extensive exploration of metaphorical expressions, there remains a need for further investigation Metaphors are crucial not only in linguistic studies but also in daily life, as many people unknowingly use metaphorical concepts in their communication George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's work, "Metaphors We Live By," highlights this pervasive influence of metaphors in our understanding of the world.
According to Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980), metaphor is an integral part of daily life, influencing not only language but also thought and action This highlights the significance of metaphor as a powerful tool that enhances both communication and the enjoyment of language.
Literature serves as an ideal lens for exploring metaphors, as it blends imagination with reflections of real life The language in literary works is both creative and realistic, allowing for the analysis of metaphors from various perspectives With its rich variety of figurative language, literature is a valuable source of authentic metaphors that create vivid imagery and enhance the emotional impact of the text Consequently, many researchers have turned to literature as a key resource for studying language This paper aims to investigate conceptual metaphors within literary works to deepen our understanding of language.
Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 - July 1, 1896) was a prominent American author and abolitionist from the renowned Beecher family Throughout her life, she authored thirty books, encompassing novels, travel memoirs, and various articles and letters Stowe's impactful writings played a significant role in advancing the abolitionist movement.
Harriet Beecher Stowe is renowned for her impactful public stances on social issues, particularly through her best-selling anti-slavery novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," published in 1852 This powerful narrative vividly illustrates the brutal realities faced by enslaved African Americans and resonated with millions, both in novel and play formats Its profound influence galvanized anti-slavery movements in the Northern United States while inciting significant backlash in the South The researcher, having read the story multiple times since childhood, holds a deep appreciation for its plot, themes, and characters, making it one of their favorite literary works.
This paper aims to explore the use of conceptual metaphors in Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin." The research seeks to enhance the understanding of metaphors in literature and support the teaching and learning of foreign literature for English students.
Aim and objectives of the research
This study explores the conceptual metaphors in Harriet Beecher Stowe's short story "Uncle Tom's Cabin" through a cognitive linguistics lens It focuses on identifying the various conceptual metaphors present in the narrative and categorizing them to enhance understanding of their significance within the story.
Research questions
In order to achieve the above aim and objectives, the study tries to seek out the answers to the following research questions:
- What conceptual metaphors are generated in the short story?
- How can we categorize these conceptual metaphors?
The initial research question posits that conceptual metaphors are prevalent within the narrative, prompting the researcher to investigate the metaphors arising from the varied linguistic resources employed in the story Additionally, categorization plays a vital role in the field of cognitive linguistics.
Conceptual metaphors can be categorized in many different ways based on the researcher‘s understanding, experience and interpretation That is the underlying assumption for the second research question.
Scope of the research
This research is grounded in the theoretical framework established by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Lakoff and Turner (1989), and Lakoff (2006), along with contributions from other scholars in the field of conceptual metaphor studies The analysis focuses on the short story "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher Stowe, utilizing its data to explore metaphorical concepts.
This research into conceptual metaphors explores various issues and perspectives, including frames and image schemas, but intentionally narrows its focus to specific aims No particular types of conceptual metaphors were predetermined for the investigation, allowing for a comprehensive examination aimed at identifying any emergent conceptual metaphors.
Significance of the research
Metaphor is a fundamental aspect of human language, playing a crucial role in both linguistic studies and our understanding of the human mind This research not only holds theoretical importance but also enhances second language teaching and learning This thesis focuses on analyzing metaphorical expressions through the lens of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, particularly in literary works like the short story "Uncle Tom's Cabin." By combining theoretical analysis with empirical research, this study aims to make a valuable contribution to the field of literature.
Structure of the thesis
This research comprises five chapters:
Chapter I – Introduction – This chapter discusses the rationale, aim and objectives, research questions, scope and significance of the study
Chapter II – Literature review & Theoretical Background – This chapter discusses the fundamental concepts that function the foundations for the study such as metaphor, conceptual metaphors, categorization of metaphors Previous studies related to the research were also analyzed to shed light on the methodology, the data analysis, the findings and discussions of the thesis
Chapter III – Methodology – This chapter discusses the research approach, data analysis, data analytical framework of the study
Chapter IV – Findings & Discussions – This chapter presents the data and discusses the results of the study
Chapter V – Conclusion – This chapter summarizes the findings, discusses the limitations and makes suggestions for further research
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
Introduction
Metaphor has been a subject of study by linguists for many years Traditionally viewed as a mere figure of speech in literature, the perspective shifted significantly in the late 20th century with the publication of "Metaphors We Live By" by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980 This work introduced the concept of core conceptual metaphors, marking a pivotal moment in metaphorical research and transforming our understanding of metaphor over time Today, metaphor is recognized not only as a literary device but also as a fundamental aspect of everyday language and thought, serving as a crucial means of expressing ideas and facilitating cognitive processes that help individuals make sense of the world around them.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) assert that human thought processes are fundamentally metaphorical, prompting extensive studies on cognitive and conceptual metaphors across various languages This exploration has led to the development of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as highlighted by Gibbs (1994), who differentiates between metaphor as a product and as a process, aiding in the understanding of metaphorical usage in texts versus thought Steen (1994) further distinguishes between system-level metaphors, which pertain to language or thought, and metaphors at the level of personal use Additionally, Shore (1996) introduces metaphorical models that represent cultural types shared within multicultural communities, contributing to the rich understanding of metaphor in human cognition.
