INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
Autobiographies, also known as memoirs, captivate readers due to their factual nature and adventurous narratives Bonamy Dobrée, a former Professor of English Literature, described them as "the most entrancing of books" and sometimes even works of art These personal accounts reflect specific periods of an individual's life, allowing authors to share their unique experiences A notable figure in this genre is Laura Ingalls Wilder, whose first book was published in 1932 when she was 65, vividly recounting her childhood experiences through a historical fiction series.
The researcher has a profound interest in autobiographical works for children, highlighting notable examples such as "The Diary of a Young Girl" by Anne Frank (1947), "Anne of Green Gables" by Lucy Maud Montgomery (1908), and the "Little House" eight-book collection by Laura Ingalls Wilder (1932-1943).
Fans of Laura Ingalls Wilder can celebrate her classic novels and television series on the official Little House on the Prairie website, which fosters a community centered around her enduring cultural legacy Her stories resonate deeply with readers, highlighting themes of a simple lifestyle, the joys of homemade pleasures, and a profound appreciation for the natural world.
The researcher is captivated by "Little House on the Prairie" (1935), the third installment in the acclaimed Little House series, due to its engaging setting, family-friendly themes, and compelling storyline.
2 novel can also be a wonderful source of data to conduct an investigation of Linguistic Expressions.
Aim of the study
This study aims to analyze the linguistic expressions that convey "Appreciation for Nature" in Laura Ingalls Wilder's "Little House on the Prairie."
For further information, the thesis clarifies which lexical items, structural devices, and rhetorical devices are utilised in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder
To reach the aim of the study, the main research question with three sub- research questions is formed
The main research question is:
What are Linguistic Expressions of the “Appreciation for Nature” used in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
Three sub-research questions are:
1 What are the lexical items used to describe the “Appreciation for Nature” in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
2 What are the structural devices used to describe the “Appreciation for Nature” in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
3 What are the rhetorical devices used to describe the “Appreciation for Nature” in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
The findings of the master's thesis serve as a valuable resource for literature preferences and offer practical applications in education and interpretation Additionally, this study presents a feasible suggestion for future research endeavors.
Problem statement
The objective of the thesis is the Linguistic Expressions used in the novel
“Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder
In term of Linguistic Expressions, there are some researchers did their own examinations such as the Master Thesis named Linguistic Expressions of Love in
Bob Dylan's protest songs from 1961 to 1965 showcase his profound use of linguistic expressions to convey themes of human love In her thesis, Phan (2020) highlights how these expressions play a crucial role in articulating Dylan's ideas, ultimately enriching the audience's comprehension and appreciation of literature, particularly in the realm of song lyrics.
In addition, the Journal Article, written by Henry (1936) with the title The
Linguistic Expression of Emotion, made an impact on the field of Linguistic
Henry streamlined traditional methods of expressing emotions in language, including syntax, intonation, gesture, and articulation He highlighted unique aspects of the Xokleng language, termed "symbolic," which convey emotions like fear and anger through sentence structures that omit subjects and objects This allows individuals to discuss uncomfortable topics without directly naming the subjects involved Overall, the study of LA presents a valuable opportunity for research.
Deignan (1997) noted in her PhD thesis at The University of Birmingham that contemporary theories of conceptual metaphorical mapping explore various aspects of linguistic metaphor, although they do not fully explain the data Her findings emphasized the significance of metaphor in discussing abstract concepts Additionally, Gentner and Gentner (1983) and Celsi & Olson (1988) proposed that metaphors play a crucial role in structuring knowledge through the 'semantic field' perspective of metaphorical mapping.
Despite numerous studies on linguistic expressions and literature related to Laura Ingalls Wilder's "Little House on the Prairie," there remains a lack of conclusive findings regarding how these linguistic expressions convey an appreciation for nature The researcher aims to explore this topic further.
4 thesis named “Linguistic Expressions to describe the Appreciation for Nature in Little House on the Prairie written by Laura Ingalls Wilder”
The research subjects are high school students and university students, who can apply the thesis’ implication in their English learning process.
Significance of the study
This study is carried out in order to have a wide knowledge of the Linguistic Expressions in “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder
This thesis explores the lexical items, structural devices, and rhetorical devices in Laura Ingalls Wilder's novel, focusing on the distinct linguistic expressions that convey "Appreciation." The findings highlight Wilder's effective use of these expressions, which serve as valuable resources for teaching literature in English Additionally, this research suggests avenues for further studies on the "Little House on the Prairie" series, encouraging exploration of linguistic expressions of love in works like "These Happy Golden Years" and "The First Four Years." The diverse and intriguing linguistic expressions related to songs and food in the novel also present captivating topics for future research.
This thesis examines the linguistic expressions found in Laura Ingalls Wilder's novel "Little House on the Prairie," highlighting key lexical items, structural devices, and rhetorical techniques By analyzing these elements, the study aims to enhance students' understanding of the novel and provide deeper insights into the linguistic expressions that vividly depict its themes and characters.
"Appreciation for Nature" highlights the importance of engaging English Language Learners (ELL) with enriching content, vocabulary, and rhetorical techniques found in literature Novels, in particular, serve as an excellent resource for high school students, allowing them to deepen their understanding of the English language while exploring captivating themes.
