INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
Throughout history, literature has been essential for human communication, serving to enhance awareness, education, and artistic expression while allowing individuals to share their perspectives on life American literature, in particular, has garnered global recognition due to its significant impact Among its most influential figures is Ernest Hemingway, whose writings have captivated readers worldwide and been translated into numerous languages, making them a staple in educational curricula As a Nobel Laureate, Hemingway remains a pivotal figure in 20th-century American literature.
In 1954, Ernest Hemingway made significant contributions to literature with his diverse writings, particularly noted for his objective and terse prose style Among his works, "The Old Man and the Sea" stands out as a prime example of his unique approach According to Mellouki and Berriha (2016), the novel's simplicity and naturalness in language are key features Hemingway employed the Iceberg Theory, allowing deeper themes to remain subtly beneath the surface, making the true meaning less obvious These elements collectively contributed to the global acclaim of "The Old Man and the Sea" as a literary masterpiece.
Appraisal Theory, established by Martin and White (2005), is widely utilized in discourse analysis to examine written language This framework effectively explores how language conveys evaluations of emotions, assesses human behaviors, and expresses appreciation for various phenomena.
Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation, forms the Appraisal
The system is crucial for conveying interpersonal meanings in language, encompassing three key sub-systems of attitude: Affect, which reflects feelings and emotions; Judgement, which assesses human behaviors; and Appreciation, which evaluates objects and entities.
The language used by renowned authors serves as valuable linguistic resources for both language learners and researchers Numerous studies have explored the linguistic aspects of literary works, particularly through the lens of Appraisal Theory, to examine different discourse features A substantial body of research has focused on attitudinal resources across various discourses, including analyses of speeches by American leaders (Le Thi Van Tue, 2017).
In recent studies, various aspects of travel and media have been explored, including travel advertisements (Nguyen Tiet Hanh, 2015), readers' opinions (Vo Thi Kim Thao, 2017), and holiday reviews from travelers (Nguyen Thi Lien, 2017) Additionally, the impact of letters of complaint (Le Thi Bao Chau, 2017) and film reviews (Phan Thi Thanh Hoa, 2017) has been examined, alongside news related to environmental issues (Ngo Ai Quynh Nhu, 2017) The effectiveness of advertising slogans (Nguyen Thi Minh Ngan, 2017) and the emotional depth of love song lyrics (Nguyen Thi Ngan, 2018) have also been analyzed, culminating in insights shared by judges on expressive content (Le Huu Loc, 2017).
This study explores the attitudinal resources in Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea" through the lens of Appraisal Theory, aiming to reveal Hemingway's perspective on life While the novel has been extensively analyzed from various viewpoints, there has been a lack of research specifically applying Appraisal Theory to this work By focusing on the interpersonal meanings within the text, this research provides a unique contribution to understanding the emotional and evaluative aspects of Hemingway's storytelling.
Aim and objectives
This research explores the attitudinal values in "The Old Man and the Sea" through the lens of Appraisal theory, focusing on the author's evaluations of the story's plot By analyzing these evaluations, the study seeks to uncover deeper insights into the narrative's emotional and thematic elements.
To achieve the aims, these following objectives are focused on:
- To investigate the sub-types of attitudinal resources in the novel including Affect, Judgement and Appreciation;
- To find out the frequency of occurrence of these values and determine which of them are widely used in the story.
Research questions
To fulfill the aims and objectives of the study, the following research questions are focused on:
1 What sub-types of Attitude are employed in the novel “The Old Man and the Sea”?
2 What are the frequencies of their occurrence of Attitudinal resources in the novel?
Scope of the study
Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation, forms a comprehensive evaluation of language in discourse It encompasses three key semantic areas: emotions, ethics, and aesthetics This aspect is crucial for conveying the author's perspectives through the narrative, themes, and characters of a novel This study aims to explore the attitudinal resources present in Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea," focusing on emotional, ethical, and aesthetic dimensions to uncover how the author articulates his writing style and to gain deeper insights into the novel's distinctive characteristics.
Significance of the study
This study focuses on analyzing Attitude, which is concerned with feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things, and its effectiveness in the story
The study emphasizes the importance of Appraisal Theory as a framework The learners of English can know how to use attitudinal resources effectively and naturally in communication.
Structure of the thesis
The thesis consists of five chapters
Chapter 1, “Introduction” presents the rationale, aims, and objectives, research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, and the organization of the study
Chapter 2, “Literature Review”, briefly reviews the literature of previous studies relating to this study This chapter also provides the theoretical background of the study
Chapter 3, “Methodology”, deals with the research methods, the description of the data, data analysis, and research procedures
Chapter 4, “Findings and Discussions”, presents the results of the data analysis, discusses Attitudinal resources employed in the novel The Old Man and the Sea
Chapter 5, “Conclusion and Implications” summarizes the results of the study It also offers implications for writing and mentions the limitations of the study and the suggestions for further research
LITERATURE REVIEW
Appraisal theory
Appraisal has developed over the past thirty years as a framework for analyzing language used to evaluate, adopt stances, and manage interpersonal relationships Rooted in the interpersonal function of language as outlined by M.A.K Halliday in Systemic Functional Linguistics, it has been further advanced by linguists like James Martin According to Martin and White (2005), Appraisal is one of the three key discourse semantic resources that convey interpersonal meaning, alongside involvement and negotiation This framework focuses on the evaluation of attitudes within a text, the intensity of emotions expressed, and the sourcing of values that align readers with the content (Martin & Rose, 2007).
