INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
Effective communication is essential in all aspects of human life, including work, social interactions, and family relationships It enables individuals to articulate their thoughts and foster healthy connections with others Learning to use language effectively in daily conversations is not only exciting but also crucial for sharing opinions and information Analyzing character dialogues in films enhances viewers' understanding of language and improves their communication skills Therefore, exploring conversations in movies is a vital endeavor that contributes to effective communication.
Effective communication often falters when speakers struggle to express their thoughts, leading to breakdowns in conversation To maintain a smooth dialogue, both speakers must engage in creating interrelated utterances, known as adjacency pairs This study analyzes the use of adjacency pairs among characters in the film "Call Me by Your Name," focusing specifically on the types of adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies employed in delivering dispreferred second parts, based on Yule's theoretical framework.
(1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes (2008) which have been generally acknowledged
Previous researches have also addressed several fields of adjacency pairs and preference structure such as a study of linguistics features of
In a contrastive study by Nguyễn Đức Thắng (2014), two dispreferred structures commonly used in workplace communication are examined in both English and Vietnamese contexts Additionally, Nguyễn Thị Phương explores the linguistic features of adjacency pairs in romantic movies from both languages, highlighting the nuances in conversational dynamics This research underscores the importance of understanding cultural differences in communication styles, particularly in professional and cinematic settings.
(2015), and another on good textbooks “New Interchange 1 and 2” by
The study titled "Adjacency Pairs in Conversations from the Film 'Call Me by Your Name' by Luca Guadagnino" aims to explore the concept of adjacency pairs in dialogue Conducted by Inthavong (2018), this research delves into the nuances of conversational exchanges within the film, enhancing our understanding of interpersonal communication in cinematic contexts.
AIM & OBJECTIVES
This study examines the various types of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies used to convey dispreferred second parts in conversations from the film "Call Me by Your Name," directed by Luca Guadagnino.
To gain the aim above, two following objectives have to be reached:
- to examine the types and frequencies of adjacency pairs found in the conversations between the characters involved
- to examine the verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The study aims to answer two following research questions:
1 What are the types of adjacency pairs and how frequently are they used in the conversations in the film?
2 What are the verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts in the conversations in the film?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study analyzes adjacency pairs in conversations from Luca Guadagnino's film, emphasizing the various types of adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies employed in dispreferred second parts Utilizing the theoretical frameworks established by Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007), and Rymes, the research provides insights into conversational dynamics and interactional patterns within the film's dialogue.
(2008), 250 adjacency pairs are collected from 85 conversations in the film
Meanwhile, 16 types of adjacency pairs suggested by Yule (1996), Schegloff
This study investigates the verbal strategies for expressing dispreferred second parts as proposed by Yule (1996), drawing on the works of Rymes (2007) and Rymes (2008) It employs a descriptive methodology that integrates both quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze the data.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study aims to explore adjacency pairs and related conversational dynamics in the movie, providing valuable insights Additionally, the findings are anticipated to enhance the understanding of adjacency pairs among Vietnamese learners of English, ultimately improving their communication skills.
STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
The thesis consists of 5 chapters:
Chapter 1, Introduction, presents the rationale, aim and objectives, scope, research questions, significance, and the structure of the thesis
Chapter 2, Literature Review, investigates a review of relevant theoretical aspects related to the topic research, previous studies and summarizes the main content of the film
Chapter 3, Research Methodology, describes the research methods, research procedures, data sources, samples, data analysis, validity, and reliability
Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, deals with the results of the study
Chapter 5, Conclusions, presents the conclusions, implications, limitations and suggestions for further research Commented [A1]:
LITERATURE REVIEW
PREVIOUS STUDIES
A study by Fauzia (2015) analyzed adjacency pairs in Franco Zeffirelli’s modern adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods The research identified nine types of adjacency pairs within the film, with 72 instances of preferred social acts and 28 instances of dispreferred social acts Additionally, four types of responses were observed: responding to statements, questions, requests, and offers or invitations, while responses to apologies and thanks were notably absent from the dialogue.
In the same vein, Hamidah (2016) studied on adjacency pairs in
“Frozen” by Buck and Lee Based on the theoretical frameworks of Levinson
In this study, we analyzed adjacency pairs in a movie, drawing on the frameworks established by Yule (1996) and Rymes (2008) The focus was on identifying the types of adjacency pairs and examining the feedback related to dispreferred responses Utilizing conversation analysis, we systematically explored the data to uncover insights into conversational dynamics.