Discovering the world can ignite excitement in both high school and university students, enhancing their English learning experience Laura Ingalls Wilder's novel captivates readers with its rich use of vocabulary, structural elements, and rhetorical techniques, making it an excellent resource for teaching English Language Learners (ELL) in areas like Reading Comprehension, Storytelling, and Paraphrasing Additionally, aspiring writers seeking to publish in magazines or news outlets will find this novel a valuable reference for their own writing endeavors, demonstrating its broad applicability across various academic fields.
Scope of the study
This thesis aims to elucidate various linguistic expressions, focusing on lexical items, structural devices, and rhetorical devices However, due to the constraints of a master's thesis, it does not cover other figures of speech, such as irony Consequently, there is potential for further research in this domain.
While the researcher highlights the theoretical and practical significance of the study, it is limited to the third novel in the nine-volume Little House series Consequently, the study encourages future researchers to explore other novels within the series or to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the entire collection in more extensive research.
Organisation of the study
The research consists of five chapters, including:
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the thesis, including the study's background, objectives, problem statement, scope, and significance It offers insights into Linguistic Analysis and explains the selection of the novel "Little House on the Prairie" as the primary data for analysis Additionally, the chapter highlights the theoretical and practical significance of this exploration.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction to Laura Ingalls Wilder and her work “Little House on the Prairie”
2.1.1 Introduction to Laura Ingalls Wilder
Laura Ingalls Wilder, born Laura Elizabeth Ingalls on February 7, 1867, in Pepin, Wisconsin, is renowned for her beloved novels, including her first, "Little House in the Big Woods" (1932), set in the region where she grew up At 18, she married Almanzo James Wilder in De Smet, South Dakota, and they welcomed a daughter, Rose Wilder, who became a prominent political writer and philosopher.
On February 10, 1957, she died at age 90, on her farm in Mansfield, Missouri, United States
The official Little House on the Prairie website, managed by Friendly Family Productions, celebrates the legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder, a beloved author whose classic novels have captivated children and teenagers worldwide Translated into over 40 languages, her stories resonate with readers of all ages and backgrounds Additionally, her renowned work "Little House on the Prairie" was adapted into a popular NBC television series that first aired in 1974, further solidifying her impact on American culture.
In her 40s, Wilder began her writing career by contributing to small farming publications in Mansfield, Missouri, where she lived with her husband, Almanzo It wasn't until her 60s, with encouragement from her daughter, that she published her first novel, "Pioneer Girl," which depicted the challenging realities of frontier life Initially met with rejection from publishers, her perseverance ultimately led to success.
Rose Wilder, a renowned writer and devoted daughter, persevered in adapting her mother's novel into engaging short stories for children, which ultimately became the foundation of the beloved "Little House" series.
In her article for The Guardian, Sarah Churchwell highlights that Laura Ingalls Wilder's first novel, "Little House in the Big Woods," was published in 1932 when she was 65 years old This autobiography quickly became a bestseller in the United States, paving the way for the subsequent success of Wilder's other novels.
Rose Wilder Lane encouraged her mother, Laura Ingalls Wilder, to document her childhood memories of growing up on the American frontier At the time, Wilder was contributing to a regional farm magazine in Missouri After years of contemplation, she began writing a manuscript titled "Pioneer Girl," but faced challenges with publishers who undervalued her work As a result, she transformed her story into a beloved series known as the Little House books, which have since resonated with American readers of all ages.
Laura Ingalls Wilder, as noted by Miller (1920), crafted engaging prose for a broad audience while advocating for education reform Although she taught for three terms in a one-room schoolhouse, Wilder confessed that teaching was not her passion; nonetheless, her sense of responsibility from a young age compelled her to contribute financially to her family's well-being.
Laura Ingalls Wilder, often recognized as one of America's first libertarians, played a significant role in preserving American values, as noted by Boaz (2015) Although she was initially a lifelong Democrat, her disillusionment with Roosevelt's New Deal marked a pivotal shift in her political perspective.
In the Master of Art thesis An Investigation of Authorship Based on Selected
Works of Laura Ingalls Wilder and Rose Wilder Lane (2020), Kristina Runyeon-
Odeberg mentioned about Laura’s political view There, Laura Ingalls Wilder
9 together with her daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, took part in the Libertarian movement
“The Selected Letters of Laura Ingalls Wilder” (Anderson, 2017) compiles writing materials collected from various museums, archives, and personal collections, spanning over sixty years of Wilder’s life from 1894 to 1956 This collection highlights Wilder’s support for women's rights, reflecting her philosophies, political views, and memories of growing up as a frontier child.
The Laura Ingalls Wilder School is ranked #165 among Texas elementary schools, based on performance metrics such as state-required tests, graduation rates, and preparation for high school, according to U.S News statistics This ranking highlights the lasting impact of the novelist on American society.
Laura Ingalls Wilder's significant contributions have been recognized by the International Astronomical Union, which named the Wilder Crater on Venus in her honor This initiative includes naming all craters on Venus after renowned women or using female first names, showcasing the importance of women's achievements in science and literature.
Laura Ingalls Wilder, noted for her significant contributions to children's literature, was a five-time runner-up for the prestigious Newbery Medal, awarded by the Association for Library Service to Children.
The Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal was established to honor a living author or illustrator whose works, published in the United States, have made a significant and enduring impact on children's literature.