The Appraisal system, as outlined by Butt et al (2012), emphasizes how speakers and writers engage their audience by conveying emotions (Affect), making judgments about behavior, and expressing appreciation for various phenomena This is achieved through the strategic use of phonological and lexico-grammatical patterns in evaluative language.
As White (2015) mentioned, Appraisal Theory (AT) is an effective framework for analyzing attitudes expressed and interpersonal meanings in
The Appraisal Theory (AT) provides a framework for analyzing language across various literary works, news, legal, scientific, and academic discourse, focusing on how language is used to evaluate and express the speaker's attitudes and positions Vo Duy Duc (2017) describes 'Appraisal' as a comprehensive term encompassing the semantic resources—words, phrases, and structures—that speakers or writers use to convey emotions, judgments, and valuations Semantically, AT can be categorized into three interconnected domains: 'Attitude,' which plays a crucial role in establishing authorial identity and revealing evaluative language.
The domains of Engagement and Graduation are intricately linked through the central concept of Attitude, which encompasses our emotional responses, behavioral judgments, and evaluations Engagement focuses on the sourcing of attitudes and the diverse voices present in discourse, while Graduation pertains to the nuances of grading feelings and categories (Martin & White, 2005) Each of these systems can be further divided: Attitude is categorized into Affect, Judgement, and Appreciation; Engagement is split into Monoglossia and Heteglossia; and Graduation includes the dimensions of Force and Focus.
Engagement, as described by Martin and White (2005), serves as a resource for establishing intersubjective stance and dialogistic positioning in discourse It encompasses the development of attitudes and the range of expressions related to opinions, aiming to identify specific dialogistic positions linked to particular meanings This process is essential for understanding how to effectively convey meaning while positioning the speaker's or author's voice in relation to various propositions and proposals.
Engagement in text can be categorized into two types: Monoglossic and Heteroglossic Monoglossic engagement presents assertions without acknowledging other voices or viewpoints, focusing solely on factuality In contrast, Heteroglossic engagement recognizes and incorporates dialogistic alternatives An overview of Appraisal Theory illustrating these distinctions is provided in Figure 1.
The following examples illustrate the two types of the domain Engagement
Table 2.1 The Monoglossic and the Heteroglossic
Monoglosic (no recognition of dialogistic alternatives)
Heteroglossic (recognition of the dialogistic alternatives)
The banks have been greedy
There is the argument though that the banks have been greedy
In my view the banks have been greedy
Callers to talkback radio see the banks have been greedy
The chairman of the consumer‟s association has stated that the banks have been greedy
There can be no denying the banks have been greedy
Everyone knows the banks have been greedy The banks haven‟t been greedy
Table 2.1 illustrates that Monoglossic examples are presented as taken-for-granted, lacking reference to other voices or alternative perspectives In contrast, Heteroglossic examples incorporate the writer's views and arguments, using phrases like "in my view," "there is the argument though that," and "everyone knows." These expressions indicate awareness of prior discussions, alternative viewpoints, and anticipated responses, enriching the dialogue surrounding the issue.
Heteroglossia is categorized into two main types: dialogic contraction and dialogic expansion Dialogic contraction involves narrowing the range of alternative value positions and textual voices, effectively limiting the dialogue.
The sub-type of Proclaim includes expressions that enhance the potential for dialogic alternatives, specifically through Entertain and Attribute Entertain reflects individual subjectivity and the author's voice, while Attribute presents propositions through the lens of an external perspective.
Graduation is a system that amplifies feelings and blurs categories, functioning on a scale of intensity and prototypicality (Martin & White, 2005:35) It encompasses a broad range of values in Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation, reflecting varying degrees of positivity and negativity Graduation can be divided into two primary forms: Force, which involves the strengthening or weakening of expressions, and Focus, which pertains to the sharpening or softening of meanings.
Force encompasses gradable assessments of intensity and quantity, categorized into two subtypes: Intensification and Quantification Intensification refers to the evaluation of intensity levels across qualities, processes, and verbal modalities, such as "slightly hot" or "extremely hot," and phrases like "it’s just possible that." In contrast, Quantification focuses on measuring the presence or mass of entities, characterized by attributes like size, weight, distribution, and proximity, exemplified by terms like "small school" or "large amount."
From an experiential perspective, graduation is viewed as a non-gradable resource Focus encompasses the dual aspects of sharpening and softening, where sharpening refers to the ability to enhance or upscale the indicated value.
Prototypicality conveys a strong positive evaluation, as seen in phrases like "a real mother" or "a true friendship." In contrast, Softening diminishes the impact of a statement, often indicating a marginal or negative assessment, such as "they sort of play jazz" or "they are kind of jealous." This concept includes terms like "hedges" and "vague language," while the sharpening of values is associated with intensifiers, boosters, and amplifiers.
Attitude is a key component of the Appraisal framework, playing a crucial role in shaping interpersonal meaning through three primary discourse semantic resources This subsystem focuses on our emotional responses, evaluations of behavior, and assessments of various entities According to Martin and White (2005), Attitude is categorized into three distinct sections: Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation Affect pertains to emotional reactions, Judgment evaluates behavior based on normative standards, and Appreciation assesses the value of objects, including natural phenomena and signs.
