: Lam mSu c6 tac dung tich cue giiip hpc sinh tie'n bp khi hoe viet (Taylor va tg khac, 2003).
Cac pham chat ve chuyen mon
Nhieu giao vien da bi lam vao hoan canh trd treu khi hp kh6ng chae chan v^ nhiing ye'u t6' thong thucmg va nhirng ye'u to can nghien eiiru them. V i du, mac dii ni6t miii huong hoa hpc se la rat ki quae trong mot gio Lich sir, no lai rat binh thuong trong gicr hpc hoa. Nhung pham chat dudi day c6 lien quan den ehuyen mon va nhirng bieu hien kem hieu qua dupe trinh bay nham cung cap cho doe gia nhung chi tiet eo the quan sat tha'y trong Idp hpc cua mot giao vien hieu qua hoac khong hieu qua.
Anh va Ngii v5n
Mot giao vien mPn Tieng A n h hieu qua t6 chiic Idp hpc rat phong phu ve
Cac bai dpe va tich hop dupe cac yeu to ngon ngir thOng qua viet, dpe va ngon
noi (bao gom ca nghe). Giao vien phai dpe nhi^u va thi hien sir say me vdi
^ rnon. Giao vien khuyen khieh hpc sinh dpe nhung tac phdm van hpc Idn de
cho hoc sinh cac co h6i de' thao luan, va dua ra nhigu nhan xet. Ngay nay, trong
cac lop hoc doi mdi, c6 nhieu phan mem c6 the dugc sir dung de nang cao chfft
luong bai giang ve k i nang doc va viet cung nhu cac k i nang nghien curu khac L6p hoc ciia giao viSn hieu qua ket hop dugc cac thanh to chinh ciia chuorii; tnnh day t i ^ g A n h . , , . ,
De cdi Men ngon ngif noi cua hoc sinh, giao vien co the thUc hien ca, bien phdp sau:
• Dua ra chi dSn trong gi6 day nghe; • L a m m l u each hoc nghe hieu qua;
• Doc to lam m l u cho hoc sinh vdi gipng doc va do nhah phii hop;
• Dua ra cac chi dan trong gio day noi va giai thich cac thdng diep the hier qua hanh vi va Idi noi;
• To chiic cho hoc sinh cac hoat dong de chudn b i , thirc hanh va trmh ba\ cac bai thuyet trinh trang trong;
• The hi6n va ap dung cac each giao ti6p ung vdfi nhu cau boi canh v;-
tinh hu6ng;
• Dua ra nhieu co hoi de hoc sinh tham gia vao cac hoat d6ng dong vai,
phong va'n va thirc hien nhung bai phat bieu tiic thdi; • Dan dat hoat d6ng thao luan theo nhom;
• Giang cho hoc sinh ve tut dia phuong, ngiJ am va qua trmh cau am; • Ap dung cac yeu to ve ngu am trong cac bai thuyet trinh: am vuc, do ic;
nho, tan sua't, chat lirgfng, hinh anh va ngat nghi;
• Hu6ng dan hoc sinh ap dung cac phuong i\tn truyen thong de nghien
ciru, phan tich va danh gia cac thong tin trfin truydn th6ng.
Giao vien c6 the dp dung nhiing hoat dong sau trong giddqy doc:
• Doc to; • Doc doc lap; • Doc theo timg doi;
• Tham quan thu vien de khuye'n khfch sir dung trung tam da phuong tien va lira chon nhiing cud'n sach hay;
• Tao cac thu vien trong Idp v6i luong sach phong phu; • T i n h gid cho hoc sinh doc;
• Hoc sinh tir chon tai lieu de doc;
• Ke bang nguyen nhan - ke't qua;
• Thiet lap chudi sir kien; i^r?