In 1999, it was argued that abstract ideas often emerge from metaphorical insights, while Goatly (2007) examined the connection between conceptual metaphors and cognitive processes Kűvecses (2010) offered a comprehensive overview of two decades of advancements in cognitive metaphor research, highlighting the applicability of cognitive metaphor theory across various aspects of social life.
In Vietnam, it can be said that this new trend of study was first introduced in
Since Ly Toan Thang's 1994 article on Language and Space Recognition, research on metaphor from a cognitive perspective has significantly increased by the early 21st century In his 2005 publication, "Cognitive Linguistics – From General Theory to Practice in Vietnamese," Thang discusses the application of cognitive linguistics to Vietnamese Nguyen Duc Ton (2007) compares pre-cognitive and cognitive metaphor perceptions in his work "Cognitive Linguistics: Notes and Thinking," providing insights into the nature of metaphor Nguyen Van Hiep (2008) focuses on the role of meaning in syntactic analysis through the lens of cognitive linguistics, while Tran Van Co (2009) highlights global achievements in cognitive metaphor research and offers a comprehensive framework for understanding cognitive metaphor in Vietnamese Additionally, Nguyen Duc Ton (2008) examines cognitive metaphors in Vietnamese idioms, and Nguyen Lai (2009) delves into conceptual metaphors in poetry.
In recent years, there has been a significant surge in interest in cognitive approaches to literature, particularly regarding the role of metaphor in understanding the mind Metaphor serves as a crucial concept across cognitive disciplines, facilitating meaning-making George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, in their seminal work "Metaphors We Live By" (1980), describe conceptual metaphors as essential tools for our comprehension of the world.
7 abstract concepts in terms of more concrete ones Many authors write figuratively by deploying literary devices like metaphor and irony to convey their meanings
Ester Vidović's 2011 research, "Conceptualization of Time and Space in Fairy Tales Written During the Victorian Period," examines the use of conceptual metaphors by authors John Ruskin, George MacDonald, and Oscar Wilde This study highlights the unique challenges posed by the fairy tale genre, which remains largely unexplored in the context of metaphors that conceptualize time and space, while also connecting these concepts to the spirit of the Victorian era.
Jamshidian, S and Motlagh, A A (2020) in their study ―A Cognitive Black
The feminist analysis of Colson Whitehead's "The Underground Railroad" and Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" reveals how metaphor serves as a crucial tool to transcend the limitations of language when confronting the harsh realities of slavery, racism, and the unique double oppression faced by Black women Through these literary works, both authors illustrate the profound struggles and resilience of Black women, highlighting the need for innovative expressions to articulate their experiences.
In 1852, authors utilized metaphorical titles to critique white domination, aiming to transform the consciousness of oppressed women and highlight their potential This approach reveals how Whitehead revitalizes the narrative of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a story that has faded into obscurity over time, to emotionally engage a contemporary global audience, particularly at a moment when racial hatred appears to be a relic of the past.
In her 2010 research, "A Study of Water and Fire as Metaphors in American and Vietnamese Short Stories of the 20th Century," Phí Thị Thu Trang explored the significant role of water and fire as metaphors in literature She emphasized that metaphors are not merely linguistic tools but also reflect our mental processes, influencing our daily activities and language use The study analyzed 60 short stories, revealing that water and fire frequently appear as stylistic figures of speech, highlighting their profound impact on human perception and the relationship between nature and society.
The study highlights how metaphors of water and fire are crafted through specific lexical and grammatical choices, effectively conveying strong emotions and vivid imagery In both American and Vietnamese cultures, these elements symbolize a range of positive and negative meanings, reflecting people's perceptions of the beauty and danger associated with water and fire.