Affect, Judgement, and Appreciation, as defined by Thompson & Hunston (2000), represent an interconnected system of feelings that influence evaluation These elements are driven by emotional responses, with Judgement shaping our views on human behavior and Appreciation focusing on products and processes At the core of this system lies affect, which institutionalizes our emotional responses The interplay among these three attitudinal categories is visually represented in Figure 3.
Figure 2.2 Judgement and appreciation as institutionalised affect
Attitude, one of the three sub-systems of Appraisal framework, has drawn more attention for researchers than two other ones The following figure shows the sub-systems of Attitude
Figure 2.3 Typology of Attitude subsystems (Liu & Thompson, 2009)
Previous studies on Appraisal Theory and The Old Man and the
Recent studies in discourse analysis have increasingly utilized Appraisal Theory as a theoretical framework, with notable research conducted by Li (2016), Netty et al (2019), and Tran Van Phuoc (2019) The classic novel "The Old Man and the Sea" has attracted various analytical approaches, reflecting its significant thematic and narrative impact.
In his 2016 study, Li employed Appraisal devices to analyze Attitude resources within English song discourse, revealing that Affect and Appreciation are crucial elements This finding underscores the influence of Western humanistic thought in English culture, which prioritizes individuality and deeply rooted human emotions and thoughts.
English culture significantly shapes song discourse, where Attitude resources for Affect and Appreciation are prominently utilized This emphasis not only highlights the intense emotions of the author but also underscores their role as an active participant in expressing these feelings.
Netty et al (2019) identified three key attitudinal aspects—Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation—through their analysis of written works by Indonesian migrants in Hong Kong Their findings revealed that negative attitudinal language significantly surpassed positive expressions, with Affect being more prevalent than Judgment and Appreciation This predominance of negative sentiment highlights the challenges faced by the writers in their relationships with their parents, suggesting a disparity in perspectives regarding various subjects, attitudes, and experiences.
In 2019, Tran Van Phuoc utilized Martin & White's (2005) Theory of Language of Evaluation to analyze the Affectual Values expressed by five Vietnamese writers in relation to the emotions of five main characters across various short stories The study focused on identifying the lexical and grammatical expressions within four key domains: (1) Happiness, (2) Satisfaction, (3) Security, and (4) Desire, exploring both positive and negative, as well as explicit and implicit emotional orientations Additionally, the author provided recommendations for students and aspiring writers on effectively conveying their emotional positioning in their narratives.
Several master's theses in English have explored Appraisal Theory, focusing on attitudinal resources across various discourses, including speeches by American leaders (Tran Thi Thuy Tien, 2017; Le Thi Van Tue).
2017, Vo Thi Ngoc Hien, 2014), travel advertisements (Nguyen Tiet Hanh,
2015), readers‟ opinions (Vo Thi Kim Thao, 2017), travellers‟ holiday reviews
In recent years, various studies have explored diverse aspects of language and communication, including Nguyen Thi Lien's analysis of letters of complaint (2017), Le Thi Bao Chau's examination of film reviews (2017), Ngo Ai Quynh Nhu's coverage of environmental news (2017), and Nguyen Thi Minh Ngan's investigation into advertising slogans (2017) Additionally, Nguyen Thi Ngan (2018) focused on love song lyrics Notably, Vo Thuy Trieu (2019) conducted a study on the language of evaluation in the film "Gone with the Wind" through the lens of appraisal theory, alongside several comparative studies in the field.
This article examines two significant studies: Phitsakhone Tansavath's (2019) exploration of attitudes in English and Laotian love stories, and Le Huu Loc's (2019) analysis of expressive attitudes among judges on The Voice UK compared to The Voice Vietnam Both studies provide valuable insights into cultural perceptions and emotional expressions in different contexts, highlighting the nuances in storytelling and judging in music competitions across diverse cultures.
Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1960) was a renowned American novelist, journalist, and short-story writer, celebrated for his impactful literary contributions in the mid-1920s He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, and his notable works include classics such as "The Sun Also Rises," "A Farewell to Arms," and "For Whom the Bell Tolls."
"The Old Man and the Sea" is a significant literary work by Hemingway, celebrated for its unique style and depth, which has prompted extensive research and analysis This novel not only earned the Nobel Prize but also showcases Hemingway's distinctive writing techniques, attracting the attention of numerous critics and scholars Notable studies by Meyers (2005), Bloom (2008), Ali and Qadir (2009), Tripathi (2016), and Mellouki & Berriha (2016) have explored its literary merits, contributing to its esteemed reputation in the literary world.
Meyers (2005) highlights that Hemingway's distinctive technique and style significantly influenced modern European writers He provided a unique perspective on experiencing and documenting reality, aligning with the beliefs of his contemporaries.
30 art is a means of telling the truth He also demonstrates that a heroic piece of narrative in „The Old Man and the Sea‟ told with a simplicity which shows that
Mr Hemingway is essentially an imaginative writer, and his imagination has never displayed itself more powerfully than in this simple and tragic story
Bloom (2008) highlights the significance of narrative focus in Hemingway's novel, The Old Man and the Sea, emphasizing the effective use of uninterrupted narrative centered on a single character The story unfolds dramatically, introducing the old man, the boy, and the sea at the outset Additionally, Ali and Qadir (2009) conducted a study examining the heroic actions of the old man and the ultimate fate he faces.