2.1.2 Introduction to “Little House on the Prairie”
In Politico Magazine, Woodside (2016), a writer who also edited the journal Appalachia, had an article called How ‘Little House on the Prairie’ Built Modern
Conservatism; there he mentioned that, both in the novels and the popular TV show
“Little House on the Prairie,” the Ingalls family stories became, perhaps, the most iconic portraits of the optimism and self-reliance of the frontier Laura Ingalls
Wilder courageously helped her family firefight, survive from natural disasters such as blizzards and drought, raise livestock and poultry, and twist hay for the cookstove
Jonathan Yardley introduced the book of Wendy McClure’s The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie (2011) in The
In her book, Wendy McClure, a Chicago-based freelance writer and children’s book editor, passionately praises the "Little House" series, highlighting its significance as a cherished part of her childhood She emphasizes that Laura Ingalls Wilder's novels should be regarded as the personal domain of girls and women, showcasing their unique appeal and relevance to female readers.
In 1911, Laura Ingalls Wilder was invited by the owner of the "Missouri Ruralist" to contribute articles, where she eloquently reflected on her childhood, family, and the challenges and joys of farm life Her writings emphasized an appreciation for life's simple moments and encouraged readers to cherish the gift of being alive.
Terms and Definitions
The concept of "Nature" has linguistic roots in various languages, with the Greek term "phusis" derived from a verb meaning "growing" or "producing." In contrast, the Latin word "natura" in Ancient Rome emphasizes a more concrete meaning related to "birth" and "initial character," highlighting a distinction from contemporary interpretations.
Nature Portfolio has significantly contributed to the research community by publishing major discoveries that reflect the essence of "Nature." Over time, the term has evolved, achieving linguistic and philosophical maturity; however, conflicting interpretations persist in various European dictionaries, as explored in Frédéric Ducarme's thesis, "What does 'nature' mean?"
& Denis Couvetas (2020), recorded in the Table 1 below:
Table 1 List of main current definitions of “Nature” in Western dictionaries
Definition Opposed concept Close philosophical tradition
The whole of material reality, considered as independent of human activity and history
Post-romantic philosophy (Rousseau, Romanticism, Marx, transcendentalism, Muir, etc), often attributed to
Christian tradition, and formulated by Mill
This definition is at the root of the “great divide” in Western academics
The whole universe, as it is the place, the source and the result of material phenomena (including man or at least man’s body)
Stoicism, Atomism, Epicurism, Taoism, Descartes, Bacon, Spinoza
Formulated by Aristotle and Mill
The specific force at the core of life and change
Heraclitus, Hegel, Nietzsche, Darwin, vitalism
The essence, inner quality and character, the whole of specific physical properties of an object, live or inert
Alternate definition with distinct grammatical use
(“nature of…”), too widespread to be assigned to specific traditions (see Aristotle and Mill)
In the most basic modern understanding, the word “Nature” is referred to two different interpretations from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary ©
The physical world encompasses a diverse range of phenomena, including plants, animals, landscapes, and natural processes that occur independently of human influence This includes weather patterns, ocean dynamics, mountainous terrains, and the natural cycles of growth and reproduction in both flora and fauna.
(ii) the basic or inherent features of something, especially when seen as characteristic of it
Nature encompasses both the external world, including all living organisms and natural elements, and the intrinsic essence of each object, rooted in its ancient Roman interpretation The term's diverse meanings vary based on context and user, as noted by Rolston III (1997) Despite its frequent usage in biological literature, there remains no universally accepted definition of "Nature," with authors often neglecting to provide references for this commonly employed concept.
In the “Little House on the Prairie”, Laura Ingalls Wilder's descriptions of frontier life for America's pioneers in her renowned "Little House" range from the
In her evocative storytelling, Laura Ingalls Wilder contrasts the majestic, dark trees of the Big Woods with the expansive grasslands of the west, showcasing her deep appreciation for the prairie landscape Through vivid descriptions, she not only highlights the beauty of nature but also brings her family members to life, allowing readers to visualize the enchanting scenery while gaining insight into the unique traits of each character Wilder masterfully imbues nature with human-like qualities, establishing her as a remarkable naturist and storyteller.
In this research, how Laura Ingalls Wilder described the “Appreciation” for
The research explores the literary devices employed to portray "Nature," highlighting a deep appreciation and gratitude for its beauty In this context, Nature encompasses a broad spectrum, including landscapes, wildlife, and plant life, as well as the fundamental instincts inherent in humanity.
In the most basic understanding, the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
(© 2021 Oxford University Press) defines “Appreciation” with five different layers of meanings:
(i) the pleasure that you have when you recognize and enjoy the good qualities of somebody/ something;
(ii) the understanding of something, such as a situation or a problem, and of what it involves;
(iii) the feeling of being grateful for something;
(iv) the increase in value over a period of time;
(v) a piece of writing or a speech in which the strengths and weaknesses of somebody or something, especially an novelist or a work of art, were discussed and judged (Simpson et al., 1989)
In this study, "Appreciation" is defined as "the feeling of being grateful for something" (Simpson & Weiner, Oxford University Press, 1989) This definition aligns with the understanding of appreciation presented in the Cambridge Academic Content.
Dictionary © Cambridge University Press(2021) extends the meaning of
"Appreciation for Nature" refers to the recognition and understanding of the significance and value of the natural world, along with a sense of gratitude towards it This concept emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the beauty and benefits that nature provides, fostering a deeper connection and respect for the environment.