In her 2012 research titled "Life and Death Metaphors in Some Short Stories by Jack London from a Cognitive Perspective," Hoàng Diệu Thu identifies and categorizes the prevalent conceptual metaphors of life and death found in Jack London's short stories The primary metaphors representing life include "LIFE IS A JOURNEY," "LIFE IS A FIGHTING/BATTLE," "LIFE IS FIRE/HEAT/WARM," and "LIFE IS LIGHT/DAYTIME." Conversely, the metaphors associated with death, which are intricately linked to the concept of life, prominently feature "DEATH IS THE END OF THE JOURNEY," "DEATH IS COLD," "DEATH IS NIGHT/DARKNESS," and "DEATH IS SLEEP/REST." This analysis underscores the complexity of life and death, suggesting that no single metaphor can fully encapsulate their profound nature.
Despite extensive research on conceptual metaphors globally and within Vietnamese literature, there is a notable absence of specific studies focusing on the conceptual metaphors in Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin." This gap highlights a significant deficiency in the comprehensive understanding of the narrative, particularly concerning its use of conceptual metaphors.
Theoretical background
This section offers a comprehensive theoretical framework for the study, focusing on cognitive linguistics and its key components The primary objective is to elucidate the concepts of metaphor and conceptual metaphor, along with their classifications and defining characteristics, to enhance understanding in this field.
Cognitive linguistics is a modern school of linguistic thought and practice,
Cognitive linguistics explores the intricate relationship between language and cognition, highlighting how language shapes our thoughts and reflects societal changes over time (Robinson and Ellis, 2008) This field focuses on various topics, including the structural features of natural language categorization, such as systematic polysemy, cognitive models, mental imagery, and metaphor Additionally, it examines the functional principles of linguistic organization, including iconicity and naturalness, as well as the interplay between syntax and semantics Cognitive linguistics also investigates the experiential and pragmatic contexts of language use, alongside the connection between language and thought (Geeraerts and Cuyckens, 2007) Key figures in this discipline include Lakoff and Johnson, Langacker, Fauconnier, Talmy, Kửvecses, Lý Toàn Thắng, and Evans.
Cognitive linguistics is defined by two fundamental commitments: the Generalization Commitment and the Cognitive Commitment The Generalization Commitment emphasizes the need for overarching principles that apply to all aspects of human language, moving beyond traditional approaches such as semantics, phonology, morphology, and syntax, which lack generalizability In contrast, the Cognitive Commitment focuses on aligning language principles with insights from human cognition derived from various disciplines, suggesting that language and its structure should reflect general cognitive principles rather than specific ones.
Cognitive linguistics encompasses various definitions based on the specific aspects of linguistics that researchers choose to explore from a cognitive standpoint Unlike other linguistic approaches, it posits that language mirrors key properties and design features of the human mind Essentially, cognitive linguistics examines the intricate relationship between human language, cognition, and socio-physical contexts.
Cognitive linguistics encompasses two main subfields: cognitive grammar and cognitive semantics Cognitive grammar focuses on the cognitive principles underlying linguistic organization, proposing that grammar, semantics, and lexicon exist on a continuum rather than as separate systems (Langacker, 1987) Meanwhile, cognitive semantics explores how language reflects human cognitive abilities, illustrating that linguistic meaning is shaped by individual perception of the world (Croft and Cruse, 2004) Additionally, conceptual metaphor theory serves as a crucial component in both cognitive grammar and cognitive semantics, offering insights into the relationship between conceptual systems and language within the context of brain and mind studies.
A metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe someone or something in a way that differs from its usual meaning, highlighting the shared qualities between the two and enhancing the description's impact This concept is rooted in the idea of meaning transference, based on the similarities and common features between multiple objects (Hoàng Tất Trường, 1993).
Metaphor, as defined by Galperin (1981), represents a connection between dictionary meanings and contextual interpretations, grounded in the similarities between two corresponding concepts This notion is further explored in Lakoff and Johnson's seminal work, "Metaphors We Live By" (1980), which emphasizes the significance of metaphor in shaping our understanding of the world.
Metaphors significantly shape our everyday realities, as emphasized by Johnson In the field of cognitive linguistics, a metaphor is understood as the process of comprehending one conceptual domain through the lens of another, a notion supported by Lakoff.
In 1993, it was emphasized that metaphor extends beyond mere language, encompassing thought and reasoning The primary focus lies in mapping, which legitimizes the application of language and inference patterns from the source domain to concepts within the target domain.
The nature of metaphor can be understood from linguistic and cognitive perspectives Traditionally, metaphor or linguistic metaphor is viewed as a figure of
Metaphor is a linguistic expression that conveys meanings beyond their literal definitions, exemplified by phrases like "He’s going to ask for her hand," which signifies a marriage proposal This figurative language highlights the desire to symbolize commitment, akin to placing a ring on a partner's finger According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), metaphor represents a unique aspect of language, focusing on the use of words rather than the underlying thoughts or actions.