The article explores the themes of free will and fate in Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea," aiming to provide a deeper understanding of the novella It examines how free will manifests as an instinctive trait while also considering the concept of predetermined fate that influences individual destinies Through this analysis, the study highlights the intricate relationship between these two themes in the narrative.
Triphathi (2016) examines the theme of human relationships through the interdependence of Santiago and Manolin, highlighting their strong bond that enhances their ability to face life's challenges together The author effectively elucidates the unique connection between Santiago and Manolin, showcasing how their relationship fosters resilience and support in their struggles.
In 2016, the researcher conducted a qualitative analysis of four key characters and their relationships in the works of Ernest Hemingway, utilizing Formalism criticism to examine the figures of speech employed throughout the novels.
Writing style of Hemingway was a topic studied by Torres ( 2019) From
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methods
Various approaches involving qualitative, quantitative, analytic, synthetic, descriptive, and inductive techniques of data interpretation are applied during the study process
The study utilized a qualitative approach to analyze and describe the attitudinal resources present in the narrative text This was complemented by a quantitative approach, which determined the frequency of occurrences of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation, along with their sub-classes The quantitative analysis aimed to elucidate the functions of the attitudinal resources identified within the data.
The analytic and synthetic techniques were effectively utilized in the scrutinization process, where the analytic approach focused on identifying and isolating specific aspects, such as the typology of Attitudinal resources—Affect, Judgment, or Appreciation—along with their polarity (positive or negative) and strategy (inscribed/explicit or invoked/implicit) Meanwhile, the synthetic approach examined the interdependence of these elements, highlighting how they function cohesively as a whole.
The study highlights the effectiveness of descriptive and inductive techniques, with the descriptive method offering a comprehensive overview of data related to Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation Meanwhile, the inductive approach was instrumental in synthesizing the findings and formulating explanations.
Description of data
"The Old Man and the Sea," published in Great Britain in 1952 by Jonathan Cape and later by Arrow Books in 2004, spans 97 pages, beginning on page 3 and concluding on page 99 This novel exemplifies the intricate interplay of essential elements such as plot, characters, theme, and narration, which together create a cohesive narrative world Ernest Hemingway, renowned for his distinctive writing style, emphasizes dialogue over narration and employs techniques like stream of consciousness and flashbacks, favoring simple sentences over complex expressions His innovative approach has introduced a fresh perspective to English writing, with the primary data derived from the novel's dialogues, events, and narrative expressions.
The novella centers on Santiago, an old fisherman, and his relationship with the sea, represented as a central character alongside Manolin, a Cuban teenager, and the marlin Set against the backdrop of Cuba, Hemingway portrays Santiago's solitary struggle in a small boat as he battles a magnificent marlin for three days Despite his past as a champion arm-wrestler and skilled fisherman, Santiago faces the harsh reality of his hard-won prize being devoured by sharks This epic tale reflects Hemingway's own quest for redemption and resilience, as Santiago's journey symbolizes the relentless pursuit of dreams amidst overwhelming challenges.
Santiago ventured farther than ever before, successfully capturing a massive fish that promised significant market value However, during his return to the harbor, sharp-toothed sharks devastated his catch, leaving him with nothing but a worthless skeleton Despite this loss, Santiago's struggle against the sharks showcased his courage and composure, embodying the belief that "A man can be destroyed, but not defeated." This article delves into the attitudinal aspects of the main characters, focusing on Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation.
Data analysis
The Attitude system in Appraisal Theory served as the theoretical framework for analyzing the data, categorizing attitudinal resources in the novel by typology (Affect, Judgment, Appreciation, and their sub-categories), polarity (positive or negative), and strategy (inscribed/explicit or invoked/implicit) Each value was meticulously analyzed line by line, highlighted, and labeled according to its respective Attitudinal type The author utilized Navigation functions to determine the frequency of specific words, and through careful examination of the texts, identified instances where words carried dual values The researcher then applied Word's counting functions to ascertain frequency, importing data into Microsoft Office Word and Excel for analysis The resulting statistics were organized into tables and figures, allowing for precise calculations of frequency and proportion within each class, with the data summarized and described using descriptive techniques.
The analysis of sample data is demonstrated in the following extracts
“-” is the abbreviation of negative ;
“+” is the abbreviation of positive
An old man fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream, enduring eighty-four days without a catch, a testament to his tenacity Initially accompanied by a boy, the young fisherman left after forty days of no fish, as his parents deemed the old man "salao," the worst kind of unlucky The boy felt sadness watching the old man return each day with an empty skiff, yet he continued to help carry the old man's gear, including the patched sail that resembled a flag of defeat The old man's thin, gaunt frame and deep wrinkles told the story of his relentless struggle against the sea.
The sun's harsh rays reflected off the tropical sea, leaving brown blotches of skin cancer on his cheeks, while deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish marked his hands These scars, however, were not recent; they were as ancient as the erosions found in a barren desert.
Despite his age, which was reflected in every aspect of him, his eyes remained vibrant and youthful They sparkled with a cheerful hue reminiscent of the sea, embodying a sense of happiness and resilience These eyes conveyed a tenacity that was both inspiring and undefeated, showcasing a spirit that defied the passage of time.