According to Dove (1956), the act of appreciating is made up of two basic reactions:
To appreciate a literary work fully, readers must first recognize the author's aesthetic intent Understanding the writer's purpose is essential before they can truly admire a novel, essay, poem, or drama.
(ii) The second component is the reader's awareness and evaluation of the means by which that goal is attained In other words, aesthetic
14 values, brought to readers, were the goal achievement that writers intend to approach
It is also worth noting that these two processes of recognizing and evaluating, are truly inseparable, with neither occurring without the other
This study explores the theme of Appreciation for Nature as presented in Laura Wilder's novel It begins by analyzing the linguistic expressions she employs to convey her message about the natural world Furthermore, the evaluation of literary devices highlights the importance of these expressions in enhancing the reader's connection to nature.
In her writing, the novelist explores both the external world and human nature, highlighting the various ways individuals express appreciation According to Cui (2012), expressions of gratitude often encompass a range of functions, including complimenting, reassuring, and conveying surprise or delight, as well as a desire to maintain connections without obligation This multifaceted approach to appreciation is evident in "Little House on the Prairie," where linguistic expressions of gratitude are conveyed through diverse means.
Linguistic Expressions refer to the various forms—spoken, written, or signed—such as sounds or visual images that represent linguistic units In literature, written Linguistic Expressions, like those found in novels, are the tangible outcomes of the writing process These definitions are sourced from the GOLD Community, a satellite project of THE LINGUIST List, which operates under the auspices of the U.S Library of Congress and promotes data interoperability in the field of Linguistics.
“Linguistic Expressions” across languages contain of five essential components namely phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics (Fromkin & Rodman, 1974)
Phonology is the study of speech structures, focusing on the patterns of fundamental speech units and established pronunciation standards (Tabors et al., 2000).
It is concluded from How morphology impacts reading and spelling:
Advancing the role of morphology in models of literacy development (Levesque et
Al., 2020) that, morphology is the study of the smallest meaning units, which is important for vocabulary growth and represents the smallest building blocks for comprehension
Syntax examines the arrangement of words and their fundamental components to create sentences While semantics focuses on the meaning conveyed by language, pragmatics explores how speakers within a community utilize language to accomplish their objectives.
Linguistic expressions encompass various forms of communication, including words, grammar, tones, signs, and rhetorical devices These elements work together to effectively convey concepts to the audience, specifically the readers in this study context.
METHODOLOGY
Research design
Research designs serve as frameworks for conducting inquiries in qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, offering clear guidance for the procedures involved in a research study These designs, also referred to as strategies of inquiry, are essential for ensuring systematic and effective research (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011).
To explore the beauty of Laura's linguistic expressions in conveying her "Appreciation for Nature," a qualitative research approach, specifically literary analysis, will be employed.
Qualitative Research is characterized by its subjective nature, focusing on written data rather than numerical statistics This approach often leads to diverse results that resist quantification through traditional statistical methods It effectively explores behaviors and attitudes, frequently employing theoretical frameworks to offer a comprehensive perspective for the study (Creswell & Creswell).
The approach focuses on gaining insights into the complexity and richness of linguistic expressions related to "Appreciation for Nature." By exploring this phenomenon, we aim to uncover the depth of human connection to the natural world.
Literary Research involves uncovering new insights within a literary work, revealing its true essence and historical context As Altick (1987) suggests, this process allows readers to understand the author authentically, alongside their cultural background and the audience for whom they originally wrote.
The Literary Research Approach, as defined by Altick (1987), enables scholars to analyze and assess creative works This methodology emphasizes interpretation that considers the psychological perspectives of the author, the work itself, and the reader.
Literary research is primarily qualitative, focusing on the investigation of qualities and characteristics that reveal the psychology, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors of characters, works, and writers (Bateson, 1972; Khan, 2013) This approach aims to uncover the underlying patterns that define literary figures and their narratives.
Literary research requires a mature mindset and careful handling, as emphasized by Khan (2013) He asserts that this type of research is grounded in historical knowledge and is shaped by the scholar's reading, experience, and contemplation.
The interpretation relies on an in-depth mental analysis of the social, intellectual, and literary contexts of a specific period This approach enables researchers to uncover deeper meanings, facilitating the discovery of truth through literary research.
This thesis explores the linguistic expressions used to convey appreciation for nature in Laura Ingalls Wilder's novel "Little House on the Prairie." To achieve this, a literary research method aligned with qualitative analysis is employed.
Research questions
To achieve the aim of the study, the main research question with three sub- research questions is formed
The main research question is:
What are “Linguistic Expressions” of “Appreciation for Nature” used in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
Three sub-research questions are:
1 What are the lexical items used to describe the “Appreciation for Nature” in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
2 What are the structural devices used to describe the “Appreciation for Nature” in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
3 What are the rhetorical devices used to describe the “Appreciation for Nature” in the novel “Little House on the Prairie” written by Laura Ingalls Wilder?
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The “Appreciation” for natural landscape
In "Nature," Laura Ingalls Wilder vividly portrays the landscape, using a rich array of vocabulary, structural elements, and rhetorical techniques to illustrate the formidable presence of nature in contrast to humanity While she refrains from overtly praising the scenery, her meticulous attention to detail reflects a deep appreciation for the natural world.
