The following r@erences have been reviewed and are recommended for yourfurther reading. Some of these references will greatly enhance your understanding of the subject matter covered in subsequent chapters.
REVERSE OSMOSIS A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR INDUSTRIAL USERS First Printing 1995, ISBN 0-927188-03-1; By Wes Byrne
461 pages, hard cover, $90
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a relatively new technology whose applications are rapidly growing. Several books have been written emphasizing the theory of membrane technology. This book, however, emphasizes the application of reverse osmosis, specifically in industrial markets. It explains how RO systems are designed and used and offers some sample computer programs to facilitate this process. It defines pretreatment requirements based upon the characteristics of the application. The book is therefore of value to design and process engineers working for RO
88 WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
equipment manufacturers and engineering companies. The book is written as a training guide. It explains how to monitor and maintain RO systems. This knowledge is critical for the daily evaluation of RO system performance. The book goes on to cover various aspects of membrane cleaning and sanitization. It also discusses most of the common RO system problems that should be investigated when troubleshooting an RO concern. These topics make the book an excellent tool for technicians who maintain RO systems. Some of the more common and some of the more interesting applications of reverse osmosis are discussed in detail. These include two-pass RO for high-purity water production, pharmaceutical water treatment, seawater desalinization, application of RO for juice concentration, plating metal recycling, the treatment of secondary sewage effluent, and the final filtration of deionized (DI) water. For anyone who works with industrial RO systems, the book will provide practical insights into reverse osmosis technology and will serve as an excellent reference.
Second Edition 1995, ISBN 0-927188-00-7; By Dean L. Owens 210 pages, hard cover, $55
The Practical Principles of Ion Exchange Water Treatment develops the fundamentals of understanding the ion exchange water treatment process for those people who work with or are concerned with the operation of systems employing this technology. Included are the basics of the mechanics and equipment of ion- exchange water treatment, and the effect of these on the operation of the systems.
Operation cycles of backwash, chemical regeneration, and rinses are detailed with explanations of each step. The indepth explanations of what, how, and why of this water treatment technology should provide the reader of this text with a basis for improving the operation and performance of installed systems. Troubleshooting and problem solving is approached in a new manner by outlining problem sources, with cross-references to basic explanations of the causes and suggestions as to where to look for solutions. With very few established courses on this subject in schools or in industry, this volume has served as a useful basic training text on ion exchange.
Over 3,400 copies of the first edition were sold. The second edition contains an updated troubleshooting section, as well as sections on waste treatment and resin sampling and testing.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WATER TREATMENT 1st Printing 1996; ISBN 0-927188-05-8 By Cliff Morelli.
Hardcover, 8272 pages. $60.
Virtually all industries utilize water in their manufacturing process, either as a heat- transfer medium, as in the steam-electric generating industry or in the employment of cooling towers; or as a product as in the case of beverages, foods and pharmaceutical preparations. Water is also employed as a working solvent, as in the case of manufacturing microelectronics, where the final product yield is highly dependent on the purity of the water. In addition, all manufacturing processes that employ water in their process, must also deal with a waste stream. Water treatment PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES OF ION-EXCHANGE WATER TREATMENT
WHAT FILTRATION IS ALL ABOUT 89
is of almost universal importance, yet, most engineers and chemists responsible for the water treatment facility have not had academic training in industrial water treatment. This book presents an elementary overview of the water treatment process, from "why" to "how." This book is designed for the person who is juct entering this field and needs an overview of the basic principles. For industry veterans, this is an excellent book to give to a new person entering their department.
COAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTS--Theory and Practice 1st Printing 1995; ISBN 0-927188-04-X By Dr. Yong H. Kim.
Softcover, 96 pages. Price: $23.
The purpose of this book is to provide engineers and plant operators who are involved in solid-liquid separation with a fundamental understanding of coagulation and flocculation. Applications include water and wastewater treatment, pulp and paper industries, mineral processing, and enhanced oil recovery. The readers of the book will obtain an appropriate knowledge of coagulants and polymeric flocculants, their chemistry, properties, and utilization. As a result, they should be able to optimize the performance of pertinent processes. They will especially find useful information about the dissolution of polymeric flocculants-a previously neglected topic, but one which has serious effects on the subsequent flocculation process.
Considering the wide -spread use of polymeric flocculants in the field, there are very limited sources readily available to many interested readers. This book will serve as a useful text for them to be well equipped on the subject.
2nd edition 1998; ISBN 0-927188-01-5; By Peter R. Johnston Softcover, 136 pages . $29.
This book is written as the book one wants to read when first starting the study of filtration. This book is intended for the person who has some technical background outside of filtration, and who now wants to "get his feet wet" in this subject This book is also for the "old filtration hand" who, while he has some experience in some special field of filtration, may now want to step back and see a larger view.
And it is intended as a vehicle for sorting out and explaining words and phrases that appear in technical and advertising literature. The incentive to write this book comes from the author's experience, as a charter member of ASTM's Committee F21 on Filtration, as chair of the subcommittee on liquid filtration (for 15 years), and as an instigator of the 1986 symposium on filtration sponsored by ASTM.
FUNDAMENTALS OF F'LUID FILTRATION-- A TECJZVICAL PRlMER
QUESTIONS FOR THINKING AND DISCUSSING
1 . It is recognized that pore blockage in a filter medium occurs because: (1) Pores become blocked by the lodging of a single particle in the pore passage, (2) Gradual blockage can occur due to the accumulation of many
90 WATER AND WASTEWATJ3R TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
2.
3.
4.
5 .
6 . 7.
8.
9.
particles in pore passages; and (3) Blockage may occur during intermittent filtration practices. Consider a 1 mz surface of filter medium containing Np number of pores. The average pore radius and length are rp and $,, respectively. Assuming laminar flow, develop an expression to calculate the volume of filtrate through a single pore per unit of time. (Hint - Are you familiar with the Hugen-Poiseuille expression?).
Continuing with question 1, develop an expression for the initial filtration rate per unit area of filtration.
Consider 1 m3 of very dilute suspension containing n number of suspended particles. Develop an expression describing the rate of filtration through the pores, taking into consideration the number of blocked pores.
Explain how the term reservoir description is applied to characterizing a homogeneous floe system.
Go to a standard handbook like Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook and obtain several hydraulic conductivities (say for sand, crushed stone, gravel, diatomaceous earth, other). Assume a constant head of fluid over a bed of each material, and apply Darcy’s law to calculate flowrates and compare the results. Try several hydraulic head calculations and plot the results. Which of the materials studied shows the highest hydraulic resistance?
What parameters influence permeability? Can you list them in terms of first-order , second-order and lower order effects?
Explain the term connectivity and its relevance to the filtration process.
Here’s some library or Internet work for you. Compile a table of values on the porosity of common materials (e.g., soils, clay, glass beads, crushed stone, charcoal, other materials). Or if you are really ambitious, apply the equations provided in this chapter along with physical properties data obtained from your search and estimate the porosities.
What does the term buc@!u.shing mean? How do you think this os performed on a filtering machine.?
Chapter 3