As they ascended the bank where the skiff was secured, the boy named Santiago expressed his willingness to join him once more, noting their recent financial success.
The old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) had taught the boy to fish
37 and the boy loved (+ Affect, Happiness, Observed) him
"No," the old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) said "You're with a lucky boat (+ Appreciation, Valuation) Stay with them."
"But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks."(+Judgment, Tenacity,
"I remember," the old man said "I know you did not leave me because you doubted." (- Affect, Insecurity, Observed)
Research procedures
The study was conducted through these following steps:
- Choosing the suitable research topic after revising the previous studies; it involves selecting the relevant materials such as books, thesis, and research related to the topic;
- Applying the framework and qualitative approach to identify and describe the attitudinal resources in the corpus;
+ Counting the total number of each sub-type of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation;
+ Calculating the percentage of each sub-category and presenting them in tables or charts;
+ Investigating which Attitude value occurs most frequently and then ranking them in order;
+ Proving some examples recently analyzed and extracted from the novel as examples for the process of analysis in the study;
+ Discussing the ways the writer used Attitudinal resources to convey his messages toward life
- Suggesting some implications for writing and making speeches
3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE STUDY
Reliability and validity are essential for ensuring data quality The reliability of the data is confirmed as it was sourced from a renowned novel, while the theoretical frameworks for attitudinal analysis were developed by esteemed experts in the field Furthermore, the data meets the necessary validity criteria and is proven to be original for the research.
Chapter 3 outlines the theoretical framework guiding data collection and analysis, detailing research methods, procedures, and the study's validity and reliability In contrast, Chapter 4 focuses on presenting and discussing the research findings.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Affect
Affect refers to how individuals express their emotions in response to texts or messages, highlighting their emotional reactions to people, events, or situations This concept encompasses four distinct sub-types of emotions, illustrating the complexity of human feelings and their impact on communication.
Affect encompasses various emotional states, including Un/Happiness, Dis/Inclination, In/Security, and Dis/Satisfaction (Martin & White, 2005: 48-51) Un/Happiness reflects a range of emotions related to personal relationships, such as sadness, hate, happiness, and love In/Security pertains to feelings of confidence and anxiety that arise from our surroundings.
Dis/Satisfaction shares the feelings of attainment and disappointment about the engaging activities, including our parts as either participants or observers; and
Dis/Inclination relates to motivations that are not realized, and can be identified through various lexical elements, including verbs, adjectives, emotional adverbs, nominalizations, and clauses The distribution of Affectual instances in the novel "The Old Man and the Sea" is illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1 Attitudinal Resources of Affect in the data
UN/ HAPPINESS IN/SECURITY DIS/ INCLINATION DIS/SATISFACTION
The analysis of Affectual values in the novel reveals that In/Security, Dis/Inclination, and Un/Happiness dominate, comprising over 95% of the total values In/Security is the most prevalent, accounting for 38%, followed by Dis/Inclination at 29.4% and Un/Happiness at 28% In contrast, Dis/Satisfaction is the least represented, making up only 4.6% This trend indicates that the writer tends to express greater confidence or anxiety regarding future events.
The most common type of the Affectual instances found in the novel is
In the exploration of In/Security, the author utilizes emotionally charged language to convey a sense of certainty and comfort regarding the old man's condition Words such as "comfortable," "sure," and "confident" juxtapose with terms like "afraid," "doubt," and "fear," highlighting the unstable emotions and disquieting circumstances surrounding recent events This interplay of affectual items effectively captures the complexity of insecurity, illustrating the tension between assurance and apprehension.
The demonstration of the common use of In/Security in the data is presented in the following examples:
(4.1) The sack cushioned the line and he had found a way of leaning forward against the bow so that he was almost comfortable
With each steady movement of the fish, he was steadily gaining line, confident that in just two more turns, he would have the opportunity to successfully use the harpoon.
(4.3) “How did you sleep old man?" the boy asked He was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep
"Very well, Manolin," the old man said "I feel confident today."
(4.4) "But I fear the Indians of Cleveland."
(4.5) I wonder if he has any plans or if he is just as desperate as I sin?
The old man felt uneasy as the creature lingered nearby, fearing that its tail, sharp and scythe-like, might sever the line.
The old man felt a sense of security from his comfort and the certainty of future success as he embarked on a challenging fishing trip Despite the uncertainties and loneliness that accompanied his journey, he was resolute in his determination to overcome the difficulties of aging and pursue the elusive big fish in the sea.
In the novel, Dis/Inclination is the second most prevalent type of Affect, accounting for 29.4% of the total Affect resources with 44 instances identified This category primarily conveys desire through terms such as wish, want, dream, hope, expect, and would like, with "wish" being the most frequently used word The Old Man's longing for the boy's assistance while he struggles to catch a massive marlin exemplifies this theme, as he deeply desires the ability to succeed The author employs "wish" twenty times to articulate a strong yearning for unattainable outcomes, further highlighting the characters' emotional struggles and aspirations.
(4.7)"I wish I had the boy”, the old man said aloud
The old man relied heavily on the boy during his challenging journey, as his presence would have made the hardships more bearable This highlights the man's desire for companionship in his struggle against the formidable fish, allowing the boy to witness his achievements after numerous unsuccessful days Ultimately, the boy emerged as the old man's most valuable ally, providing essential support in his life.