This study identified 11 types of adjacency pairs, with Question-Answer being the most prevalent and Invitation-Acceptance/Refusal the least common Additionally, it recorded 55 instances of dispreferred responses, which were categorized into 7 distinct forms of feedback.
Act, Attitude, Expression, Act + Attitude, Act + Expression, Expression +
Attitude, and No Response Meanwhile, the largest form of feedback of dispreferred response was Attitude, while the smallest form was Act +
Nguyễn Thị Phương (2015) conducted a contrastive study of English and Vietnamese romantic movies, focusing on adjacency pairs and verbal strategies used in dispreferred second parts of conversations The research analyzed 200 adjacency pairs from each language, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods The findings revealed notable similarities and differences in how adjacency pairs are realized and how dispreferred seconds are expressed, highlighting the influence of cultural differences on conversational strategies.
Inthavong (2018) conducted a significant study on adjacency pairs in the New Interchange 1 and 2 textbooks, focusing on their types, verbal strategies, and indirect components Utilizing the theoretical frameworks of Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996), the research analyzed 243 adjacency pairs from the conversations within these textbooks The findings revealed 16 distinct types of adjacency pairs present in the dialogues, along with a comprehensive examination of the verbal strategies employed.
In a study by Yule (1996), two new elements were identified alongside existing data The findings revealed that direct parts occurred approximately 4.5 times more frequently than indirect parts, with indirect first parts appearing nearly twice as often as indirect second parts.
This thesis addresses the gap in research regarding adjacency pairs and verbal strategies used in dispreferred second parts of conversations in Luca Guadagnino's film "Call Me by Your Name." Despite the significance of this topic, no prior studies have exclusively focused on these elements, making this work essential for understanding the film's dialogue dynamics.
THEORY OF ADJACENCY PAIRS
Adjacency pairs, as defined by Schegloff and Sacks (1973), refer to a conversational structure where two related utterances are exchanged in a specific sequence These pairs are fundamental to understanding how dialogue is organized and how speakers respond to each other in conversation.
Adjacency pairs are sequences of two utterances that are:
(ii) produced by different speakers;
(iii) ordered as a first part and a second part;
(iv) typed, so that a particular first part requires a particular for second (or range of second parts) - e.g offers require acceptances or rejections, greetings require greetings, and so on
Adjacency pairs, as defined by Richards et al (1992, p 12), refer to a sequence of two related utterances made by different speakers, where the second utterance is always a response to the first.
(2.1) A: Could you help me with this?
In the mentioned examples above, a request is probable to be answered by an acceptance (2.1) while a question by an answer (2.2)
Like Richards et al (1992), Yule (1996) also affirms that an adjacency
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Commented [A4]: tat ca tu et al deu viet in nghieng
8 pair always includes a first part and a second part, made by different speakers, with the second part being a response to the first part This pattern is illustrated in example (2.3)
Anna: How are you? Bill: Fine
Anna: See ya! Bill: Bye
Renkema (1993) challenges the notion of "adjacency pair" proposed by earlier researchers, asserting that the two components of a pair are not always positioned adjacent to one another He illustrates this by noting that a question and its corresponding answer can be interrupted by another question-answer pair, highlighting the complexity of conversational structures.
Yule (1996) also realizes the situation proposed by Renkema (1993) and reminds us of adjacency pairs with inserted sequence in the modal Q1-
Q2-A2-A1, as in the following example:
(2.4) Agent: Do you want the early flight? ((=Q1))
Client: What time does it arrive? ((=Q2))
As shown in (2.4), there is a pair that includes making a Question-
Answer (Q1-A2), with an insertion sequence of a Question-Answer (Q2-A2) which seems to function as a condition on the answer (A1) being provided
Commented [A5]: mean? lập luận lại cho rõ, dùng tuwd đơn giản dễ hiểu
According to the theories of Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007), and Rymes (2008), this research identifies 16 key types of adjacency pairs as primary categories for data collection from the film.
Greeting-Greeting happens when beginning a conversation or when two speakers meet for the first time and introduce themselves, as illustrated by the example below
Mercutio: Good afternoon, fair lady
In the Question-Answer adjacency pair, the initial segment poses a query to elicit information or seek a response from the subsequent segment This first part can take various forms, including WH-questions, Yes-No questions, question words or phrases, or even declarative questions The response in the second part may vary, providing either an anticipated answer, an unexpected reply, or no answer at all.