• Tao so d6 so sanh doi chieu; i i ; )
• P h a t t r i e n t i r b a n t o m t a t ; !ft s • i
• Tao cac trang vv'eb de thao luan; *' " ''
• The' hien bang tir vung tren tudng hoac thiet lap ngan hang tir vung; • Suy nghi - Ghep d6i - Chia se;
• Thao luan ve van hoc; * • H o i thao giQa nhung ngudi doc sach.
Gid hoc viet nen dp dung nhiing hoat dong sau:
• Viet theo cong thufc P O W E R (prewriting - chuan bi de viet, organizing - t6 chuc viet, writing - viet, editing - chinh sua, rewriting - viet lai); • Hoc sinh danh gia l l n nhau va dua ra nhiing Idi nhan xet mang tinh xay dung; • Trung tam viet va xuat ban tai Idp;
• H o i thao cua cac "nha van";
• To chiic cac cu6c thi viet cap quan va ca'p qu6'c gia; • Vie't bao cao hay nhat k i hoc tap;
• Ap dung cong nghe de h6 trg cho qua trinh vie't;
• Viet nhieu th^ loai khac nhau (ki thuat, thuyet phuc, nghien ciiu, tucfng trinh, ke chuyen, tho); » ,
• Co nhiing bai giang ve ngii phap; . ; « i
• Lap dan bai; • jf*'}r!'i( ^ • i »
• KT nang ghi chep (vi du theo each ciia Cornell), t'?
Lich svL va Khoa hoc xa hoi
Ngudi giao vien giang day cac mon Khoa hoc xa hoi mot each hieu qua yeu cSu hoc sinh suy ngh! ve lich sir va y nghia cua nhung sir lira chon trong dai trong lich su de hudng hoc sinh nghi den tuong lai hoac t i m cac x u huong trong lich sir. Hoc sinh dugc day de ket hgp nhuan nhuyen cac su kien quan trong va cac k i nang tao dieu kien cho chiing co th^ tie'p can tri thiic va hieu tucmg tan Hch sir. M o t giao vien day L i c h sii va cac m6n Khoa hoc xa h6i hieu qua thudng
xuyen C O kien thiic uyen tham v6 lich sir dugc the hien qua cac buoi thao luan
v6'n hieu bie't ciia minh vi qua trinh diSn bie'n ciia lich sir de' day hoc sinh each
xay dung cong cu kidm chufng cac thOng tin hien tai va cac sir kien trong qua khii. Ngudi giao vien hieu qua lu6n tim each de nhirng sir kien xua cu tro nen
g&n gui vdfi nhirng hoc sinh ngay nay.
Giao vien dp dung rat nhieu hien phap truac khi gidng day nhusau:
• Sir dung cac bieu do K - W - L (know - biet, want to know - muon biet, learned - duoc hoc);
• Nhat ki hoc tap;
• To chiic cac m6'c sir kien theo thoi gian; • Co nhirng hudfng dan so bo trudc cho hoc sinh; • Ap dung cac so do to chiJc.
Giao vien dp dung da dang cdc hoqt dpng trong lap hoc:
• Mo phong; • Tranh luan;
• Dir an nghien cuu doc lap;
• Co cac budi thao luan hoi dap (theo Socrat); • Hoi dap ve lich sir;
• Kich sir thi;
• Co cac hoat dong dira tren internet hay cdng nghg;
• H6 so liru trO dir lieu lich sir va phan tich cac tai lieu co ban nhu tranh anh, nhat ki hay cac van ban ciia chfnh phu;
• Tao nen cac vat mSu bang cong nghe ba chi6u (3D);
• Cac sir kien duong dai; ;ti
• Xem ban do (qua dia cau, ban do treo tudng, ban do d6 hoa hay ban do phac thao);
• So do tu duy; ' ' • Cac bai hoc c6 nen tang van hoc;
• Cac hoat dong ren luyen tu duy phan bien nhu dua ra quyet djnh, nguyen nhan - ket qua, so sanh ddi chie'u va suy luan;
• Tham quan cac bao tang (c6 the la cac bao tang tren Internet nS'u thieu thdi gian va kinh phi);
Gido vien c6 the dp dung cdc phUffng phdp ddnh gid duai day:
• Cac hoat dong dien vao ch6 trdng;
• Cac bai thuyet trinh tren cac phuong tien da phuong tiSn;
154
• Bai tap phan xa;
• Li giai lich sir; ^ • Cac huong dSn v6 each cha'm die'm;
• Danh gia dua tren the' hien cua hoc sinh nhu phan tfch m6t doan phim
hoat hinh vd chinh tri;
• Cac bai kiem tra do giao vien tu thiet ke' bao gom cac dang bai tap nhu trac nghiem, tra 15i ngan va viet tu luan.
