RATIONALE
As a student at Duy Tan University's Faculty of English, I have gained valuable insights into translation through various resources like books, newspapers, and the internet I recognize that translation and interpretation are essential for conveying knowledge across cultures While English is widely spoken today, local languages and cultures continue to exert a significant influence The rise of the Internet and communication technology has made it easier to connect with global audiences through effective translation, creating a growing demand for translation services in fields such as education, mass communication, sociology, science and technology, literature, tourism, religion, and business.
I selected the second edition of "Introduction to Sociology" for translation due to my fascination with the diverse themes it addresses and their significance in today's world This book provides a comprehensive overview of Sociology, emphasizing the importance of understanding different societal types, sociological theories, and the social construction of reality Additionally, it explores how social media is transforming traditional models of social stratification and highlights the potential for human actions and interactions to effect change in the world.
Personally, I hope I have the best choice and gain high evaluation as well.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
- To upgrade my translating and analyzing ability
- To cope with problems and difficulties as well
- To investigate the Vietnamese translation
- To get more knowledge in Sociology field
- To grasp the reality of educational change and challenge
- To firmly seize how to translate and analyze difficult words and challenging structures
- To sum up the knowledge I learned in the past
- To translate the text smoothly and naturally
- To offer solutions and suggestions for teaching and learning English
This graduation paper focuses on Chapter VI, "Groups and Organization," from the second edition of Openstax's "Introduction to Sociology," which has been translated into Vietnamese The paper highlights key points from the chapter, analyzes challenging vocabulary and structures encountered during the translation process, and proposes effective solutions to address these difficulties.
The book comprises of 21 chapters Due to limited time, I decided to translate and analyzed chapter VI “Groups and Organization” from the book
The second edition of "Introduction to Sociology" by Openstax explores various aspects of society, including types of societies, theoretical perspectives, and the social constructions of reality Notably, Chapter VI examines the impact of social media on traditional models of social stratification, highlighting the evolving dynamics of social structures in the digital age.
For my graduation paper, I have selected Chapter VI, "Society and Social Interaction," from the second edition of "Introduction to Sociology" by Openstax This chapter, which I chose for translation, consists of 4,810 words and is divided into 37 paragraphs.
The second edition of "Introduction to Sociology" features 21 chapters, with Chapter VI focusing on "Groups and Organization." This chapter explores various types of societies, introduces the concept of groups and organizations, examines different types of groups, and analyzes group size and structure, as well as formal organizations.
PART A- INTRODUCTION: includes rationale, aims and objectives, scope of the study, text features, text length and text organization.
- Chapter I: “Theoretical background about translation.”
- Chapter II: “The original version of chapter VI of the book “Introduction to Sociology”, the second edition is my suggested translation.”
- Chapter III: “Contains the analysis of some typical difficult words, idioms, phrases and structures.”
- Chapter IV: “Consists of difficulties which I encountered and solutions which help me overcome these difficulties.”
This part will be the summary of findings, experiences I gained through this graduation paper and some proposals which I wanted to send to my University and Faculty of English.
I don't know!
Link download: https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology-2e
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
Translation is a vital linguistic operation that enhances students' language proficiency by converting texts from one language to another, facilitating communication across diverse languages This process has garnered significant interest from linguists and translation theorists, leading to various definitions of translation Catford defines translation as the transformation of textual material from a source language (SL) to an equivalent text in a target language (TL) Bell emphasizes that translation involves expressing in the target language what has been conveyed in the source language while maintaining semantic and stylistic equivalencies Newmark further elaborates that translation is about rendering the meaning of a text into another language in alignment with the author's original intent.
Translation involves replacing the form of the source language (SL) with the form of the target language (TL) while preserving the original meaning The primary goal of translation is to convey the meaning from the SL to the TL through its semantic structure, ensuring that the essence remains unchanged Additionally, effective translation requires not only a grasp of the general meaning but also an understanding of the cultural context behind the communication.
If I translate the English text “Good night” into Vietnamese as “Chúc ngủ ngon” there is a replacement of SL (English) grammar and lexis There is no also replacement of SL graphology by TL one, but the target graphology form is by no mean a translation equivalent of the SL graphology form.
METHODS AND PRINCIPLES
Translators typically select their translation methods based on the type of text they are working with, leading to the ongoing debate between literal and free translation approaches In addition to common methods such as word-for-word, sentence-to-sentence, and conceptual translations, various scholars have proposed alternative techniques, resulting in a diversification of translation strategies.
Newmark (1988) proposes two key approaches to translation: communicative and semantic Communicative translation aims to convey the original context to readers effectively, while semantic translation focuses on accuracy, which may compromise clarity A successful translation often requires a flexible combination of both methods to balance precision and effective communication.