Cognitive linguistics offers a perspective that defines metaphor as the process of understanding one conceptual domain through the lens of another (Kovecses, 2002) This idea is further explored in Lakoff and Johnson's seminal work, "Metaphors We Live By" (1980), which emphasizes the foundational role of metaphors in shaping our thoughts and experiences.
According to Johnson, metaphor serves as a means to understand one thing through another, which is known as a conceptual metaphor Our daily interactions and communication are shaped by various underlying concepts For example, many cultures perceive life and love as journeys, so frequently that these metaphors often go unnoticed In English, our expressions of love and life reflect this journey-based conceptualization.
My life is going to an end / He’ll end up in prison
Our relationship is going nowhere / We won’t go far in this marriage
Expressions related to journeys reflect our perception of life, even if we don't explicitly state, "My life is a journey." Our language reveals how we conceptualize our experiences and the world around us.
With the development of cognitive linguistics and the publication of Metaphors
In their seminal work "We Live By," Lakoff and Johnson (1980) revolutionized the understanding of metaphor, shifting the perspective towards a conceptual framework in cognitive linguistics This approach emphasizes that linguistic knowledge, encompassing both meaning and form, is fundamentally rooted in conceptual structure (Croft and Cruse, 2004) Prior to this groundbreaking publication, metaphors were largely perceived in a more simplistic manner by the general public.
12 extraordinary form of language rather than a form of language used in everyday life
Metaphor, often associated with poetry and literary embellishment, is more than just a decorative language phenomenon According to Lakoff and Johnson, it serves as a conceptual framework that helps individuals comprehend and organize their experiences in the world This essential cognitive tool permeates our daily lives, influencing not only our language but also our thoughts and actions (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980).
Summary
This chapter examines the contributions of previous research on conceptualization, focusing on both global and Vietnamese contexts However, it highlights a notable gap in the literature, as there has yet to be a dedicated study exploring conceptual metaphors in the short story "Uncle Tom's Cabin." This absence presents an opportunity for further investigation into the text's metaphorical framework.
17 readers, teachers, learners and translators master the idea of the story
This chapter offers a theoretical framework for exploring the theories pertinent to this thesis, focusing on the insights of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) regarding cognitive linguistics and metaphor Cognitive linguistics examines the interplay between language and cognition, illustrating how language shapes our thoughts and reflects shifts in collective mindsets over time Conceptual metaphors serve as a means to understand abstract concepts (target domains) through more concrete experiences (source domains), with their relationships defined by mappings Additionally, the chapter categorizes various types of conceptual metaphors, including structural, ontological, and orientational metaphors, while elaborating on their classifications and implications.
METHODOLOGY
Research questions
The following two research questions are formulated to address the objectives of the study:
- What conceptual metaphors are generated in the short story?
- How can we categorize these conceptual metaphors?
In this study, the researcher aims to identify and categorize the abundant conceptual metaphors present in the narrative, utilizing linguistic resources By leveraging their own understanding and interpretative skills, the researcher will classify these metaphors into appropriate types, which will serve as the foundation for addressing the two key research questions.
Research approach: Qualitative
Qualitative research is defined as a systematic empirical inquiry into meaning, characterized by a planned and ordered approach that adheres to community-agreed rules (Shank, 2002) This research is grounded in real-world experiences, focusing on understanding how individuals interpret and make sense of their experiences Denzin and Lincoln (2000) emphasize that qualitative research adopts an interpretive and naturalistic perspective, studying phenomena in their natural settings and interpreting them based on the meanings attributed by people.
In the ground-breaking work Metaphors We live by (1980), Lakoff and Johnson showed that metaphors are in fact a fundamental, structuring mechanism in the way
19 we interact with and perceive the world around us; a linguistic phenomenon so common and easily accessible that we often do not notice that something is in fact a metaphor
This study aims to explore the conceptual metaphors present in Harriet Beecher Stowe's short story, "Uncle Tom's Cabin." By collecting and analyzing non-numerical data, the research seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying concepts, opinions, and experiences depicted in the narrative This qualitative research approach allows for an in-depth exploration of the metaphors and their categorization, relying on the researcher’s interpretation and insights to generate new ideas and address the complexities of the story.
Data collections instruments
Reading and reviewing documents is crucial for effective research, particularly when original versions of works like "Uncle Tom's Cabin" are hard to find The researcher primarily uses resources from the official Harriet Beecher Stowe website and other reliable online sources This approach offers the advantages of being current, plentiful, and authentic.