It can be easily recognized that the landscape was greatly described through the lexical items with wide collections of words or phrases related to natural phenomenon and plants
Through Laura Ingalls Wilder’s words, a beautiful and majestic “Nature” has appeared in many colors with different shades, extremes, and contrasts:
Laura's appreciation for the natural landscape is conveyed through her thoughtful expressions rather than exclamatory adjectives Despite the ferocity and threats posed by nature, she shares her challenges and experiences, demonstrating her resilience and ability to connect with the environment Her words reflect a deep devotion to the beauty and complexity of nature, inviting readers to feel her journey of blending in and overcoming the fierce aspects of the world around her.
Laura Ingalls Wilder’s innate ability of using collections of vocabulary is shown as the following illustration
Table 2 Lexical items used to describe the “Appreciation” for natural landscape
Kinds of lexical items Extractions
Nouns sky, land, wind, sun, sunset, sunshine, star, cloud, ice, space, woods, air, trees, lake, light, fire, shadow, water, creek, dot, etc
Verbs Rise, shine, set, glitter, whisper, mourn, wink, ripple, change, etc
The vast, blistering landscape is adorned with a myriad of colors, from bright blue to pale gray, creating a starlit ambiance that feels both endless and scorched The enormous, shadowy curves of the terrain contrast with the flat, clear expanses, while the rippling surfaces reflect the blazing hues of the sky This perfect blend of warm and cool tones captivates the senses, inviting exploration into its great depths.
Idiom As hot as an oven
(i) First, the beautiful bright scenery along the journey, especially on the High Prairie and across the creek
The author captivates readers with vivid descriptions of the sky, employing a diverse array of color adjectives such as "vast," "enormous," "black," "blue," "grey," "pink," and "white." To enhance the sense of reality, she incorporates specific shades and adverbs, using terms like "pale gray," "clear blue," and "bright blue." Additionally, Laura Ingalls Wilder contrasts beauty with negative adjectives like "dull" to describe an unremarkable sky, while the term "blazing" conveys intensity.
Along with the sky, the clouds, the sun, and the stars were also carefully described by Laura with many adjectives and verbs describing a lively vibe as well
In the article, the term "shine" is utilized to convey the brilliance of nature, highlighting how the sun emits light Laura extends this description to clouds and human eyes, suggesting that the beauty of the scenery is enhanced by the positive outlook reflected in people's eyes, even amidst challenges.
The clouds broke and drifted apart, shining white in a clear blue sky The sun shone, birds sang, and thousands of drops of water sparkled on the grasses
The imagery of "eyes" and "sunshine" is frequently intertwined throughout the story, with "sunshine" appearing 30 times This repetition conveys a sense of positivity that resonates with the audience, allowing them to perceive the author's uplifting perspective.
Laura felt a soft warmth on her face and opened her eyes into morning sunshine
She would see Pa crouching by the fire in the middle of the night, then suddenly sunshine hurt her eyes…
Laura opened her eyes and saw bright sunshine
In his work, author Wilder emphasizes the significance of the "circle" in the sky, symbolizing the harmonious interaction between heaven and earth This imagery evokes a vast and untouched natural landscape, characterized by its perfection, constancy, and grandeur The depiction of the circle highlights the timeless beauty of the wild, inviting readers to appreciate the expansive scenes of nature.
“ land ” was often described with different adjectives such as “ shadowy ”,
“ curving ”, “ flat”, “endless”, “ black ” to show the spacious area that was witnessed, in which, human was “ only a dot ” a perfect circle the sky curved down the level land
As the sun set, a pink hue painted the horizon while darkness enveloped the land The wind whispered through the grass, creating a sense of solitude A small campfire flickered, dwarfed by the vastness around it, while bright stars sparkled above, making Laura feel as if she could reach out and touch them.
Kansas was an endless flat land covered with tall grass blowing in the wind
Next day the land was the same, the sky was the same, the circle did not change
In a perfect circle the sky curved down the level land, and the wagon was in the circle's exact middle
…gazed around the whole circle of earth and sky
Outside, and far, far away to the pink edge of the sky, the wind went blowing and the wild grasses waved
Endless stretches of tall wild grass blanketed the barren land beneath a vast, empty sky In the distance, the sun loomed large, its edges glowing with a pulsating light that painted the horizon A soft pink hue framed the sky, transitioning to yellow and then to a deep blue, while above it all, the sky faded into a colorless expanse As purple shadows began to gather over the landscape, a mournful wind whispered through the air.
The color palette was perfectly used as adjective in the novel Color like
The terms "pink," "red," and "white" primarily function as adjectives, describing or implying the presence or absence of color While they are predominantly used to modify nouns, they can occasionally serve as nouns themselves, but they do not appear in other grammatical forms.
In the novel, Laura was a master in using color as adjective to describe
Laura's vivid descriptions of "Nature" create a captivating image that enchants readers Her diverse vocabulary and rich word choices evoke stunning landscapes, prompting admiration for the beauty of the natural world.
Along the road, vibrant wild larkspur bloomed in shades of pink, blue, and white, while birds perched on the goldenrod's yellow plumes Butterflies danced through the air, and starry daisies illuminated the shaded areas beneath the trees Squirrels chattered above, white-tailed rabbits hopped along the path, and snakes swiftly slithered away at the sound of the approaching wagon.
