Understanding Automotive Electronics 2735 | FM Page i Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page ii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM Understanding Automotive Electronics Fifth Edition By: William B. Ribbens, Ph.D. With Contributions to Previous Editions by: Norman P. Mansour Gerald Luecke Charles W. Battle Edward C. Jones Leslie E. Mansir Newnes Boston, Oxford, Johannesburg, Melbourne, New Delhi, Singapore 2735 | FM Page iii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth–Heinemann. Copyright © 1998 by Butterworth–Heinemann A member of the Reed Elsevier group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth– Heinemann prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. 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For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Butterworth–Heinemann 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801–2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth–Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com/newnes 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America 2735 | FM Page iv Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM To Katherine 2735 | FM Page v Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page vi Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS vii Contents Preface ix Chapter 1 Automotive Fundamentals 1 Quiz 27 Chapter 2 The Systems Approach to Control and Instrumentation 29 Quiz 69 Chapter 3 Electronics Fundamentals 71 Quiz 96 Chapter 4 Microcomputer Instrumentation and Control 99 Quiz 144 Chapter 5 The Basics of Electronic Engine Control 147 Quiz 183 Chapter 6 Sensors and Actuators 187 Quiz 221 Chapter 7 Digital Engine Control System 223 Quiz 258 Chapter 8 Vehicle Motion Control 261 Quiz 294 Chapter 9 Automotive Instrumentation 297 Quiz 332 Chapter 10 Diagnostics 335 Quiz 365 Chapter 11 Future Automotive Electronic Systems 367 Quiz 406 Glossary 409 Index 415 Answers to Quizzes. 433 2735 | FM Page vii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page viii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS ix Preface Since the introduction of electronics for emission control on engines, the evolution of electronics in automobiles has advanced rapidly. The pace of development has inspired four revisions of this book in roughly ten years to avoid obsolescence. Rarely in history have technical developments moved at such a pace. Electronics have recently been incorporated on new automotive subsystems and have become standard implementation on many others. Such features as antilock braking systems and airbags could only be achieved practically through the use of electronics. These features are rapidly becoming standard features owing to strong pressures in the highly competitive North American automotive market. The first edition of this book was devoted primarily to electronic engine control because this was the chief application at that time. A number of automotive systems which were discussed in the chapter on the future of automotive electronics in the second, third, and fourth editions are now in production. These systems are presented in the appropriate chapters of this fifth edition. This latest edition covers most of the automotive subsystems incorporating electronics except for entertainment systems. These systems have been omitted partly due to space limitations and because automotive entertainment systems are closely related to home entertainment systems, which are discussed in many excellent publications. In its revised form, this book explains automotive electronics as of the late 1990s. It should prepare the reader for an understanding of present as well as future developments in this field into at least the early part of the next century. William B. Ribbens November 1997 2735 | FM Page ix Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page x Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM [...]... orientation 4 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 2735 | CH 1 Page 5 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 Evolution of Electronics in the Automobile This book explores the application of modern solid-state electronics to the various automotive subsystems described above Apart from auto radios, some turn signal models, and a few ignition systems, there was very little use of electronics. .. correct time for ignition by a distribution circuit 12 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 2735 | CH 1 Page 13 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 Figure 1.8 Spark Plug Configuration FPO Figure 1.9 Schematic of the Ignition Circuit FPO UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 13 2735 | CH 1 Page 14 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS Before the advent of modern... applications of electronics will be discussed in this book CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter will give the reader a general overview of the automobile with emphasis on the basic operation of the engine, thus providing the reader with the background to see how electronic controls have been and will be 2 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 2735 | CH 1 Page 3 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS...2735 | FM Page xi Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM Understanding Automotive Electronics 2735 | FM Page xii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | CH 1 Page 1 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 Automotive Fundamentals Picture yourself in the not-too-distant future driving your new car along a rural interstate... depend on the cost of the equipment and the market acceptance of the features USE OF ELECTRONICS IN THE AUTOMOBILE Microelectronics will provide many exciting new features for automobiles Environmental regulations and an increased need for economy have resulted in electronics being used within a number of automotive systems Electronics have been relatively slow in coming to the automobile primarily because... is critical to engine performance, controlling it precisely through all operating conditions has become a major application of digital electronics, as explained in Chapter 7 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 17 2735 | CH 1 Page 18 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS It will be shown in Chapter 7 that ignition timing is actually computed as a function of engine operating conditions... early 1970s Government-mandated emission regulations, fuel economy, and safety requirements motivated the initial use of electronics The dramatic performance improvements and relatively low cost of electronics have led to an explosive application of electronics in virtually every automotive subsystem We will be exploring these electronic systems in great detail later in this book, but first it is helpful... fundamentals of engine operation using the example engine of Figure 1.2, we can thus explain the differences that have occurred with modern electronic controls UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 5 2735 | CH 1 Page 6 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS Figure 1.2 Cutaway View of a 6Cylinder, OverheadValve, Inline Engine (Source: Crouse) FPO The major components of the engine include... electronic technology evolved, the engine mechanical configuration was influenced (at least indirectly) by the electronic controls that were intended to be applied 6 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 2735 | CH 1 Page 7 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 Engine Block Conventional internal combustion engines convert the movement of pistons to the rotational energy used to drive the wheels... downward and forces the valve open (Note: Some engines have the camshaft above the head, eliminating the pushrods This is called an overhead cam engine.) UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 7 2735 | CH 1 Page 8 Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS Figure 1.4 Valve Operating Mechanism (Source: Crouse) FPO The 4-Stroke Cycle Conventional SI engines operate using four “strokes,” . AM UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS ix Preface Since the introduction of electronics for emission control on engines, the evolution of electronics. Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 5 Evolution of Electronics in the Automobile This