The research draws exclusively from quotations in the short story "Uncle Tom's Cabin," highlighting character expressions and dialogues throughout the narrative rather than focusing on specific chapters or themes This selection was made because these materials effectively illustrate the presence of conceptual metaphor phenomena within the text.
Data analyzing method and techniques
The major methods which are used for this research are documentary analysis and observation Thus, employing all metaphorical expressions as its unit of
20 analysis, the collected data is then analyzed using the cognitive approach developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Technique of data analysis in this research through several stages below:
The author begins by pinpointing the smallest meaningful units within the data that relate to the research focus and questions Following data collection, the researcher identifies the source domain, target domain, and their corresponding mappings.
1 “The child was evidently sincere, and Jane, breaking into a short laugh, said,
“Laws, Missis, there’s heaps of ’em Speculators buys ’em up cheap, when they’s little, and gets ’em raised for market.”
“buys”, cheap”, “market” Source domain: GOOD
2 … actually buying a man up, like a horse, - looking at his teeth, cracking his joints, and trying his paces, and then paying down for him
“buying”, “paying” Source domain: GOOD
“man”, “him” Target domain: MAN
The collected data is organized into categories, identifying commonalities among each unit At this stage, the relationship between the source domain and the target domain is analyzed and described.
“buys”, cheap”, “market”, “buying”, “paying” Source domain: GOOD
“child”, “man”, “him” Target domain: MAN
We can see that, ―man" & "good" have same features as they can be paid and bought cheaply on the market Mapping
In examining the relationship between the source domain and target domain, the meaning of each data is directly presented The interpretation meaning is conducted
21 without removing the context of language for instance the context of the time when slavery was abolished in the US in the 19th century
Hence, we can have a conceptual metaphor ―MAN IS GOOD‖
Data analytical framework
This framework represents the method and techniques to analyze the data.
Summary
In summary, four main of methodological points have been presented in this chapter They are (i) the research questions, (ii) the Qualitative approach of
This chapter outlines the research framework, focusing on four key components: the research objectives, data collection instruments, and methods and techniques for data analysis.
Identifying target domain “man”, “him” MAN
"man" & "good" have same features: can be paid and bought cheaply on the market
-The categorization of the metaphors
Based on the source domain
LIFE is FIRE MATERNAL LOVE is FIRE
Based on the target domain
FREEDOM is MONEY FREEDOM is OBJECT
FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS
FINDINGS
4.1.1 The conceptual metaphors generated in the story
The research identified twenty structural and ontological conceptual metaphors within the narrative, utilizing the instruments, methods, and techniques outlined in Chapter III These metaphors can be categorized in multiple ways based on the conceptualization of their source and target domains.
In "Uncle Tom's Cabin," freedom is portrayed as a tangible object, illustrating the conceptual metaphor where freedom is viewed as an entity The language employed throughout the narrative emphasizes this idea, utilizing verbs that convey the essence of freedom as something that can be possessed, lost, or sought after This metaphorical representation highlights the complexities and struggles associated with the pursuit of freedom, making it a powerful theme in the text.
―take‖ and ―make‖ We can take or carry something from one place to another We can make or create something by combining materials or putting parts together
A "thing" refers to a physical object that we can see and touch, representing the concept of tangible items The actions we perform with these physical objects are carried out with a sense of freedom The examples from the story illustrate how this conceptual metaphor is expressed through specific lexical choices.
“O, ye who take freedom from man, with what words shall ye answer it to God?” (Chapter 37, page 263)
St Clare informed Tom that he would be granting him freedom, instructing him to pack his belongings and prepare for their journey to Kentucky.
While in the above examples, we saw FREEDOM is a general object, in this part, we can see FREEDOM is a detailed object through a conceptual metaphor
The metaphor "FREEDOM is MONEY" illustrates a significant connection between financial resources and personal liberty In this context, money serves as a representation of freedom, suggesting that financial stability can enhance one's ability to make choices and pursue opportunities This conceptual mapping highlights how economic empowerment can lead to greater autonomy and independence in life.
When celebrating your freedom, remember to honor the sacrifices of those who contributed to it, particularly acknowledging the good soul who played a significant role Show gratitude by extending kindness to their family, including their wife and children.
The metaphorical significance of the terms "own" and "pay" lies in their common association with financial transactions These words emphasize the act of settling debts, as we often give money to individuals we owe.
In George Shelby's speech to his freed slaves in Chapter XLIV, he emphasizes that their newfound freedom is a debt owed to Uncle Tom, who sacrificed his life for them With Uncle Tom deceased, the former slaves are reminded to honor his legacy by supporting his family in their time of need.
In Uncle Tom's Cabin, freedom transcends mere objectivity, functioning as a container that embodies deeper meanings This conceptual metaphor illustrates the relationship between freedom, as the target domain, and the container, as the source domain, highlighting the multifaceted nature of liberation within the narrative.
When you celebrate your freedom, remember to honor the good soul who made it possible, and show kindness to his wife and children.
A container represents a boundary that defines what is inside and outside, emphasizing its ability to hold something In this context, "your freedom" serves as the container, allowing "you" to engage in the act of rejoicing.
In Uncle Tom's Cabin, the portrayal of the slaver is a crucial element that intertwines with the theme of freedom The conceptual metaphor of THE MAN/THE SLAVER is depicted as GOOD, highlighting the complexities of character representation in the narrative The language employed throughout the text serves to illustrate this metaphor, emphasizing the moral dilemmas faced by individuals within the institution of slavery.
MAN/THE SLAVER – the target domain is shaped by imagery of a GOOD – the source domain are nouns like “market”, “old cussed black shell”, “ownership”,
The narrative explores the disturbing metaphor of children as commodities, emphasizing phrases such as "the price of their blood" and "master's debts." This portrayal is reinforced by adjectives like "cheap" and action verbs including "buy," "pay," "sell," and "own." Through these lexical choices, the story vividly illustrates the grim reality of children being treated as property, ultimately highlighting the moral implications of such a perspective.
If I must be sold, or all the people on the place, and everything go to rack, why, let me be sold I s'pose I can b'ar it as well as any on 'em." (Chapter 5, page 34) when I have seen such men in actual ownership of helpless children, of young girls and women,- I have been ready to curse my country, to curse the human race!"
In Chapter 10, a trader informs Lucy that her child has been sold, emphasizing that she might as well hear the news sooner rather than later He explains that he recognized she couldn't take her child south and seized the opportunity to sell him to a reputable family who will provide a better upbringing than she could offer.
DISCUSSION
An analysis of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" reveals that conceptual metaphors are prevalent throughout the narrative, appearing consistently across all chapters.
The metaphor of the HUMAN BODY and its PARTS plays a significant role in this narrative, conceptualizing the body as a CONTAINER Various body parts, including the whole body, heart, and eyes, serve as containers for both tangible and abstract elements This idea emphasizes the human body as a multifunctional space capable of holding a wide range of experiences and concepts Additionally, certain concepts related to humanity, such as strength, thought, and language, are metaphorically represented as LIQUID Furthermore, abstract ideas like time, soul, disease, and fire are also personified as HUMAN, enriching the narrative's depth and complexity.
The concept of MAN is often associated with the idea of GOOD, particularly in the context of historical events such as the abolition of slavery in the 19th century United States During this period, the status of enslaved individuals, often referred to as "colored men," was perceived as a commodity that could be bought, sold, and displayed by white individuals, often at a low price This metaphor highlights the troubling intersection of human value and economic exploitation.
In "Uncle Tom's Cabin," the concept of HUMAN is pivotal, serving as the central theme throughout the narrative Most conceptual metaphors in the text revolve around this idea, highlighting the significance of humanity in the universe Ultimately, everything else—be it objects or creatures—finds its relevance and existence through the lens of human experience and purpose.
In the narrative, the metaphor of FREEDOM is pivotal, representing various dimensions of liberation for marginalized individuals FREEDOM is portrayed as a tangible OBJECT that can be grasped and shaped, akin to a commodity It is also equated with MONEY, emphasizing the notion that it must be earned and valued Furthermore, FREEDOM is depicted as a CONTAINER, symbolizing a space where true happiness can be experienced.
In this narrative, LIFE is metaphorically represented as FOOD and FIRE, illustrating how one concept can be understood and categorized in various ways The concept of FIRE serves as a source domain for other emotions such as LOVE, THIRST, and ANGER This aligns with Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) theory on the categorization of conceptual metaphors, reinforcing the idea that our understanding of complex ideas often relies on metaphorical frameworks.
CONCLUSION
Summary of major findings
Metaphor, known for its novelty and diversity, is a complex figure of speech that plays a significant role in various forms of communication, including everyday language, scientific discourse, and journalism Its impact is particularly profound in literature, where it effectively conveys deeper messages The essence of metaphor lies in the relationship between a target domain and a source domain, leading to varied interpretations and discussions about the intended meaning.