The first part of the article focuses on the use of WH-questions, which are essential for inquiring about specific qualities, times, places, people, choices, possession, reasons, and processes These questions include "what," "when," "where," "who," "whom," "which," "whose," "why," and "how." For example, a sentence that demonstrates this structure can effectively illustrate the various applications of WH-questions in communication.
(2.6) Jason: Where do you work, Andrea?
Andrea: I work for Thomas Cook Travel
Secondly, the first part can also be a yes-no question form A typical example is (2.7)
(2.7) Liz: Do you like jazz, Tom?
Tom: No, I don’t like it very much
Thirdly, the form of question words or phrases is usually used in the question in the first part, with example (2.8)
Finally, the last form of the question in the first part is a declarative question consisting of a declarative structure and a question mark at the end of the sentence, with example (2.9)
(2.9) Alex: Oh, you’re not going to live at home?
Susan: No, I don’t want to live with my parents- not after I start to work
A Summons-Acknowledgement is a conversational exchange where the first speaker calls out to the second speaker, who then responds by acknowledging the call, either by repeating the name or providing another form of response, or sometimes choosing not to respond at all.
11 to illustrate for this type
In this type, the first pair assesses to express his/her feelings Then, the second pair shows his/her agreement Following is an example successively:
(2.11) Anna: Elsa, you look different It’s a good difference And this place is amazing
Elsa: Thank you, I never knew what I was capable of
In this type, the first speaker assesses to express his/her feeling and the second speaker expresses his/her disagreement with the first one, as in the following example
(2.12) Hans: Anna, no It’s too dangerous
Anna: Elsa’s not dangerous I’ll bring her back, and I’ll make this right
Invitation-Acceptance occurs when one person politely invites another to an event, such as a party, or formally requests them to perform a task The response from the second party signifies acceptance of the invitation or request, fostering a positive interaction.
12 preferred form Following is an example successively:
(2.13) A: Why don’t you come up and see me some times?
Invitation-Refusal represents a contrasting adjacency pair to Invitation-Acceptance, where the first component is an invitation and the second is a rejection of that invitation For instance, in the example provided, the structure illustrates how one party extends an invitation while the other declines it.
(2.14) A: Uh if you’d care to come and visit a little while this morning
I’ll give you a cup of coffee
B: Heh Well that’s awfully sweet of you I don’t think I can make it this morning Hh Uhm I’m running an ad in the paper and-and uh I have to stay near the phone
Offer-Acceptance is a conversational structure where the first speaker proposes to do a favor for the second speaker or another party, leading to an acceptance from the second speaker This interaction exemplifies a cooperative exchange in communication.
(2.15) Anna: Okay, can I just say something crazy?
Offer-Decline is an adjacency pair in which the second pair declines the offer made by the first one, for instance
An adjacency pair consists of two related parts in a conversation, where the first part presents a proposal and the second part reflects agreement For instance, in example (2.17), this structure is clearly illustrated.
(2.17) Susan: Oh, that’s Ok Let’s just meet at the theater before the show, around 7:30
Proposal-Disagreement is an adjacency pair in which the second pair does not agree with the proposal made by the first one For example
(2.18) Ted: Ok What about an evening riverboat tour?
Brenda: Uh, actually, I’ve gone twice this week
Request-Acceptance is an adjacency pair in which the first part contains request and the response contains an acceptance toward the request
Common phrases such as "Can you ?", "Could you ?", and "Would you mind ?" are frequently utilized to make requests, where the speaker asks someone to perform a task or favor.
(2.19) A: Could you help me with this?
Besides, other popular phrases and expressions like “Can I…?”,
“Could I…?”, “Do you mind if I…?”, “Would you mind if I ?”, and “Mind if
I…?” can normally be used for making requests when the first speaker wants to do something, as in example (2.20) below
(2.20) Clementine: Can I come over to your house to sleep? I’m so tired
The initial part of the request often employs imperative sentences, which serve to provide instructions, advice, or commands This study highlights that the request-acceptance adjacency pairs predominantly feature these imperative structures in their first segments.