^ . I * M6n Toan M6n Toan
Mot giao vien Toan hieu qua the' hien cac ki nang trong viec khich le cac kha nang ciia hoc sinh de hieu, phan tich va giai quyet van de. Ngudfi giao vien nay the hien nhirng ung dung ddi thudng ciia cac khai niem toan hoc de hoc sinh tie'p thu
de hon. Giao vien giup hoc sinh vugt ra khoi Idi tu duy sach vd, hieu dugc mdt
each rd rang toan hoc cd ling dung the' nao trong cudc sdng hang ngay. Phong hoc
CO the duoc trang tri vdi cac cdng thiic, cac tranh anh lien quan den toan hoc va nhieu hinh mSu theo cdng nghe 3D. Khay dimg thiet bi cd rat nhieu dung cu cho
hoc sinh nhu thudc do do hay compa. Giao vien su dung nhiJng cdng cu nay de'
minh hoa cho bai hoc. Neu mot hoc sinh gap khd khan, giao vien cd kha nang chan doan va ciing cd kie'n thiic con hong trong mang kien thuc cd trudc ciia hoc sinh hoac xac dinh hoc sinh da hidu nh^m budc nao trong qua trinh de' hoc sinh lai
di dung quy dao. Hoc sinh duoc yeu dw tinh toan, viet cac giai phap va thao luan
toan hoc. Toan hoc khdng chi la cac con sd va k i hieu ma con la ngdn ngir ciia sir hie'u biet.
Ngudi giao vien day Toan ap dung da dang cac cdng cu va thao tac de' giang day, bao gdm nhirng yeu td sau:
• Cac loai gia'y khac nhau (ke d, cha'm cha'm, gia'y ve do thi, vd ghi);
• May tinh (may bdn chiic nang, may khoa hoc, may ve do thi);
• Cac cdng cu do ludng (thudc do gdc, cai can, compa, thudc do dd, thudc ke, nhiet ke); ' • Cac chuong trinh phan mem ve toan hoc va cac bang tinh;
• Cac vat dung (quan cd dai so, hinh khd'i lap phuong, day Cuisenaire, cac
khdi sd hoc, cac vdng phan sd', cac bang dia I f , . . . ) ;
• Cac vat dung thudng cd (con quay, ddng xu, xiic xlc, day);
• Bang vie't phan hay bang trang cd ke d;
Nhflng giao vien Toan hieu qua ap dung cac phuong phap tiep can da dang giang day n6i dung, bao g6m nhiing dieu sau:
• Cac van de iJTig dung sit dung cac diJ lieu tir doi song;
I '''' ''^'iC'^'''
• Cac khe»i ba chieu (3D); ;
• Doc va viet truyen \6 cac va'n de;
• Ap dung cac giao cu true quan trong xir li va'n de;
• Tinh nham; . |. , > ,
• Du doan va udc tinh;
• Thao luan cac khai niem loan hoc;
• Phat bieu cua hoc sinh d^ giai quyet cac va'n de;
• Hoc sinh dien dat toan b6 each giai quyet van d6;
• Xem xet cac goc va ti le trong nghe thuat khi hoc do ludng; • Bieu d6 Venn.