Other words like want, hope, dream, would like… which are also used
44 to express desire, expectation about something in the future These expressions are about the strong yearning for something good may happen For example:
(4.8) I want to be out before it is light
(4.9) The breeze was fresh now and he sailed on well He watched only the forward part of the fish and some of his hope returned
That evening, the scent of the land breeze arrived unusually early, signaling to him that he was still deep in his dreams He continued to dream, envisioning the white peaks of the Canary Islands emerging from the sea, followed by vivid images of the various harbors and roadsteads scattered across the islands.
(4.11) "I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing," the old man said
The old man always longed for the assistance from the boy In addition, he expected to reach the luck, the ideal prospect in his journey The word
“dream” appeared twenty-one times Especially, in 4.10, the old man showed the dream of having chances to reach new destinations and conquer challenges of his life
In Ernest Hemingway's novel "The Old Man and the Sea," the theme of happiness is intricately woven through the protagonist's affectual connections The old man's emotions are vividly expressed through words such as love, cheerful, happy, and excited, reflecting his deep affection for the boy, the fish, and the sea These affect values highlight the old man's joy and passion, underscoring the significance of these relationships in his life.
(4.12) He liked to think of the fish and what he could do to a shark if he were swimming free
(4.13) He was very fond of flying fish as they were his principal friends on the ocean
(4.14) Everything about him was old, except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated
(4.15) Thank you You make me happy
(4.16) They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy
However, he also employs the items of Unhappiness with the words sad, worry, sorry … to show the sorrow and care about the Old Man‟s failure
(4.17) I am sorry that I went too far out I ruined us both
The boy felt a deep sadness each day as he watched the old man arrive with his empty skiff He consistently offered his assistance, helping the old man carry the coiled lines, gaff, harpoon, and the sail wrapped around the mast.
(4.19) There is only the boy to worry, of course But I am sure he would have confidence
In the novel, the themes of happiness and unhappiness are intricately woven together The old man's joy is evident in his deep appreciation for the fish, his young companion, the sea, and the majestic marlin Despite his exhilaration in finally catching the enormous marlin, he faces numerous challenges, including repeated failures, physical exhaustion, and the solitude of fishing alone in his old age.
In the Affect resources, the least frequently occurring sub-type is Dis/Satisfaction The author conveys the Old Man's sense of pride and contentment through phrases like "proud of" and "pleased to," highlighting his satisfaction with his actions Conversely, negative terms such as "anger," "bored with," "faint," and "sick" illustrate the Old Man's feelings of boredom and discomfort.
(4.20) But I think the great DiMaggio would be proud of me today
(4.21) There was yellow weed on the line but the old man knew that only made an added drag and he was pleased
(4.22) Now I will pay attention to my work and then I must eat the tuna
46 so that I will not have a failure of strength
(4.23) For a long time now eating had bored him and he never carried a lunch
(4.24) The old man felt faint and sick and he could not see well
(4.25) Can it be anger or the greater speed he makes that brings them out?
Judgment
Judgment, the second sub-system of Attitude, reflects our assessment of human behaviors and performance abilities This aspect of language is used to express admiration or criticism, as well as to praise or condemn individual actions.
Judgment resources are categorized into two main types: Social Esteem and Social Sanction, each further divided into five sub-classes According to Martin & White (2005), Social Esteem includes aspects such as Normality, Capacity, and more.
Tenacity, plays a critical part in forming social networks, while Social Sanction, incorporating Veracity and Propriety, deals with the evaluation of human behaviors based on legal, moral or religious norms
The Judgment resources were implicitly and explicitly utilized to manifest positive and negative meanings The following sections take charge of the
Table 4.3 provides information about the distribution of sub-types of
Judgment resources found in the data
Table 4.3 Social Esteem and Social Sanction in “The Old Man and the Sea”
As shown in Table 4.2, the resources of Social Esteem dominate the
Ernest Hemingway's work reflects a blend of admiration and criticism based on socially typical standards, particularly emphasizing the values of Capacity and Tenacity In the analysis, over one third of the judgment resources identified were associated with Capacity, representing more than 40% of the total Following this, Tenacity and Normality accounted for 26.5% and 22.7%, respectively Although Social Sanction, which includes Veracity and Propriety values, was present, it comprised less than 10% of the total judgment resources, indicating that themes of probability and obligation were less prominent in Hemingway's writing.
The Judgment resources in the novel primarily focus on evaluating the characters' abilities and opportunities Positive judgments regarding capacity are frequently highlighted through terms like "can," "could," "strong," and "powerful," alongside words such as "intelligent" and "successful," which commend the old man's resilience during his challenging fishing trip and his pursuit of the giant marlin Conversely, negative judgments reflect the old man's self-criticism regarding his perceived shortcomings, using phrases like "cannot," "could not," "stupid," "slow," and "sick" to convey his struggles in achieving and safeguarding his accomplishments.
(4.40) "I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.”
(4.41) "But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?"
(4.42) He worked back to where he could feel with his foot the coils of line that he could not see
The old man's shoulders, though aged, retained a surprising strength, and his neck remained robust When he slept with his head bowed forward, the creases on his skin became less noticeable, highlighting the enduring power of his physique.