The grass was turning yellow The whole world was rippling green and gold under the blazing sky
The enormous lake stretched flat and smooth and white all the way to the edge of the gray sky
Verbs play a crucial role in illustrating the beauty of nature, gradually revealing the liveliness of every creature One particularly vivid verb, "ripple," frequently appears in novels, enhancing the imagery Laura Ingalls Wilder effectively employed the present participle "rippling" as an adjective to describe both grass and animals Typically, when present participles function as adjectives, they convey the characteristics of the noun they modify rather than its action (Gu, 2020).
…and saw nothing but the rippling grass and enormous sky
The High Prairie stretched endlessly in every direction, with only the green grass swaying gently in the breeze and white clouds floating across the bright, clear sky.
To the north of the prairie, the creek bottoms are nestled below, featuring darker green tree-tops peeking through Beyond these trees, the earthen bluffs support the vibrant grasses of the prairie In the distance to the east, a varied line of greens marks the presence of the river, as noted by Pa.
(ii) Secondly, the dark side of “Nature” challenging human being
Gratitude to “Nature” was not only shown through the way the author describes the beauty of “Nature” but also through how the author perceived
The “Appreciation” for plants
Before becoming a renowned writer, Laura Ingalls Wilder was a dedicated gardener and farmer, growing food for her family and crops for sale Her deep appreciation for nature and simple structures shaped her life and literary works Wilder instilled a lasting respect for the natural world, inspiring aspiring naturalists to cultivate, preserve, and cherish their own wild gardens.
In the novel, plants play a minor role in the broader concept of "Nature," yet they hold significant importance as the primary food source for the Ingalls family, a fact that deeply resonates with Laura and Mary.
Table 5 Lexical items used to describe the “Appreciation” for plants
Kinds of Lexical items Extractions
Nouns grass, carrot, pea, onion, bean, turnip, sweet-potato, cabbage, etc
Verbs Plant, set out, water, sow, etc
Adjectives Little, color (green, gray), tiny, clean, etc
The plant that had the most description was “ grass ” since it appeared a lot within the story, especially was a part of the landscape
Only the green grass was rippling in the wind, and white clouds drifted in the high, clear sky
In the West the land was level, and there were no trees The grass grew thick and high
Verbs play a crucial role in illustrating the vitality of plants and creatures, transforming them into "living beings." One vivid example is the verb "ripple," frequently employed in literature to evoke imagery Laura Ingalls Wilder notably uses its present participle form, "rippling," to describe both grass and animals, emphasizing their dynamic qualities Typically, when present participles are used as adjectives, they highlight the characteristics of the nouns they modify rather than their actions (Gu, 2020).
The author employs a range of planting vocabulary and action verbs such as "sow," "water," and "plant," primarily focusing on plants and vegetation used for cooking and gardening Despite the simplicity of the images, they effectively illustrate a fulfilling working life enriched by the availability of food.
The Ingalls family's appreciation for nature was evident in how it supported their fulfilling lives, as plants played a crucial role in their food supply and overall survival.
As an autobiography, “Little House on the Prairie” used friendly tones with
“Nature” story-telling to attract young readers; therefore, not many structural devices were used in this novel, especially to describe the plants
Table 6 Structural devices used to describe the “Appreciation” for plants
Kinds of structural devices Extractions Meanings
He had got seeds of turnips and carrots and onions and cabbage
He had got peas and beans
And corn and wheat and tobacco and the seed potatoes
The favor of Nature for humans that helps people to live a happy and good life
…when we begin getting crops off this rich land of ours, we'll be living like kings!"
The character was happy and hopeful as well as future- trusting
Listing was a useful structure in this context, to show the fulfillment of life thanks to “Nature”
He gathered a variety of seeds, including turnips, carrots, onions, and cabbage, as well as peas, beans, corn, wheat, tobacco, and seed potatoes, along with watermelon seeds.
A wide range of vegetables was listed namely “ turnip”, “carrot”, “onion”,
“cabbage”, “pea”, “bean”, “corn”, “wheat”, “tobacco”, “potato”, and
The listing method highlights the profound connection between nature and human happiness, as illustrated by Pa's exclamation: “…when we begin getting crops off this rich land of ours, we'll be living like kings!" This statement reflects a deep gratitude towards nature for providing fertile lands and abundant crops, allowing people to thrive and enjoy a fulfilling life.
The novelist developed rhetorical devices, including simile and personification to express the look of the plans
Table 7 Rhetorical devices used to describe the “Appreciation” for plants
Kinds of rhetorical devices Extractions Meanings
They (the trees) were no taller than bushes The trees were short be living like kings A convenient and comfortable life
Hyperbole be living like kings Live a luxurious life
Grass waved along their tops…
The movement of the grass is softly and pleasingly and the wagon jolted … the wagon moved along with the quality of the street
All the grasses shook as if they were scared
The grasses changed its form
Only the wind stirred, and the grasses sighed
The character was sad and confused
The author employs similes to enhance readers' visualization of her words, reflecting her perspective on nature For instance, she compares a tree to "no taller than bushes," illustrating her sincere attempt to convey her thoughts to the audience.
Pa Ingalls demonstrated his gratitude for the abundant plants and crops of the Prairie through the use of simile and hyperbole, reflecting his optimistic perspective on life in this fertile landscape.
…when we begin getting crops off this rich land of ours, we'll be living like kings
The expression "live like kings" signifies a luxurious lifestyle where every need and desire is fulfilled This reflects the Ingalls Family's happiness and contentment, illustrating their satisfaction with life.