Khoa hoc
Cac kham pha trong khoa hoc luon bo sung va lam thay doi dien mao cua kie'n thiifc khoa hoc. Nhimg giao vien hieu qua luon loi cuon hoc sinh tham gia vao thu nghiem va thao luan ve nhirng phat hien ciia cac kham pha do. Ho nhan
ra duoc nhung thay doi va de cao cac kham pha mdi va trudfc do de hoc sinh c6
the til do tim toi va hieu sau hon ve khoa hoc.
L6p hoc mon Khoa hoc dac biet chu trong vao su an toan, vdi su the hien cac ye'u t6' sau:
• Dan cong khai cac quy dinh ve an toan;
• NhiJng cam ke't an toan trong phong thi nghiem;
• Cac thie't bi bao ve c6 sSn (tap de, gang tay, kinh bao h6);
• Binh cuu hoa hay chan ciiu hoa trong cac phong su dung cac vat lieu de chay;
• Ne'u CO cac van dong trong phong thi nghiem thi phai c6 bang chi dan;
• Cac hoa chat dugc cat giir vdi bang ghi chep v^ su an toan; • Thiing rac rieng de chiia thiiy tinh va;
• Thuoc riia mat;
• Kho hoa chat duoc khoa cin than.
156
Giao vien Khoa hoc ap dung nhiiu Id thuat khac nhau de' hoan thanh cac muc tiSu-
• Nhom hoc hop tac; • Day va hoc theo yeu cSu;
• Cac mo phong tren may tinh; ; t ; • Tim toi va thir nghiem trong phong thi nghiem; . • . • Vie't bao cao nhan xet;
• Co cac mSu vat mang tinh khoa hoc; < • Hoc theo cac bai tap lorn; i , •
• Cac hoat d6ng thuc tien; i i
• Tnnh bay; ' • Doc cac bai bao, bao cao chuyen nganh khoa hoc; ;
• Cac so do to chiic; ' •
Lop hoc khoa hoc c6 cac thie't bi da dang, bao g6m nhimg vat dung sau: • Coc, binh thot c6, xylanh chia do;
• Thirdfc ke, compa, thudc do do; " ;
• Can va cac qua can; ' • Cac thie't bj kie'm tra vdi sir h6 tra cua may tinh;
• May tinh cho d6 hoa va may tinh cho khoa hoc;
• Den CO chiet ap;
• Cac dung cu mo; • Kinhhie'nvi; • M l u v a t ; • Nhietke';
• Hoa chat; ' ' t • ThSoj kinh, lang kmh, va guong. \
Tom tat
Mot giao vien khong the duoc xem la hieu qua chi vi ngucri do so hihi cac phdm chat liet ke trong phan nay. Tuong tir, nhimg bi^u hien kh6ng tO't chua chac
da the hien mot ngirdi giao vien khOng hieu qua, do chi la nhiing hanh dong cin
thay d6i ma th6i. Cung het nhu giao vien phai da dang hoa phuong phap de dap feg nhu cau ciia hoc sinh, nhimg pham chat va cac bieu hien kern hieu qua chua dirge de cap c6 the' danh rieng cho trucmg hop cua chinh ban. Giao vien hieu qua )hay khong la do su ket hop giua cac ye'u t6' ca nhan, nghe nghifp va chiing dugc
Muc III
*
Thxi muc c6 chii giai v
Tai lieu tham khao % =3 CT C <a> c <a>- 1 u o c c o o 12 f u ' S > c: 8 :(6 1 'O) c 'x: ^ . 2- in >re •5 = T3 E 1 to f t Caweiti, 1999 • • • • Caweiti, 2004 • • •
Corbett & Wilson, 2002 • • • •
Cotton, 2000 • • • •
Cunningham &Allington, 1999 • •
Darling-Hammond, 2000 • • • • •
Darling-Hammond, Berry, & Thoreson, 2001
•
Darling-Hammond, Holtzman, Gallln,&Heilig,2005
• •
Emmer, Evettson, & Anderson, 1980
• • • •
Ferguson & Womack, 1993 •
Fetler, 1999 •