(4.44) The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks,
(4.45) The dentuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent But I was more intelligent than he was
(4.46) “You're stupid”, he told himself
(4.47) The old man felt faint and sick and he could not see well
Tenacity values are the second most prevalent in Social Esteem, representing the determination and strong intentions of key characters This concept is often conveyed through the use of "will" and "would," highlighting the old man's resolute commitment to undertaking a challenging fishing trip Additionally, the modal "would" can indicate conditional scenarios or express opinions and hopes related to imagined events.
(4.48) I’ll work out where the schools of bonito and albacore are and maybe there will be a big one with them
(4.49) "I'll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?"
Tenacity in evaluating human behaviors can be illustrated through words such as careful, carefully, constantly, without caution, timid, and tired These terms reflect a person's belief and meticulousness in their pursuit of catching a large fish, while also conveying the exhaustion that comes after long days spent tracking and battling a formidable marlin.
"No," the old man [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit] said "But we have
Haven't we?" "Yes," the boy said
(4.51) He had come up so fast and absolutely without caution that he broke the surface of the blue water and was in the sun
(4.52) The old man looked at the fish constantly to make sure it was true (4.53) He chewed it carefully and then spat out the skin
(4.54) He started to work his way back to the stern on his hands and knees, being careful not to jerk against the fish
Normality encompasses the usual and unique aspects of human behavior, particularly in literary analysis In evaluating characters within a novel, terms like "old" highlight a man's age, experience, and the challenges he faces The words "lucky" and "unlucky" further assess the old man's fortunes during his fishing expeditions, especially after enduring "eighty-four days without taking a fish." Additionally, the concept of normality is conveyed through terms such as "usually," "naturally," "frequently," and "normal," illustrating the character's experiences and circumstances.
(4.55) He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish
(4.56) Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today
Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky
(4.57) Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy
(4.58) “It is a strong full-blooded fish, " he thought "I was lucky to get him instead of dolphin
V eracity and propriety are two sub-types of social sanction, in which their positive and negative evaluations deal with the praised or condemned
Veracity pertains to the assessment of truth and honesty, while Propriety relates to moral values and principles Notably, the values associated with Propriety outnumber those of Veracity In Ernest Hemingway's work, the kindness of a boy who assists an old man is highlighted, along with the boy's obedience in adhering to his father's wishes against fishing with the old man The sea is depicted with human traits, embodying both kindness and cruelty Ultimately, the central character is portrayed as kind and thoughtful, using terms such as "true" and "wrong" for Veracity, and "should," "must," "kind," and "cruel" for Propriety.
(4.59) "It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him." (4.60) I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong."
The older fishermen observed him with a sense of sadness, yet they maintained a polite demeanor They engaged in conversation about the currents, the depths where they had cast their lines, the favorable weather conditions, and the sights they had encountered during their time at sea.
(4.62) "That's very kind of you," the old man said
(4.63) Perhaps it was a sin to kill the fish
Why are sea swallows, with their delicate and refined nature, created to thrive in such a harsh ocean environment? Despite their beauty and kindness, the sea can be unexpectedly cruel These fragile birds, with their soft, mournful calls, seem ill-suited for the tumultuous waters they navigate.
Like Affect, Judgment can be either positive when it is used for admiration or praise or negative when used for criticism or condemn The
55 frequencies of occurrence of positive and negative Judgment resources are shown in the following chart
Figure 4.3 Frequency of positive and negative items of Judgment
As indicated in Figure 4.3, the occurrence of positive Judgment items is
The analysis reveals that positive judgments are more prevalent than negative ones, with 57% of instances reflecting admiration and praise compared to 43% that indicate criticism This trend highlights the writer's tendency to emphasize positive attributes, as illustrated by the portrayal of Mr Santiago Despite being described as an old, unlucky man, he is recognized for his experience and skill as a fisherman, showcasing his hopeful determination to embark on a challenging solo fishing trip in pursuit of a significant catch The following examples from the data further illustrate the frequent use of positive judgment values.
(4.65) He worked skillfully with the one hand and put his foot on the coils to hold them as he drew his knots tight
(4.66) He adjusted the sack and carefully worked the line so that it came across a new part of his shoulders and, holding it anchored with his shoulders,
56 he carefully felt the pull of the fish and then felt with his hand the progress of the skiff through the water
(4.67) Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky
Judgment values can be categorized into explicit (inscribed) and implicit (tokens) forms Explicit judgments are conveyed through specific lexical items that directly reflect evaluations of human behavior or character In contrast, implicit judgments arise from ideational meanings, lexical metaphors, and non-core vocabulary, often inferred from the events, actions, and conditions within the discourse This article explores the distribution of explicit and implicit judgments in the novel.
Figure 4.4 Explicit and Implicit Judgment
Ernest Hemingway's work prominently features both explicit and implicit judgments, with explicit values comprising a significant 90% of the content, as illustrated in Figure 4.4.
Ernest Hemingway often evaluates people's behaviors explicitly using simple lexical items, as evidenced by the relatively low frequency of occurrence at 10% Additionally, implicit judgment is present in various phrases and sentences, highlighting his nuanced approach to character assessment.
(4.68) He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish
(4.69) "But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks”
(4.70) "I would like to go If I cannot fish with you I would like to serve in some way."