“Nature” – crop – an endless source of food
When describing “Nature”, Laura Ingalls Wilder used a lot of personification to make the image of grass livelier
Grass waved along their tops, but nothing grew on their seamed, straight- up-and-down sides
The grass waved and the wagon jolted and nothing else happened for a long time
All the grasses shook as if they were scared
Only the wind stirred, and the grasses sighed
As part of “Nature”, grass contributes to the beauty of the land The author very often used human verbs to describe the movements of the grass such as
Plants exhibit human-like emotions such as "waving," "sighing," and even feelings of "fear," showcasing the art of personification This portrayal highlights the inherent beauty of nature, serving as a heartfelt tribute to its wonders.
The “Appreciation” for animals
In her writings, Laura Ingalls Wilder emphasizes the deep appreciation for nature, particularly through her vivid descriptions of animals and the ways in which humans interact with them Her linguistic expressions reveal a profound understanding of the connection between humans and the natural world, highlighting both the beauty of wildlife and the impact of human actions on these creatures.
46 appreciated animals by always wanting to be with them, taking care of them, and treating them like real people
Animals play a vital role in the Ingalls family's journey, serving as companions and protectors In "Little House," they embody more than just friendship; they represent essential tools for expressing marginalized voices and navigating the complexities of the tame-wild spectrum According to post-humanist frameworks in animal studies (Blackford & Lockhart, 2020), characters like Jack illustrate the deeper connections between humans and animals, highlighting their significance beyond mere companionship.
Table 8 Lexical items used to describe the “Appreciation” for animals
Bird (dickie-bird), dog, horse, pony, rabbit, paw, duck, goose, crow, frog, mockingbird, owl, wolf, nightingale, squirrel, cow, calf, etc
Verbs Caw, sing, howl, sniff, whinny, lie, chatter, etc
Adverbs On and on, patiently, faithfully, etc
The Ingalls family's closest companion was their brindle bulldog named Jack, who is portrayed as a loyal and obedient pet The author employs vivid adjectives and verbs to illustrate Jack's character, emphasizing his intelligence and understanding of human commands While Pa went hunting, Jack dutifully guarded the camp, showcasing his faithful nature His unique way of communication, such as wagging his stubby tail, further highlights the bond between him and the family The use of adverbs like "patiently" and "faithfully" enhances the depiction of Jack's loyal following.
All the long way from Wisconsin poor Jack had followed them so patiently and faithfully, and now they had left him to drown He was so tired, and
He watched helplessly as the wagon departed, feeling abandoned and unaware of the deep desire others had for his presence.
In a poignant moment, the family's loyal bulldog, Jack, was mistaken for a wolf while circling the campfire, leading to his presumed loss as they crossed a swift river in their covered wagon Only Laura recognized his sparkling eyes in the darkness upon his return, prompting her to reflect on her father's mistake during the crossing Overcome with grief at the thought of losing Jack, she fought back tears, expressing a deep longing for his presence The narrative employs a series of verbs to convey Laura's sorrow, illustrating her bond with Jack as if he were a family member Additionally, present participles are used to vividly describe Jack during this emotional reunion.
The next thing she knew she was trying to hug a jumping, panting, wriggling Jack, who lapped her face and hands with his warm wet tongue
Jack appeared to be in good health, but soon he lay down beside Laura, letting out a long sigh His eyes were weary and red, and he was covered in mud from head to toe.
When Pa went hunting or shopping for essentials, Jack stepped in as his substitute, protecting the female members of the family and skillfully mimicking Pa's playful interactions with his daughters Serving as a symbol of wildness throughout the series, Jack represents an extension of Pa's character.
Laura felt secure within the sturdy log walls of her home, aware that wolves posed a threat to little girls With her father's gun hanging above the door and Jack, the loyal brindle bulldog, keeping watch, she found comfort in their protection Her father reassured her, saying, "Go to sleep, Laura Jack won’t let the wolves in."
When wolves howled in the Big Woods, Laura had always known that Jack would not let them hurt her
Jack played a crucial role in Laura's family, serving as a vital link between its members Since their journey began to a new and promising land, Jack's life has been intertwined with Pa, Ma, and Laura, reinforcing their family bonds during this transformative time.
The gun and Jack symbolize patriarchal protection, acting as barriers between vulnerable "little girls" and the fierce forces of "Nature." According to Janet Spaeth (1982), they are the only characters capable of navigating the safe confines of the indoors and the untamed expanse of the outdoors.
In "Over the Horizon of the Years," Janet Spaeth highlights how Laura's key protectors, Pa and Jack the dog, serve as vital guardians, shielding her from the dangers of the outside world They act as crucial intermediaries, creating a barrier between the unknown, perceived as unsafe, and the familiar, which offers a sense of security and comfort.
The Ingalls family also traveled with two ponies named Pet and Patty, highlighting the importance of these animals in their journey While dogs are valued for their protective nature, the novel beautifully portrays horses as a vital link between the wild and the domestic, symbolizing the family's connection to both nature and home.
The stunning little horses, referred to as western mustangs by Pa, are known for their strength and gentle nature With large, soft eyes and flowing manes and tails, these mustangs possess slender legs and smaller, quicker feet compared to the horses found in the Big Woods.