Word-for-word translation involves translating the source language (SL) directly, preserving its original word order and providing a literal translation of each word This method, often illustrated through interlinear translation, translates words individually by their most common meanings without considering context, particularly for cultural terms The primary purpose of this approach is to help understand the structure of the SL or to serve as a preliminary step in translating complex texts.
Example: “There is a book on the table.”
Suggested version: Có một cuốn sách trên bàn.
In the process of translation, SL grammatical structures are aligned with their closest equivalents in the target language, while lexical items are translated individually and out of context This pre-translation approach highlights potential issues that need addressing When the source and target languages share similarities, literal translations may be comprehensible due to comparable grammatical forms However, relying solely on literal translations of lexical terms often results in a foreign-sounding output that lacks effective communication.
Example: “This programe is sponsored by Walls.”
Suggested version: Chương trình này do hãng Wall tài trợ.
This translation method prioritizes the aesthetic quality of the source language text, focusing on achieving a beautiful and natural sound while compromising on some meanings It avoids jarring elements like assonance, word-play, or repetition in the final version Additionally, it translates less significant cultural terms using neutral or functional equivalents rather than direct cultural translations, making minor concessions to enhance reader understanding.
Example: “The third world is vulnerable owing to its extreme specialization.”
Suggested version: Thế giới thứ ba dễ dàng bị tổn thất vì sự chuyên môn hóa quá mức.
This approach replicates the substance of the original text while omitting its stylistic elements, resulting in a paraphrase that is typically more lengthy than the source material Often referred to as "intra-lingual translation," this method can come across as verbose, overly elaborate, and at times, may appear to lack the essence of true translation.
Example: “The film is beyond any words.”
Suggested version: Bộ phim không chê vào đâu được.
Idiomatic translation reproduces the “massage” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Example: “New one in, old one out.”
Suggested version: Có mới nới cũ.
This method aims to convey the precise contextual meaning of the original text while ensuring that both the content and language are easily understandable for the audience This type of translation is commonly found in radio broadcasts and newspapers, where clarity is essential In some cases, communicative and semantic translations may align closely with one another.
Example: “Keep off the grass.”
Suggested version: Không được giẫm lên cỏ.
A faithful translation aims to accurately convey the original's contextual meaning while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language It effectively transfers cultural terms and maintains the level of grammatical and lexical deviation from the source language norms This approach seeks to honor the intentions and stylistic choices of the original writer, ensuring a true representation of the source text.
Example: “We could see the Mekong River winding its way through the plains below.”
Suggested version: Chúng tôi có thể nhìn thấy con sông Mekong uốn khúc qua những cảnh đồng bên dưới.
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation by J.C. Catford:
Total translation involves substituting the grammar and vocabulary of the source language (SL) with corresponding grammar and vocabulary from the target language (TL) This process also leads to changes in the SL phonology or graphology, which are replaced by the non-equivalent phonology or graphology of the TL.
Example : The child has slept for two hours
Đứa trẻ đã ngủ được hai tiếng.
Restricted translation means the replacement of SL textual material by equivalent
TL textual material involves translation that occurs solely at one level, either phonological or graphological, or exclusively within one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
J.C Catford (1965) defines phonological translation as the process where the phonology of the source language (SL) is substituted with the corresponding phonology of the target language (TL) This method primarily involves phonological changes, with minimal grammatical or lexical alterations occurring incidentally.
According to J.C Catford, graphological translation involves a restricted translation process where the source language (SL) graphology of a text is substituted with an equivalent target language (TL) graphology This translation type is grounded in the principle of maintaining a relationship to the "same" graphic substance.
In J.C Catford definitions, In transliteration, SL graphological units are replaced by
TL graphological units; but these are not translation equivalents, since they are not selected on the basis of relationship to the same graphic substance
Example: Australia-> Ốt-xtrây-li-a
This article outlines essential guidelines to assist translators in evaluating their work effectively By adhering to these general principles, translators can enhance the quality and accuracy of their translations, ensuring they meet industry standards.
The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be “transpose”.
Example: “She was limp with fatigue.”
Suggested version: Cô ấy mệt đến độ không đứng lên nổi.
In translation, it is essential to maintain the original order of words and ideas as closely as possible This alignment can be achieved through careful attention to word form and sequence In English, achieving emphasis or primary stress can be effectively accomplished by inverting word order and employing varied sentence structures.
Example: “Both Tom and Rose don’t want to go to the movie.”
Suggested version: Cả Tom và Rose đều không muốn đi xem phim.
Languages vary significantly in their formality levels, especially in contexts like business letters To effectively navigate these differences, translators need to identify formal or fixed expressions versus personal expressions that convey the writer's or speaker's tone.