Goldhaber & Brewer, 2000 •
Good &Brophy, 1997 • • • • Hansen &Feldhusen, 1994 • • • • 158 Hanushek, 1971 Hawk, Coble,&SwaTson, 1985 Haycock, 2000 Johnson, 1997 Kames & Bean, 2001 Marzano, 2003
Marzano (with Marzano & Pickering), 2003 Marzano, Pickering, & Mc Tighe, 1993
Mason, Schroeter, Combs, & Washington, 1992
McBer, 2000
Mter,McKema,&cKenna,199e
Monk& King, 1994
Hep hoi Quoc ga HIeu liuong cac tnxngmrg hoc 1997
Peart & Campbell, 1999 Pressley, Raphael, Gallagher, &DiBella,2004
Fiowan, Chiang, & Miter, 1997 Shellard & Protheroe, 2000 VanTasse^easka&LJIlle,200G Walsh & Sattes, 2005 V\feng,Hae(tel,&W*erg, 1993b Weiss & Pasley, 2004 Wenglinsky, 2004 Vfeslfaerg&Archambault,1997 Wlllard-Holt, 2003 Williams, 2003
Cawelti, G . (1999). Portraits of Six Benchmark Schools: Diverse Approaches to Improving Student Achievement. Arlington, V A : Educationai
Research Service. [Monograph].
Tom tat: Co sau trucmg hoc tren toan qu6'c dirge xep la chudn mure vi ho co
each tiep can dap ling dirge nhu cau thu thach hoc sinh. Mac dii m6i trircmg c6 each tiep can khac nhau trong viec tao ra cac tieu chuan cao cho thanh tich cu;, hoc sinh, hg cung c6 nhirng yeu to' chung nha't dinh. NhiJng yg'u to' chung do la
sir chu trgng vao cac chufo, bai tap nhom, hieu trucmg nhu la ngUcri lanh da(> cong tac giang day, cac thay ddi doi vdi con dudng hgc tap cua hgc sinh, vii
nhiJng giao vien tam huye't. Trong tat ca sau trucmg do, nhung cam ket eo ban ciia ngudi giao viSn doi vdi su thanh cong ciia hgc sinh la mot c6ng cu co ban vc
kha nang tiep can ciia cac trucmg. Hang ngay, giao vien ap dung cac bien phap de khuya'n khich hgc sinh thanh cong. Bien phap chung cua cac trucmg nay la si:
cam ket cua giao vien tan tam hang ngay day d6 hgc sinh, cac chu^n dat ra cao moi truong dugc thiet ke de dam bao thanh cong, va nhung thanh cong khont dugc du doan trudc o cac trinh dg cao hon dua vao dac diem hgc sinh. Ben canh do, cac trucmg chuan muc ke't no'i chucmg trinh dao tao cua minh vdri cac tieu chuan cua bang va xiic tie'n su phat trie'n dgi ngu nhan vien cha't lugng cao. Su ling hg cua phu huynh la ra't manh me, trong do co viec kie'm tra bai tap ciia con Do'i vdi nhung hgc sinh cSn su giiip do dac biet, luon co cac chuong trinh hgc he
danh cho cac em.
M6i thanh vien trong nhom sau trucmg nay deu co each tie'p can rieng, dot
dao de dap ling nhu cau ciia hgc sinh. Lanh dao gioi cung la mgt ye'u to' cue k i
quan trgng trong viec dinh hucmg va giao vien la nhimg ta'm guong cho su c6'ng hie'n tan tuy nham tao ra nhung thay doi. ' !
Cawelti, G.(Ed.).(2004). Handbook of Research on Improving Studeni Achievement (3"" ed.). Arlington, V A : Educational Research Service.
[Handbook].
Tom tat: Cuo'n sach dua tren nghien cihi ve cac hoat dgng trong Idfp hgc dc
nang cao thanh tich hgc tap ciia hgc sinh dugc soan vdi, muc dich h6 trg giac