- Imperative sentences with a positive form
(2.21) Rita: Tell me about your brother and sister, Sue
Sue: Well, My sister is lawyer
- Imperative sentences with a negative form
(2.22) Mary: Please, don't tease me Just tell me
Jane: Well, remember the other day when you said that Ed is a man who really shows you nothing but consideration?
- Imperative sentences with a question tag form
(2.23) Tom: You just moved here, right?
The structure Request is followed by Refusal to make the type of
Request-Refusal, as in the following example
(2.24) Anna: Take me up the North Mountain Please
Kristoff: We leave at dawn And you forgot the carrots for
An announcement-acknowledgement is a conversational exchange where the first speaker shares information or makes an official statement, followed by a response from the second speaker This interaction exemplifies the importance of clear communication and mutual recognition in dialogue.
(2.25) Clerk: He asked for you a few minutes ago I think he’s in the restaurant
Jean: Thanks I’ll go and look for him
THE FILM “CALL ME BY YOUR NAME”
"Call Me by Your Name" is a 2017 romantic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino, featuring a screenplay by James Ivory, who also co-produced the film The movie is adapted from the acclaimed novel by André Aciman, capturing the essence of a poignant coming-of-age story.
The film garners several accolades, including many for its screenplay, direction, acting, and music It gets four nominations at the 90th Academy
Awards (the 2018 Oscars), winning for Best Adapted Screenplay The screenplay also wins at the 71st British Academy Film Awards, 23rd Critics’
Choice Awards, and the Writers Guild of America Awards in 2017
Besides, the movie also has an amazing plot It tells about the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, Elio, and Oliver, a 24-year-old graduate-
Set in the summer of 1983 in rural northern Italy, the film follows Elio, a talented musician and introspective bibliophile, as he navigates the arrival of Oliver, a carefree student assistant to Elio’s father, an archaeology professor Elio's father invites Oliver to stay with the family to assist with academic paperwork, leading to Elio's initial frustration at having to give up his bedroom Despite their contrasting personalities, the summer unfolds with unexpected emotional depth and connection.
During his stay, Oliver spends his time reading, playing the piano, and enjoying moments with his childhood friend, Marzia However, he also confesses to being attracted to a local girl, which frustrates Elio.
Elio and Oliver swim together, walk-in town, and accompany Elio's father on an archaeological expedition Elio begins a sexual relationship with
Marzia boasts in front of Oliver to gauge his response, but she becomes more drawn to him While visiting the local post office, Elio subtly reveals his feelings for Oliver, who advises him against pursuing them Following that moment, the two share a kiss, yet Oliver hesitates to take their relationship further.
They are increasingly distant One day, Oliver says to Elio: “Call me by your name and I’ll call you by mine.” Completely infatuated with Oliver, Elio begins avoiding Marzia
As Oliver's visit comes to an end, both he and Elio are filled with uncertainty and longing Elio's parents, aware of their relationship yet keeping it private, suggest a trip to Bergamo before Oliver returns to America The two share three romantic days together, but Elio is left heartbroken after Oliver departs He calls his mother to pick him up from the railway station, and his father, noticing Elio's profound sadness, acknowledges their relationship He reveals that he experienced a similar connection in his youth and encourages Elio to embrace his pain as a means of personal growth.
22 up, instead of just going so fast
During Hanukkah, Oliver shares his engagement news with Elio's family, prompting Elio to reflect on their past with vivid memories and tears The film concludes with Elio sitting by the fireplace, lost in thought, as he glances at the camera when his mother calls him.
SUMMARY
This chapter has reviewed relevant previous studies and theoretical background based on the theoretical frameworks of Yule (1996), Schegloff
(2007) and Rymes (2008) including the notion of adjacency pairs, the types of adjacency pairs, and the verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts
Lastly, the main content of the movie has been summarized 16 types of adjacency pairs including (1) Greeting-Greeting, (2) Question-Answer, (3)
Summons-Acknowledgement, (4) Assessment-Agreement, (5) Assessment-
Disagreement, (6) Invitation-Acceptance, (7) Invitation-Refusal, (8) Offer-
Acceptance, (9) Offer-Decline, (10) Proposal-Agreement, (11) Proposal-
Disagreement, (12) Request-Acceptance, (13) Request-Refusal, (14)
Thanking-Response, (15) Apology-Acceptance, (16) Announcement-
Acknowledgement, suggested by Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes
(2008) and 11 verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts consisting of (1) Delaying/Hesitating, (2) Using preface, (3) Expressing doubt, (4) Using token yes, (5) Apologizing, (6) Mentioning obligation, (7)
Appealing for understanding, (8) Making it nonpersonal, (9) Giving an account, (10) Using mitigators, and (11) Hedging the negative, proposed by
Commented [A6]: nói thêm gồm nhuwgx định nghĩa gì và lý thuyết cuả ai sẽ là khung nghiên cứu cho e chứ tóm tắt gì có 3 hàng quá ngắn
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODS
This study employs a descriptive method to identify and categorize various adjacency pairs and verbal strategies used for dispreferred second parts in the film By integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the research quantitatively measures the frequency and percentage of these occurrences while qualitatively analyzing the types and functions of the adjacency pairs and verbal strategies present in the movie.