That’s really kind of you.
That’s very nice of you.
All of them have the same meaning: “cảm ơn”.
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
6.1 Types of Groups o Understand primary and secondary groups as the two sociological groups o Recognize in-groups and out-groups as subtypes of primary and secondary groups o Define reference groups
6.2 Group Size Structure o How size influences group dynamics o Different styles of leadership o How conformity is impacted by groups
6.3 Formal Organizations o Understand the different types of formal organizations o Recognize the characteristics of bureaucracies o Identify the concepts of the McJob and the McDonaldization of society
(2) Over the past decade, a grassroots effort to raise awareness of certain political issues has gained in popularity.
As a result, Tea Party groups have popped up in nearly every community across the country The followers of the Tea Party have charged themselves with calling
“awareness to any issue which challenges
Mục tiêu học tập bao gồm việc tìm hiểu về hai loại nhóm trong xã hội học: nhóm sơ cấp và nhóm thứ cấp Học viên sẽ nhận biết các kiểu phụ của nhóm sơ cấp và nhóm thứ cấp, bao gồm cùng nhóm và khác nhóm, đồng thời xác định nhóm tham khảo trong bối cảnh xã hội.
Quy mô và cấu trúc nhóm đóng vai trò quan trọng trong động lực làm việc của các thành viên Kích thước nhóm có thể ảnh hưởng đến mức độ tương tác và sự gắn kết giữa các thành viên, từ đó tác động đến hiệu suất chung Các khả năng lãnh đạo khác nhau cũng góp phần hình thành cách thức hoạt động và sự phát triển của nhóm Hơn nữa, sự tương quan giữa các thành viên trong nhóm có thể bị ảnh hưởng bởi cấu trúc và quy mô, dẫn đến những thay đổi trong cách thức giao tiếp và hợp tác.
Các tổ chức chính thức bao gồm nhiều loại khác nhau, và việc nhận biết các đặc điểm của bộ máy quan liêu là rất quan trọng Đồng thời, cần xác định rõ các khái niệm về McJob và hiện tượng McDonald hóa xã hội, để hiểu rõ hơn về cách thức hoạt động và ảnh hưởng của các tổ chức này trong xã hội hiện đại.
(2) Trong thập kỷ qua, nỗ lực cấp cơ sở nhằm nâng cao nhận thức về các vấn đề chính trị nhất định đã trở nên phổ biến.
Các nhóm Tea Party đã xuất hiện rộng rãi trong các cộng đồng trên toàn quốc, với sứ mệnh nâng cao nhận thức về những vấn đề đe dọa an ninh, chủ quyền và sự bình yên trong nước của đất nước yêu quý của chúng ta.
United States of America” (Tea Party,
The group, named after the historic Boston Tea Party of 1773, comprises individuals from diverse backgrounds united in their commitment to uphold their values and beliefs Predominantly, their ideology leans towards anti-taxation, opposition to large government, support for gun rights, and a generally conservative political stance.
(3) Their political stance is supported by what they refer to as their “15 Non-
1 Illegal aliens are here illegally.
2 Pro-domestic employment is indispensable.
4 Special interests must be eliminated
7 The national budget must be balanced.
9 Bailout and stimulus plans are illegal.
10 Reducing personal income taxes is a must
11 Reducing business income taxes is quyền hoặc sự bình yên trong nước của quốc gia thân yêu của chúng ta, Hợp chủng quốc Hoa Kỳ” (Tea Party, Inc.
Nhóm này, được đặt tên theo Tiệc trà Boston nổi tiếng năm 1773, bao gồm các thành viên từ mọi tầng lớp xã hội, những người đứng lên bảo vệ các giá trị và tín ngưỡng của mình Họ có xu hướng chống lại thuế, phản đối chính phủ, ủng hộ quyền sở hữu súng và thường có quan điểm bảo thủ về mặt chính trị.
(3) Lập trường chính trị của họ được hỗ trợ bởi những gì họ gọi là “15 Niềm tin cốt lõi Không thể Thương lượng”.
1 Người nhập cư bất hợp pháp ở đây là trái pháp luật.
2 Việc làm chuyên nghiệp là không thể thiếu.
3 Một quân đội mạnh là điều cần thiết.
4 Lợi ích đặc biệt phải được loại trừ.
5 Quyền sở hữu súng là rất quan trọng.
6 Chính phủ phải được giảm quy mô.
7 Ngân sách quốc gia phải được cân đối.
8 Thâm hụt chi tiêu phải chấm dứt.
9 Các kế hoạch cứu trợ và kích cầu là bất hợp pháp.
10 Giảm thuế thu nhập cá nhân là điều nên làm.
11 Giảm thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp là mandatory
12 Political office must be available to average citizens
13 Intrusive government must be stopped
14 English as our core language is required
15 Traditional family values are encouraged.
(4) Tea Party politicians have been elected to several offices at the national, state, and local levels In fact, Alabama,
Michigan, Ohio, and Texas all had pro-
Tea Party members win seats in the U.S.