The black pony trotted eagerly, its mane and tail dancing in the wind like fluttering banners Free from any bridle or straps, the pony's nose and head were unrestrained, allowing it to fully embrace its surroundings.
The horses captivated onlookers with their stunning wild appearance, characterized by large, soft, gentle eyes, long manes and tails, and slender legs and feet.
The “Appreciation” for human nature
Laura Ingalls Wilder's use of lexical items vividly portrays both natural and human images in her novels Each character, particularly Pa Ingalls, Laura, Ma Ingalls, and the Indians, carries a distinct symbolic meaning, enhancing the depth of the narrative.
Table 11 Lexical items used to describe the “Appreciation” for human nature
Kinds of Lexical items Extractions
Verbs Wash, comb, dress, arrange, etc
Adjectives Handy, brave, small, tall, motionless, naked, tall, thin, etc
Adverbs Tightly, firmly, bravely, etc
Laura Ingalls Wilder portrays Pa Ingalls as a resourceful and courageous individual, capable of crafting essential items like tables and chairs Her assertion that "Pa could always make new ones" highlights his ingenuity and practical skills, emphasizing his role as a dependable figure in the family.
Ingalls could do almost any household equipment and he was surely such a skillful and handy man There were two things related closely to Pa Ingalls which was
“ gun ” and “ ax ” The “ax”, symbolized the handy side of Pa Ingalls, was contrasted to the “gun” representing his possibility towards the family
Although Pa appeared to move slowly, he swiftly drew his gun from the wagon, prepared to shoot at the mysterious green eyes that had been watching him Suddenly, the eyes ceased their approach, remaining hidden in the darkness, fixated on him.
Pa secured his gun to the wagon bows under the canvas top for easy access from the seat, while also storing his bullet pouch and powder horn underneath He took care to place the fiddle box gently between the pillows.
Pa held the gun ready Pa slowly walked toward those eyes
Pa secured his sharp hatchet in his belt, hung his powder-horn alongside it, placed the patch-box and bullet-pouch in his pocket, and slung his gun over his arm.
To protect his family, Pa always brought “gun” with him The sound of a
“ gun” shooting caught Laura’s attention Every time there was sign of danger, Pa Ingalls instantly took the gun to defense
The word “ instant ” means that Pa was very responsible and had a high level of vigilance
The term of “ ax ” symbolized labor Pa Ingalls was the one who brought home the bacon since he had the duty to take care of the family
Using his ax, he carved a deep notch at each end of the logs, ensuring that the notches were cut from the top He carefully measured the sills with his eye, creating notches designed to fit snugly around half of the sill.
Pa took a bucket and his ax, and sitting on this skeleton wagon, he drove away He drove right down into the prairie, out of sight
Laura Ingalls Wilder vividly illustrates Pa Ingalls' strength and skill through descriptive phrases like “wide deep notch,” highlighting the precision of his cutting technique This choice of words underscores not only the physical power required for the task but also Pa's adeptness in executing it.
Pa Ingalls's ideology shaped his actions Pa Ingalls decided that the family was “ going to the Indian Country ” because “there are too many people in the
Big Woods now ” After his decision, the family moved from the Big Woods to find the heaven for life
He and little Laura felt an increasing encroachment in Wisconsin, as Laura noticed sounds like “the ringing thud of an ax” not belonging to Pa, and gunshots that were unfamiliar The landscape around them transformed from a path into a road, and even wild animals were retreating from the area due to the rising population These sensations of encroachment fueled Pa Ingalls' belief in the American frontier myth.
During the long winter evenings, he shared stories with Ma about the vast, open landscapes of the Western country In this region, the land was flat and treeless, with thick, tall grass flourishing everywhere Wild animals roamed freely, grazing in an expansive pasture that seemed to extend beyond the horizon, untouched by settlers, and inhabited solely by Native Americans.
Pa Ingalls envisioned a vast and fertile West, characterized by "level land" ideal for farming, where grass grew "thick and high." His imagined "landscape" was perfect for his aspirations of dominion However, it is important to recognize that, at that time, the land was rightfully inhabited by Indigenous peoples.
Pa expressed uncertainty about the situation, believing that if left undisturbed, Native Americans would be as peaceful as anyone else However, he acknowledged their resentment towards white people due to being repeatedly forced westward He felt that an Indian should recognize when they were accepted With soldiers stationed at Fort Gibson and Fort Dodge, Pa was confident that these tribes would not cause any issues.
The desire to live in Indian’s land was so strong that he convinced himself that The Indians were nice as any other humans in this world
The author believed that Native Americans would be just as peaceful as anyone else if left undisturbed However, their repeated forced relocations to the west had understandably fostered animosity towards white settlers.
Pa Ingalls, a sympathetic adult character, recognized the Osage Indians' rightful ownership of the land where his family was squatting, highlighting the complex dynamics between white settlers and Native Americans.
As white settlers expand into new territories, Indigenous peoples are forced to relocate further west The government plans to facilitate this movement soon This is the reason for our presence here, Laura; white settlers are claiming the land, and those who arrive first have the opportunity to choose the most desirable areas Do you understand now?
The intense confrontation presented a moral conflict for Pa Ingalls, who had just started to acknowledge the Indians as legitimate inhabitants of the land As the narrative progresses, Pa struggles with his emotions regarding the Indians, ultimately confronting the shortcomings of his frontier beliefs.