Besides, contrastive, analytic, and synthetic methods are also used to examine the data in different ways These methods are used in combination as follows:
The contrastive method is used to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between any two different kinds in comparison
The analytic method is to analyze and classify adjacency pairs and verbal strategies of the investigated adjacency pairs
The synthetic method is used to synthesize the findings and draw out conclusions in the final process of the research.
RESEARCH PROCEDURES
The procedure for the study are as follows:
Firstly, a literature gap for this study has been worked out by reviewing the literature of the previous researchers
Secondly, 250 adjacency pairs are found carefully through 85 Commented [A7]: ở trên nói là 88, dưới nói 99 là sao
24 conversations in the film based on the theoretical framework
The analysis process involves identifying the types of adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies employed in dispreferred second parts within the examined data This is followed by coding the data and conducting statistical analysis using Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.
Then, based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are drawn out and implications are made after the findings are synthesized, tabularized, interpreted, and discussed.
DATA SOURCES AND SAMPLES
The data source of this study is taken from the conversations of the film which tells about the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, Elio and
Oliver, a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio’s father, an archaeology professor
The study focuses on analyzing all adjacency pairs found in the film's conversations, as these pairs provide valuable insights into the dialogue The researcher identified a significant number of adjacency pairs that warrant thorough examination Additionally, the conversations in this renowned movie accurately reflect events while often incorporating commentary Consequently, these dialogues serve as the primary data source for the research.
From the data source, there are all 85 conversations exploited from the film consisting of 250 adjacency pairs, demonstrated in instances (3.1), (3.2),
(3.1) Elio: May I bring your things up to your room? [8] [O-A]
Commented [A8]: 2 con số này cũng không khớp
(3.2) Mr Perlman: I’m glad Would you like some espresso? [18][I-A]
Oliver: I would love some Thank you very much
(3.3) Mr Perlman: No misbehaving tonight No No laughing When
Embrace the importance of acceptance, regardless of age, and recognize the value in understanding people for who they truly are It's crucial to move beyond judgment and avoid derogatory nicknames like "Sonny and Cher" when referring to others.
Elio: That's what Mom calls them
(3.4) Oliver: Here Hold this Trust me I'm about to be a doctor Hey, hey, come here See? That's the problem You're too stressed You just gotta relax a little bit [46] [R-A]
DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis, as defined by Moleong (2001, p.103), involves the systematic organization and classification of data into identifiable patterns and analytical units This process aims to uncover key topics and develop hypotheses that align with the insights presented by the data.
In the analysis of data within the film, the writer employs a comprehensive framework that focuses on the types of adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies used for dispreferred second parts.
This study conducts data analysis by classifying the gathered data into two categories: adjacency pairs, following the theories of Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007), and Rymes (2008), and the verbal strategies used for expressing dispreferred second parts.
Yule (1996) The theoretical frameworks are shown in Table 3.1 and Table
Commented [A9]: tất cả đều line 1.5 chứ ko giãn nhiều
Table 3.1 Coding: Types of adjacency pairs
First part Second part Coding
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Table 3.2 Verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts
Following the classification and analysis of data in accordance with the theoretical frameworks discussed in Chapter 2, conclusions are drawn that address the study's objectives outlined in Chapter 1.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
The reliability of the data can be ensured because the data of this study has been taken from the famous film which receives four nominations at the
90th Academy Awards (the 2018 Oscars), winning for Best Adapted
Screenplay 85 conversations extracted from the film have supplied learners of English with reliable and updated resources
Furthermore, the validity of data analysis is expressed with the theoretical frameworks built up by famous researchers The data is analyzed
Verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts
1 Delaying/ hesitating Pause; er; em; ah
3 Expressing doubt I’m not sure; I don’t know
4 Using token Yes that’s great; I’d love to
6 Mentioning obligation I must do X; I’m expected in Y
7 Appealing for understanding you see; you know
8 Making it non-personal everybody else; out there
9 Giving an account two much work; no time left
10 Using mitigators really; mostly; sort of; kinda
11 Hedging the negative I guess not; not possible
28 by qualitative and quantitative methods to find the features of the text appropriately.
