This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. 6 Jump down to document Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Research in the Arts View document details This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. Limited Electronic Distribution Rights For More Information Support RAND The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts Gifts of the Muse Kevin F. McCarthy | Elizabeth H. Ondaatje Laura Zakaras | Arthur Brooks Commissioned by The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R ® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2004 RAND Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2004 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gifts of the muse : reframing the debate about the benefits of the arts / Kevin F. McCarthy [et al.]. p. cm. “MG-218.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8330-3694-7 (pbk.) 1. Government aid to the arts. 2. Arts and society. I. McCarthy, Kevin F., 1945– NX720.G54 2004 701—dc22 2004021806 Cover design by Eileen Delson La Russo The research in this report was commissioned by The Wallace Foundation. iii Preface Understanding the benefits of the arts is central to the discussion and design of poli- cies affecting the arts. This study addresses the widely perceived need to articulate the private and public benefits of involvement in the arts. The findings are intended to engage the arts community and the public in a new dialogue about the value of the arts, to stimulate further research, and to help public and private policymakers reach informed decisions. Recent policy debates about the arts—their role in society, how they should be funded, whether they are thriving or suffering—have been hampered by limitations in available data and the absence of a developed body of rigorous and independent research on the arts. Over the last several years, the RAND Corporation has been building a body of research on the arts to help inform public policy. In a series of re- ports on the performing arts, the media arts, and the visual arts, RAND researchers have been describing what is known—and not known—about the ecology of the arts, including recent trends in public involvement, numbers and types of arts orga- nizations, sources and levels of financial support, and numbers and employment cir- cumstances of artists working in different fields. RAND researchers have also exam- ined how to build participation in the arts and whether partnerships between arts organizations and schools in California’s Los Angeles School District are working effectively. In addition, ongoing research is being conducted to analyze innovative practices that state arts agencies across the country have adopted to encourage greater local participation in the arts. This study is one in a series of publications on research in the arts conducted within RAND Enterprise Analysis, a division of the RAND Corporation. It was made possible by a grant from The Wallace Foundation, which seeks to support and share effective ideas and practices that expand learning and enrichment opportunities for all people. The Foundation’s three current objectives are to strengthen education leadership in ways that improve student achievement, to improve out-of-school learning opportunities, and to expand participation in arts and culture. Other RAND Books on the Arts A New Framework for Building Participation in the Arts (2001) Kevin F. McCarthy and Kimberly Jinnett The Performing Arts in a New Era (2001) Kevin F. McCarthy, Arthur Brooks, Julia Lowell, and Laura Zakaras From Celluloid to Cyberspace: The Media Arts and the Changing Arts World (2002) Kevin F. McCarthy and Elizabeth H. Ondaatje A Portrait of the Visual Arts: Meeting the Challenges of a New Era (forthcoming) Kevin F. McCarthy, Elizabeth H. Ondaatje, Arthur Brooks, and Andras Szanto State Arts Agencies, 1965–2003: Whose Interests to Serve? (2004) Julia Lowell Arts Education Partnerships: Lessons Learned from One School District’s Experience (2004) Melissa K. Rowe, Laura Werber Castaneda, Tessa Kaganoff, and Abby Robyn v Contents Preface iii Figures ix Summary xi Acknowledgments xix CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 Study Approach 2 Report Overview 5 CHAPTER TWO Instrumental Benefits: What Research Tells Us—And What It Does Not 7 Cognitive Benefits 8 Types of Benefits and Populations Studied 8 Types of Arts Involvement 8 Methods 9 Attitudinal and Behavioral Benefits 10 Types of Benefits and Populations Studied 10 Types of Arts Involvement 11 Methods 12 Health Benefits 12 Types of Benefits and Populations Studied 12 Types of Arts Involvement 13 Methods 13 Community-Level Social Benefits 14 Types of Benefits 14 Types of Arts Involvement 15 Methods 15 Economic Benefits 16 Types of Benefits 16 vi Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts Methods 17 Evaluation of the Literature 19 CHAPTER THREE Instrumental Benefits: Getting More Specific 21 Creating Benefits to Individuals 21 Arts-Rich School Environment and Associated Benefits 23 Arts Used as Pedagogical Tool and Associated Benefits 24 Arts as a Means of Teaching Non-Arts Subjects 25 Direct Instruction in the Arts and Associated Benefits 26 Creating Benefits to Communities 28 Social Benefits 28 Economic Benefits: Why They Are a Special Case 31 Conclusions 33 Individual-Level Benefits 33 Community-Level Benefits 34 CHAPTER FOUR Intrinsic Benefits: The Missing Link 37 Approach 38 Art as a Communicative Experience 39 What the Artist Conveys 43 Aesthetic Experience and Its Intrinsic Benefits 44 Immediate Intrinsic Benefits Inherent in the Arts Experience 45 Expansion of Individual Capacities 47 Contributions to the Public Sphere 50 Conclusion 52 CHAPTER FIVE The Process of Arts Participation: How It Relates to Benefits 53 Gateway Experiences 53 Transforming Occasional into Frequent Participants 55 High Levels of Engagement: The Key to Frequent Participation 56 Modeling the Decisionmaking Process 58 Shaping Perceptions and Inclinations: Background Factors and Early Arts Experiences 60 From Practical Considerations to the Arts Experience 61 Key Determinants of Arts Participation Decisions for Frequent Participants 62 Cumulative Effects of Arts Participation 63 Bottom Line 65 Contents vii CHAPTER SIX Conclusions and Implications 67 Problems with the Current Policy Approach 67 Problems with Instrumental Arguments 67 Insufficient Emphasis on Intrinsic Benefits 68 Undue Emphasis on Arts Supply and Financial Support 68 A New Approach 69 A Broader View of the Public Benefits of the Arts 69 The Central Role of Intrinsic Benefits in Arts Participation 70 Factors Behind Sustained Arts Involvement 70 Policy Implications 71 Recommendations 72 APPENDIX Review of the Theoretical Research 75 Bibliography 93 [...]... created, and examining how they accrue to individuals and the public through different forms of arts participation xi xii Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts The basis of our study was an extensive review of published sources of several kinds First, we reviewed the evidence for the instrumental benefits of the arts Second, we reviewed conceptual theories from multiple... for the arts because they know that some of the claims are unsubstantiated or exaggerated and that they fail to capture the unique value of the arts Yet these supporters recognize that many of the people who authorize public spending on the arts—and often private funding as well—will only respond if the arguments are cast in terms of the broad social problems that sit at the top of their agendas The. .. positively affected by the use of arts in health care 14 Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts Community-Level Social Benefits Types of Benefits The literature on the social benefits of the arts at the community level has emerged only in the last few years and has not yet developed connections to established theory in the social sciences.10 The benefits it examines fall... particularly, the nature of the methodologies used, the selective nature of the populations studied, and what is often a failure to specify how arts participation generates the effects claimed (both in terms of the underlying theory and how the effects relate to specific forms of participation)—constitute holes in the evidence And perhaps the most important problem of all is that the literature and the advocates... groups Finally, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence 7 8 Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts Cognitive Benefits Types of Benefits and Populations Studied Studies of cognitive benefits focus on the development of learning skills and academic performance in school-aged youth.1 The benefits of arts involvement examined in these studies fall into three... An Examination of Best Practices (1997) and The Arts and Prosocial Impact Study: Program Characteristics and Prosocial Effects (1999) 12 Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts knowledge that the benefits of performing can be gained whether the activity takes place in school or in the community Methods As was true for the cognitive studies, the studies of attitudinal... end of the scale In this case, the benefits to the public arise from the collective effects that the arts have on individuals: • Creation of social bonds When people share the experience of works of art, either by discussing them or by communally experiencing them, one of the intrinsic benefits is the social bonds that are created This benefit is different from the instrumental social benefits that the. .. shifting it toward the promotion of satisfying arts experiences: xviii Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts • Develop language for discussing intrinsic benefits The arts community will need to develop language to describe the various ways that the arts create benefits at both the private and the public level The greatest challenge will be to bring the policy community... local economies They are even said to be a mechanism for urban revitalization The argument, in short, seeks to justify the arts in terms of their instrumental benefits to society 1 2 Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts There is nothing new about arguments based on instrumental benefits—in the 19th century, for example, the arts were promoted as a means of civilizing... and into a state of focused attention This reaction to a work of art can xvi Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts connect people more deeply to the world and open them to new ways of seeing and experiencing the world • Pleasure The artist provides individuals with an imaginative experience that is often a more intense, revealing, and meaningful version of actual experience . and the public through different forms of arts participation. xii Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts The basis of our. to a work of art can xvi Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts connect people more deeply to the world and open them to