Research on "Uncle Tom's Cabin" reveals that conceptual metaphors are indeed prevalent throughout the narrative Harriet Beecher Stowe employs a diverse range of metaphors across all chapters, effectively conceptualizing various aspects of humanity, nature, and society into distinct entities While the story features many conventional metaphors, Stowe also showcases her creativity by extending and elaborating on everyday metaphors, offering fresh interpretations that enrich the text This analysis highlights the significant role that metaphorical language plays in conveying deeper meanings within the story.
The article explores various types of conceptual metaphors present in the story, highlighting key concepts such as HUMAN, FREEDOM, and LIFE The HUMAN concept frames the body as a container, depicting man as good and associating fire and time with human qualities FREEDOM is portrayed as both a tangible object, akin to money, and as a spacious container Additionally, LIFE is metaphorically represented as food and fire, with fire serving as a source domain for other emotions like love, thirst, and anger A comprehensive table illustrates these conceptual metaphors.
Object Freedom FREEDOM is an OBJECT
Container Freedom FREEDOM is CONTAINER
Money Freedom FREEDOM is MONEY
Container Human body HUMAN BODY is CONTAINER Container Heart HUMAN HEART is CONTAINER
Container Bosom HUMAN BOSOM is CONTAINER
Container Breast HUMAN BREAST is CONTAINER
Container Eye HUMAN EYE is CONTAINER
Human Sleep SLEEP is HUMAN
Human Time TIME IS AN HUMAN
Human Soul SOUL IS AN HUMAN
Human Disease DISEASE is an HUMAN
Human Fire FIRE is HUMAN
Good Human MAN is a GOOD
Liquid Strength STRENGTH is LIQUID
Liquid Thought THOUGHT is LIQUID
Liquid Language LANGUAGE is LIQUID
Liquid Love LOVE is LIQUID
Maternal Love MATERNAL LOVE is WROUGHT IRON
Love MATERNAL LOVE is FIRE
Liquid Love LOVE is LIQUID
Food Life LIFE is FOOD
Fire Life LIFE is FIRE
Fire Thirst THIRST is FIRE
Fire Anger HUMAN FEELING/ANGER is FIRE
Love MATERNAL LOVE is FIRE
Fire Life LIFE is FIRE
Human Fire FIRE is HUMAN
Implications for studying, teaching and researching
Studying literature enhances our understanding of diverse cultures and the beauty of human experience, ultimately improving language mastery It reflects human actions, emotions, and values while showcasing creativity and the magical use of language Through various linguistic devices, literature creates imagery, conveys messages, and fosters connections between writers, readers, and characters Increased reading leads to improved language skills, making the content and artistry of literary works essential in any comprehensive language training program.
Teaching literary texts, such as short stories, necessitates a careful examination of figurative language, particularly metaphors, as they serve as vital tools for creating analogies, forging connections, and elucidating abstract concepts The absence of metaphors and other figures of speech can render literature lifeless, stripping it of its inherent beauty When ideas and messages are presented to readers without inviting contemplation, association, or implication, the enjoyment of reading is significantly diminished.
Short stories and metaphors play a crucial role in enhancing language competence among English learners To effectively teach literary texts, educators should choose short stories that are diverse in literary devices and appropriate in length, typically ranging from 5,000 to 7,000 words, making them manageable for students to read in their entirety These stories often feature relatable themes and accessible language, bridging the gap between literature and everyday life.
Developing language skills through the analysis of literary tropes is essential for learners It is crucial for educators to guide students in understanding the power of rhetorical devices such as metaphor, metonymy, simile, personification, and euphemism Among these, metaphors stand out as both challenging and impactful, warranting focused attention Teachers should assist students in exploring conceptual metaphors and metaphorical expressions to grasp their creation and significance Since metaphors often draw on common symbolic images like humanity, fire, life, and death, it is important for learners to identify these symbols and comprehend their integration into metaphors.
Teachers must recognize the importance and methods of effectively teaching literary texts to students Literature serves not only to impart literary knowledge but also to help learners practice language skills appropriately Emphasizing the study of figurative language is crucial, as it enhances students' appreciation of its potential value and the beauty found within literary works.
Limitations of and Suggestions for further research
This study explores the conceptual metaphors present in the short story "Uncle Tom's Cabin." While it aims to address various phenomena related to conceptual metaphor, it represents only a minor aspect of the broader research field The findings highlight the limitations of the research, as the analysis does not fully capture the depth of the subject matter.