House of Representatives and the Senate.
On the national stage, Tea Partiers are actively seeking the impeachment of
President Barack Obama faced criticism for what many labeled "flagrant violations," which included the implementation of national healthcare known as Obamacare, perceived attempts at gun control, and a failure to adequately protect victims of a terror attack.
(5) At the local level, Tea Party supporters have taken roles as mayors, county commissioners, city council members, and the like In a small, rural, bắt buộc.
12 Văn phòng chính trị phải có sẵn cho những công dân trung bình.
13 Chính phủ xâm nhập phải được ngăn chặn.
14 Tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ chính và bắt buộc.
15 Các giá trị gia đình truyền thống được khuyến khích.
Các chính trị gia thuộc phong trào Tea Party đã giành được nhiều vị trí tại các cơ quan quốc gia, tiểu bang và địa phương, với sự hiện diện tại Hạ viện và Thượng viện Hoa Kỳ ở các bang như Alabama, California, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio và Texas Trên toàn quốc, các thành viên Tea Party đang tích cực kêu gọi buộc tội Tổng thống Barack Obama vì những "vi phạm rõ ràng", bao gồm những chỉ trích về chương trình chăm sóc sức khỏe quốc gia (Obamacare), quy định về súng, và sự thiếu sót trong việc bảo vệ các nạn nhân của vụ tấn công khủng bố tại văn phòng ngoại giao Mỹ ở Benghazi, Libya vào ngày 11 tháng 9 năm 2012.
(5) Ở cấp địa phương, những người ủng hộ nhóm Tea Party đã đóng vai trò như thị trưởng, ủy viên quận, thành viên hội đồng thành phố, v.v Trong một quận
In a Midwestern county with a population of approximately 160,000, the governance has been managed by a board of three county commissioners, comprised of two Republicans and one Democrat for several years The political landscape shifted during the 2012 election, marking a significant change in the county's administration.
Democrat lost his seat to an outspoken
Tea Party Republican who campaigned as pro-gun and fiscally conservative He vowed to reduce government spending and shrink the size of county government.
Political parties and other groups are integral to our identity and societal understanding, influencing both our connections and disconnections They serve as lasting social units that promote shared values and are essential to the framework of society Sociologists typically explore groups through three main perspectives.
Chúng ta có thể xem xét phong trào Tea Party qua các phương pháp này để hiểu rõ hơn về vai trò và thách thức mà các nhóm này mang lại Tại một thị trấn nhỏ nông thôn ở vùng Trung Tây với dân số khoảng 160.000 người, ba ủy viên quận đã giám sát hoạt động và điều hành chính quyền quận, trong đó có hai đảng viên Cộng hòa và một đảng viên Dân chủ trong nhiều năm qua.
Năm 2012, đảng Dân chủ đã thất bại trước một ứng cử viên Đảng Cộng hòa, người mạnh mẽ ủng hộ quyền sở hữu súng và có quan điểm bảo thủ về tài chính Ông cam kết cắt giảm chi tiêu chính phủ và thu hẹp quy mô của chính quyền cấp quận.
Các nhóm, như các đảng chính trị, đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc xác định bản thân và hiểu biết xã hội Chúng là những đơn vị xã hội lâu dài, thúc đẩy các hệ thống giá trị chung và cấu trúc xã hội Để nghiên cứu về các nhóm, có ba quan điểm xã hội học chính: quan điểm thuyết chức năng, quan điểm xung đột và quan điểm thuyết tương tác Phân tích phong trào Tea Party qua các lăng kính này giúp chúng ta hiểu rõ hơn về vai trò và thách thức mà các nhóm mang lại.
The Functionalist perspective offers a macro-level analysis of society, emphasizing the interconnectedness of its various components This viewpoint posits that society functions as a balanced system where each part is essential to the overall structure By examining the roles these components play, we can better understand movements like the Tea Party Movement within the broader societal context.
Functionalist might look at what macro- level needs the movement serves For example, a Structural Functionalist might ask how the party forces people to pay attention to the economy.
(8) The Conflict perspective is another macroanalytical view, one that focuses on the genesis and growth of inequality A conflict theorist studying the Tea Party
Over the past 30 years, business interests have significantly manipulated the system, resulting in the severe inequality evident today This manipulation has contributed to a substantial redistribution of wealth from the middle class to the upper class, potentially paving the way for a two-class system reminiscent of historical divides.