(4.71) He felt very tired now and he knew the night would come soon and he tried to think of other things
Appreciation
Appreciation, the final sub-system of Attitude, plays a crucial role in evaluating objects, products, performances, and natural phenomena (Martin & White, 2005) Like Affect and Judgment, Appreciation is categorized into Reaction, Composition, and Valuation, focusing specifically on the assessment of inanimate objects.
Appreciative appraisal involves assessment of the form, appearance, impact, significance, quality of human artifacts or natural objects by reference to aesthetics and other systems of social values (Martin & White, 2005)
Appreciation can be expressed through the appraiser's reaction to an object, reflecting its impact and quality Furthermore, the appraiser may focus on the object's composition, considering aspects like balance and complexity Additionally, a valuation of the object involves assessing its significance and benefits The distribution of these three types of appreciation is illustrated in the accompanying figure.
Figure 4.5 Values of Appreciation in the data
Table 4.5 reveals that all Appreciation values are present in the novel, with the column chart illustrating a clear trend Reaction emerges as the most dominant category, followed closely by Composition, which accounts for nearly two-fifths of the total occurrences.
Appreciation resources is Reaction, with 41.1% This is followed by Composition, constituting 37.2%, and Valuation is the least common with
Appreciation resources highlight the emotional and cognitive connections between the author and characters, particularly regarding their environment, including the sea, marlin, and sharks Key appreciation values focus on assessing the old man's appearance, his fishing endeavors, and the beauty and strength of the marlin.
Reaction is concerned with emotive or desiderative affection It deals with
Impact „did I grab me? Or Quality „did I like it?‟ From the data, items expressing Impact values are moving, dullness, dry, flat while resources
Experience the remarkable benefits of daily shark liver oil consumption, which enhances your overall well-being Enjoy the thrill of encountering two playful porpoises near your boat while fishing for tuna, and savor the exquisite taste of fresh fish Appreciate the beauty of nature, from the vibrant birds to the ideal weather conditions for fishing, all contributing to a wonderful and fulfilling outdoor experience.
He rowed effortlessly across the calm ocean, maintaining a steady pace as he navigated the occasional swirls of the current.
This impressive fish shows great potential in the market, especially if its flesh proves to be of high quality It eagerly took the bait and exhibits a strong, steady pull during the fight, demonstrating a calm and determined nature.
(4.74) "Light brisa," he said "Better weather for me than for you, fish."
The fish gracefully approached, appearing calm and beautiful A flying fish is particularly delicious when eaten raw, eliminating the need for preparation Enjoying this experience while listening to the radio would make it even more delightful.
(4.78) Then he was on his knees and then he rose slowly to his feet He was ceding line but more slowly all the time
Composition resources were associated with answering the questions of
The article examines the concepts of balance and complexity in communication It highlights that balance is often represented by various shapes, such as pyramids or fingers, indicating a range of sizes and clarity Complexity, on the other hand, reflects how challenging a message is to follow, with descriptions varying from simple to difficult Overall, the interplay between these elements is crucial for effective understanding.
(4.79) They were wedge-shaped strips and he cut them from next to the back bone down to the edge of the belly
(4.80) How simple it would be if I could make the line fast, he thought (4.81) He took all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long
The fish, displaying its pride, swam gently alongside the skiff, its bill nearly brushing the boat's planking With a long, deep, and wide body, it shimmered in silver, adorned with purple bars, creating an endless presence in the water.
In the novel, valuation resources assess the significance and impact of various elements, particularly highlighting the essential conversations between the man and the boy during their fishing trips The author emphasizes the value of their struggle for fish, the profound depths of the sea, and the old man's wrinkles, using words like deep, necessary, and true to convey meaning These elements illustrate the practical and emotional richness of their experience, underscoring the highest price and the best outcomes derived from their shared journey.
(4.82) After all I abused it much in the night when it was necessary to free and untie the various lines
(4.83) "They must have taken a quarter of him and of the best meat," he said aloud
(4.84) There was no stringiness in it and he knew that it would bring the highest price in the market
(4.85) There is no sense in being anything but practical though, he thought
The frequent occurrence of Reaction values highlights the writer's focus on the characters' activities and performance in the novel The writer's affection and interest are particularly drawn to the old man's movements as he navigates the boat to the sea and battles the marlin, alongside the striking presence of the fish, the weather conditions, the birds, and the ocean itself.
As an Appreciation sub-type, Composition deals with Balance and Complexity of the processes, objects, products or states of affairs As mentioned
Composition ranks as the second most significant source of data, illustrating the evaluation of processes through the relationships among parts within a whole This is exemplified by the complex situation of an old man at sea, who struggles to catch a large marlin while defending it from a school of sharks.
Valuation, a key aspect of the Appreciation domain alongside Reaction and Composition, involves assessing the significance and benefits or harms of various elements and performances The use of adjectives such as "best," "highest price," and "necessary" highlights the importance of fishing techniques For instance, catching large fish can be financially advantageous, providing substantial monetary benefits to the fisherman.
In conclusion, the novel prominently features all three values of Appreciation, with Reaction items being utilized more frequently than Composition and Valuation This emphasis suggests the writer's intent to highlight the emotional response to events, particularly showcasing a deep appreciation for the old man's struggle against the fish.