SUMMARY
This chapter outlines the research methods, procedures, data sources, samples, and the analysis of data, focusing on the validity and reliability of the findings The data analysis is systematically conducted, highlighting various types of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies used in dispreferred second parts, which are coded and exemplified to facilitate data extraction in the subsequent chapter.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
VERBAL STRATEGIES FOR DOING DISPREFERRED SECOND
Effective communication is essential in all aspects of human life, including work, social interactions, and family relationships It enables individuals to articulate their thoughts and ideas while fostering healthy connections with others Learning to use language in everyday situations and expressing opinions through conversation is both exciting and valuable Analyzing dialogues between characters in films enhances viewers' understanding of language, improving their communication skills Therefore, exploring conversations in movies is crucial for developing effective communication strategies.
Effective communication often encounters challenges when speakers struggle to express their thoughts, resulting in communication breakdowns To facilitate a productive conversation, it is essential for both speakers to engage in creating coherent utterances This interaction is exemplified by the concept of adjacency pairs, which are interrelated utterances exchanged between two speakers This study focuses on analyzing the use of adjacency pairs by characters in the movie “Call Me by Your Name,” specifically examining the types of adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies employed in delivering dispreferred second parts, based on Yule's theoretical framework.
(1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes (2008) which have been generally acknowledged
Previous researches have also addressed several fields of adjacency pairs and preference structure such as a study of linguistics features of
In the study conducted by Nguyễn Đức Thắng (2014), two dispreferred structures commonly utilized in workplace communication in both English and Vietnamese are examined Additionally, Nguyễn Thị Phương's contrastive analysis of linguistic features in adjacency pairs within English and Vietnamese romantic films highlights the nuanced differences and similarities in conversational patterns between the two languages This research sheds light on the intricate dynamics of language use in professional and cinematic contexts.
(2015), and another on good textbooks “New Interchange 1 and 2” by
Inthavong (2018) conducted research titled “Adjacency Pairs in the Conversations of the Film ‘Call Me by Your Name’ by Luca Guadagnino” to explore the concept of adjacency pairs in dialogue.
This study investigates the various types of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies used to express dispreferred second parts in conversations within the film "Call Me by Your Name," directed by Luca Guadagnino.
To gain the aim above, two following objectives have to be reached:
- to examine the types and frequencies of adjacency pairs found in the conversations between the characters involved
- to examine the verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts
The study aims to answer two following research questions:
1 What are the types of adjacency pairs and how frequently are they used in the conversations in the film?
2 What are the verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts in the conversations in the film?
This study analyzes the adjacency pairs in conversations from Luca Guadagnino's film, emphasizing the various types of adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies employed in dispreferred second parts Utilizing theoretical frameworks from Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007), and Rymes, the research aims to deepen the understanding of conversational dynamics within the film's dialogue.
(2008), 250 adjacency pairs are collected from 85 conversations in the film
Meanwhile, 16 types of adjacency pairs suggested by Yule (1996), Schegloff
This study investigates the verbal strategies for producing dispreferred second parts as proposed by Yule (1996), building on the work of Rymes (2008) and others from 2007 A descriptive methodology is employed, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis.
This study aims to explore adjacency pairs and their relevance in conversational dynamics within the movie Additionally, the findings are intended to assist Vietnamese learners of English in gaining a deeper understanding of adjacency pairs, thereby enhancing their communication skills.
The thesis consists of 5 chapters:
Chapter 1, Introduction, presents the rationale, aim and objectives, scope, research questions, significance, and the structure of the thesis
Chapter 2, Literature Review, investigates a review of relevant theoretical aspects related to the topic research, previous studies and summarizes the main content of the film
Chapter 3, Research Methodology, describes the research methods, research procedures, data sources, samples, data analysis, validity, and reliability
Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, deals with the results of the study
Chapter 5, Conclusions, presents the conclusions, implications, limitations and suggestions for further research Commented [A1]:
A study by Fauzia (2015) analyzed adjacency pairs in Franco Zeffirelli’s modern adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, focusing on their types, preference sequences, and response functions using both qualitative and quantitative methods The research identified nine types of adjacency pairs, with 72 instances of preferred social acts and 28 of dispreferred ones It also found four main response types: responding to statements, questions, requests, and offers/invitations, while responses to apologies and thanks were absent from the film.
In the same vein, Hamidah (2016) studied on adjacency pairs in
“Frozen” by Buck and Lee Based on the theoretical frameworks of Levinson
In this study, adjacency pairs from the movie were examined, focusing on their types and the feedback associated with dispreferred responses, as outlined by Yule (1996) and Rymes (2008) The analysis employed conversation analysis techniques to interpret the data effectively, building on the foundational work of Yule (1983).
This study identified 11 types of adjacency pairs, with Question-Answer pairs being the most prevalent and Invitation-Acceptance/Refusal pairs the least common Additionally, the analysis revealed 55 instances of dispreferred responses, categorized into seven distinct forms of feedback.
Act, Attitude, Expression, Act + Attitude, Act + Expression, Expression +
Attitude, and No Response Meanwhile, the largest form of feedback of dispreferred response was Attitude, while the smallest form was Act +
Nguyễn Thị Phương (2015) conducted a contrastive study analyzing adjacency pairs and verbal strategies in dispreferred second parts of conversations in English and Vietnamese romantic movies The research involved 200 adjacency pairs from each language, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods The results revealed notable similarities and differences in how adjacency pairs were realized and how dispreferred seconds were expressed Additionally, the study highlighted the influence of cultural differences on the approach to dispreferred seconds in conversations.
Inthavong (2018) conducted a significant study on adjacency pairs in the New Interchange 1 and 2 textbooks, focusing on their types, verbal strategies, and indirect components Utilizing the theoretical frameworks of Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996), the study analyzed 243 adjacency pairs gathered from the conversations within these textbooks The findings revealed the presence of 16 distinct types of adjacency pairs, alongside the identification of all proposed verbal strategies.
In a study by Yule (1996), new findings emerged alongside previously established data, revealing that direct parts occurred approximately 4.5 times more frequently than indirect parts Furthermore, it was observed that indirect first parts were nearly twice as common as indirect second parts.
This thesis addresses the lack of research specifically examining adjacency pairs and verbal strategies in the dispreferred second parts of conversations in Luca Guadagnino's film "Call Me by Your Name." By focusing on these elements, the study aims to fill a significant gap in the existing literature.
SUMMARY
This chapter presents the findings obtained from the research and
The article discusses the results of an analysis of 85 conversations, identifying a total of 250 types of adjacency pairs These pairs are categorized into 16 distinct types, including Greeting-Greeting (G-G) and Question-Answer, providing relevant comments and examples to illustrate their usage.
Invitation-Refusal [I-R], (8) Offer-Acceptance [O-A], (9) Offer-Decline [O-D],
Request-Acceptance [R-A], (13) Request-Refusal [R-R], (14) Thanking-
Response, (15) Apology-Acceptance, (16) Announcement-Acknowledgement
[An-A] Meanwhile, the highest type of adjacency pairs is Question-Answer, which represents about 38.4% of all data while the lowest numbers are Offer-
Decline and Thanking-Response, which have only one case accounting for 0.4%
Besides, in 11 verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts suggested by Yule (1996), 9 verbal strategies are found in the examined data
The analysis identifies nine verbal strategies employed in dispreferred responses: (1) delaying/hesitating, (2) using preface, (3) expressing doubt, (4) using token Yes, (5) mentioning obligation, (6) making it non-personal, (7) giving an account, (8) using mitigators, and (9) hedging the negative Among these, expressing doubt is the most frequently used strategy, appearing in 27.03% of cases, followed by giving an account at 18.92%, delaying/hesitating at 16.22%, and mentioning obligation at 10.81% Conversely, the least utilized strategies include using preface, token Yes, making it non-personal, using mitigators, and hedging the negative, each occurring in only 5.41% of instances Additionally, there are five cases where speakers combine two or more verbal strategies to formulate a dispreferred response.
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In the following chapter, Chapter 5, conclusions are drawn out and implications, limitations and suggestions of further research are made