Therefore, I hope my research can lay a background for the future researches related to conceptual metaphor in Uncle Tom‘s Cabin and other literature works
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38 Harriet Beecher Stowe Center https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org
39 Jamshidian, S & Motlagh, A A (2020) A Cognitive Black Feminist Study of The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stow Malayer University Available from https://civilica.com/doc/880213/
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44 Uncle Tom‘s Cabin Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin
45 Uncle Tom‘s Cabin - Important Quotes Explained Available from https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/uncletom/quotes/
―O, ye who take freedom from man, with what words shall ye answer it to God?‖
St Clare informed Tom that he would be granting him freedom and instructed him to pack his belongings in preparation for their journey to Kentucky.
2 Container Freedom FREEDOM is CONTAINER
So, when you rejoice in your freedom
3 Money Freedom FREEDOM is MONEY
So, when you rejoice in your freedom, think that you owe it to that good old soul, and pay it back in kindness to his wife and children
"You're afraid of me, Simon, and you've reason to be But be careful, for I've got the devil in me!"
It seemed to her as if strength poured into her in electric streams, from every gentle touch and movement of the sleeping, confiding child
Those words fell on his heart like clods upon a coffin
She seemed to sink, at once, into the bosom of the family, and take the little ones into her heart, as something for which it long had waited
Tom‘s heart was full; he poured it out in prayer, like waters that have been long suppressed
I ought to know such things, I ought to feel about them! Such things always sunk into my heart; they went down deep; I've thought and thought about them
"Is it truly possible for a kind family to face such dire circumstances? Unfortunately, even kind families can fall into debt, and the laws in our country permit the heartbreaking act of selling a child from their mother's embrace to settle their master's financial obligations."
She seemed to sink, at once, into the bosom of the family, and take the little ones into her heart, as something for which it long had waited
All these thoughts were rolling and seething in George’s breast
When he hurriedly announced the tidings among his hands, there was a sudden light in Tom’s eye, a sudden upraising of his hands, that did not escape him
6 Good Man MAN is a GOOD
The creature insisted, "I was never born, had no father or mother, and was raised by a speculator along with many others." The child's sincerity was clear, prompting Jane to laugh and respond, "Indeed, there are many like you Speculators buy them cheaply when they're young and raise them for the market."
… actually buying a man up, like a horse,— looking at his teeth, cracking his joints, and trying his paces, and then paying down for him
In a confrontational tone, the speaker challenges the listener's pretense of piety by referencing a biblical command to obey one's masters They assert their authority, reminding the listener that they have paid a significant sum for ownership, declaring that they now possess both their body and soul.
If I must be sold, or all the people on the place, and everything go to rack, why, let me be sold I s'pose I can b'ar it as well as any on 'em."
Standing at his grave, I made a solemn vow before God to never own another slave, especially after witnessing the tragic reality of individuals possessing vulnerable children and women This experience filled me with deep anger towards my country and humanity as a whole.
The trader informed Lucy that her child was gone, emphasizing that she might as well know the truth now rather than later He explained that he understood she couldn't take him down south and had found an opportunity to sell him to a reputable family that would provide a better upbringing than she could offer.
"I am determined to earn four dollars a week, and my mistress plans to save it all to buy back my husband," said the woman George responded in amazement, "This is quite a business endeavor!"
He sold both children and, after taking me for a ride one day, I returned home to find them missing He confessed to selling them and displayed the money he received, a grim reminder of their fate.
―I‘ve had a sister sold in that New Orleans market
I refuse to passively witness the exploitation of my wife, knowing her worth and the prices she could be sold for God has blessed me with the strength to protect her, and I will not stand idly by while she is taken from me.
George expressed his disbelief, questioning how a kind family could end up in such dire circumstances He pointed out the harsh reality that even compassionate families can fall into debt, ultimately leading to the heartbreaking possibility of selling a child to settle their master's financial obligations.
In a moment of defiance, he raised himself, gazing intently at the heavens as tears and blood streamed down his face With conviction, he declared, "No! My soul is not yours, Master! You haven't purchased it—you cannot buy it! It has already been bought and paid for by one who can safeguard it; regardless, you cannot harm me!"
I am George Harris, a man who was once considered the property of Mr Harris from Kentucky However, I now stand as a free man on God’s free soil, proudly claiming my wife and child as my own.
7 Human Sleep SLEEP is HUMAN
It seemed to her as if strength poured into her in electric streams, from every gentle touch and movement of the sleeping, confiding child
8 Human Time TIME IS AN HUMAN
In that dizzy moment her feet to her scarce seemed to touch the ground, and a moment brought her to the water‘s edge
9 Human Soul SOUL IS AN HUMAN
Tom fervently prayed for the soul that was departing, captivated by the sorrowful gaze of its large, melancholy blue eyes.