BIOFUELS - ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY Edited by Zhen Fang Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50478 Edited by Zhen Fang Contributors Stephen Hughes, Pantaleo, Nilay Shah, Rosa, Krzysztof Biernat, Artur Malinowski, Malwina Gnat, Minerva Singh, Shonil Bhagwat, Estelvina Rodriguez-Portillo, Jose Ricardo Duarte Ojeda, Sully Ojeda De Duarte, Anthony Basco Halog, Nana Awuah Bortsie-Aryee, Annelies Zoomers, Lucía Goldfarb, Suseno Budidarsono, Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro, Aline Guarieiro, Ada Rispoli, Davide Barnabè, Renzo Bucchi, Claudia Letizia Bianchi, Pier Luigi Porta, Daria Camilla Boffito, Gianni Carvoli, Carlo Pirola, Cristian Chiavetta, James A. Dyer, Raymond L. Desjardins, Suren Kulshreshtha, Brian G. McConkey, Xavier P.C. Vergé, Marcelo Sthel, Aline Rocha, Maria Castro, Victor Haber Perez, Helion Vargas, Marcelo Gomes, Georgia Mothe, Wellington Silva, Juliana Rocha, Flavio Couto Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published February, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability, Edited by Zhen Fang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0950-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Feedstocks 1 Chapter 1 Land Use Change Impacts of Biofuels: A Methodology to Evaluate Biofuel Sustainability 3 D. Barnabè, R. Bucchi, A. Rispoli, C. Chiavetta, P.L. Porta, C.L. Bianchi, C. Pirola, D.C. Boffito and G. Carvoli Chapter 2 Tropical Agricultural Production, Conservation and Carbon Sequesteration Conflicts: Oil Palm Expansion in South East Asia 39 Minerva Singh and Shonil Bhagwat Chapter 3 The Drivers Behind the Rapid Expansion of Genetically Modified Soya Production into the Chaco Region of Argentina 73 Lucía Goldfarb and Annelies Zoomers Chapter 4 Integration of Farm Fossil Fuel Use with Local Scale Assessments of Biofuel Feedstock Production in Canada 97 J.A. Dyer, R.L. Desjardins, B.G. McConkey, S. Kulshreshtha and X.P.C. Vergé Chapter 5 The Possibility of Future Biofuels Production Using Waste Carbon Dioxide and Solar Energy 123 Krzysztof Biernat, Artur Malinowski and Malwina Gnat Chapter 6 Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia: The Implications for Migration, Settlement/Resettlement and Local Economic Development 173 Suseno Budidarsono, Ari Susanti and Annelies Zoomers Section 2 Biofuels 195 Chapter 7 The Need for Integrated Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Biofuel Supply Chains 197 Anthony Halog and Nana Awuah Bortsie-Aryee Chapter 8 The Logistics of Bioenergy Routes for Heat and Power 217 Antonio M. Pantaleo and Nilay Shah Chapter 9 Sustainable Multipurpose Biorefineries for Third-Generation Biofuels and Value-Added Co-Products 245 Stephen R. Hughes, William R. Gibbons, Bryan R. Moser and Joseph O. Rich Section 3 Environment 269 Chapter 10 Environmental Considerations About the Life Cycle of Biofuels 271 Estelvina Rodríguez Portillo, José Ricardo Duarte Ojeda and Sully Ojeda de Duarte Chapter 11 Environmental Assessment of a Forest Derived “Drop-in” Biofuel 287 Anthony Halog and Nana Awuah Bortsie-Aryee Chapter 12 Evaluation of Gaseous Emission in the Use of Biofuels in Brazil 303 Marcelo Silva Sthel, Aline Martins Rocha, Juliana Rocha Tavares, Geórgia Amaral Mothé, Flavio Couto, Maria Priscila Pessanha de Castro, Victor Habez Perez, Marcelo Gomes da Silva and Helion Vargas Chapter 13 Biofuels in Brazil in the Context of South America Energy Policy 325 Luiz Pinguelli, Rosa Alberto Villela and Christiano Pires de Campos Chapter 14 Vehicle Emissions: What Will Change with Use of Biofuel? 357 Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro and Aline Lefol Nani Guarieiro ContentsVI Preface Biofuels are gaining public and scientific attention driven by high oil prices, the need for en‐ ergy security and global warming concerns. There are various social, economic, environ‐ mental and technical issues regarding biofuel production and its practical use. This book is intended to address these issues by providing viewpoints written by professionals in the field and the book also covers the economic and environmental impact of biofuels. This text includes 14 chapters contributed by experts around world on the economy, eviron‐ ment and sustainability of biofuel production and use. The chapters are categorized into 3 parts: Feedstocks, Biofuels, Environment Section one, focuses on the sustainability and economy of feedstock production. Chapters 1 and 2 discuss the sustainability and biodiversity of land use for biofuel crops. Chapter 3 gives a case study on rapid expansion of soy production in a region of Argentina. Chapter 4 assesses biofuel feedstock production in Canada by farm energy analysis. Chapter 5 ana‐ lyzes the processes of biofuel production using waste carbon dioxide and solar energy. Chapter 6 presents a case study on social and economic development caused by oil palm plantation in Indonesia. Section 2, (Chapters 7-9) analyzes biofuel systems. Chapter 7 evaluates the sustainability of biofuels via life cycle and integrated sustainability modeling and analysis with considera‐ tion to temporal and spatial dimensions. Chapter 8 overviews the logistics of bioenergy sys‐ tems, with particular attention to the economic and sustainability implications of the different transport, processing and energy conversion systems for heat and power genera‐ tion. Chapter 9 discusses efficiently converting biomass to biofuels and value-added co- products. Section 3, (Chapters 10-14) gives environmental analyses of biofuels. Environmental consid‐ eration and assessment of biofuels are given in Chapters 10 and 11. Evaluation of gaseous emissions by the use of biofuels is presented in Chapter 12. Energy policies in Brazil related to climate change and CO2 emission abatement are overviewed in Chapter 13. Finally, vehi‐ cle emissions from biofuel combustion are commented in Chapter 14 This book overviews social, economic, environmental and sustainable issues by the use of biofuels. It should be of interest for students, researchers, scientists and technologists in bio‐ fuels. I would like to thank all the contributing authors for their time and efforts in the careful con‐ struction of the chapters and for making this project realizable. It is certain to inspire many young scientists and engineers who will benefit from careful study of these works and that their ideas will lead us to develop and recognize biofuel systems that are economic, sustain‐ able and respectful of our environment. I am grateful to Ms. Iva Simcic (Publishing Process Manager) for her encouragement and guidelines during my preparation of the book. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards my family for their kind coop‐ eration and encouragement, which help me in completion of this project. Prof. Dr. Zhen Fang Leader of Biomass Group Chinese Academy of Sciences Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China PrefaceVIII Section 1 Feedstocks [...]... their growth [3] 2.2 Land use issues 2.2.1 Demand for land Since biofuels are derived from biomass conversion, demand for land for agro-fuel produc‐ tion has increased significantly over the past few years Growing demand for land is a sensi‐ tive point in biofuels sustainability since, directly or indirectly, it influences all the three sustainability pillars: social, economic and environmental2 According... indirect land use change is that the use of crops for biofuels might dis‐ place other agricultural production activities onto land with high natural carbon stocks like forests, resulting in significant greenhouse gas emissions from land conversion 7 8 Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability The environmental profile of biofuels has to take into account the GHG emissions balance from land use... currently the Med‐ iterranean basin comprises also slightly-arid lands [1] 23 24 Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability A promising non-edible energy crop seems to be the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which cur‐ rently exists both in the non-GMO and GMO version for improved oilseed yield and resist‐ ance factors against herbicides and insects [44] In addition, from the climatic point of view... management of plant-parasitic nematodes through alternative strategies seems to become more and more pressing Among the non-chemical alternatives, biofumigation and solarization are out‐ standing, and so are crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, and grafting, which are effective 25 26 Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability means of control when included in an integrated crop management system... effectively and establish the sustainability criteria for bio‐ fuels6 The RED requires that all biofuels supplied to the EU market comply with the sus‐ tainability criteria The Directive 2009/28/EC sets out sustainability criteria for biofuels in its articles 17, 18 and 19 These criteria are related to greenhouse gas savings, land with high biodiversity value, land with high carbon stock and agro-environmental... resistance to water and wind erosion available water maximum amount of available water for organic matter capacity plant uptake water storage The difference between the Field runoff and nutrient leaching Capacity and the Permanent Wilting Point 13 14 Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability Indicator: Category Name Description Influence on: bulk density refers to soil compaction and indicate organic... a more comprehensive and accurate result the most used methodology is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Thanks to its standardized methodology (ISO14040 and ISO14044) and the increase in quali‐ ty and number of database available, LCA has recently grown in importance as one of the most complete and reliable methodology to environmental sustainability of biofuels Defining the goal and scope of the study,... include land use impacts in LCA studies and an agreed coherent and consistent method has yet to be defined, in the last years some interesting approaches have been proposed Land Use Change Impacts of Biofuels: A Methodology to Evaluate Biofuel Sustainability http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52255 To date the ILCD Handbook identified (see Table 2) three midpoint methods and underly‐ ing models for land use and. .. Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability ries, their absolute values are multiplied by the characterization factor c=1 ,-1 respectively ac‐ cordingly to display the difference between negative and positive effects of the increase of the land quality parameters values Figure 2 Land occupation and transformation Source: LANCA® method report figure 2-1 As a conclusion, to identify land use impacts... materiali di scarto” – D.M 27800/7303/09), financially supported by the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies – Italy 11 12 Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability 4 storing and cycling nutrients and other elements within the biosphere; 5 providing support of socioeconomic structures and protection for archaeological treas‐ ures associated with human habitation 3.1.2 Soil indicators . BIOFUELS - ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY Edited by Zhen Fang Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50478 Edited. orders@intechopen.com Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability, Edited by Zhen Fang p. cm. ISBN 97 8-9 5 3-5 1-0 95 0-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals