K. Composition of reservoir fluid is given in Problem
9. APPLICATIONS: PHASE EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS 395
i n part b.
9.11. F o r the reservoir fluid of P r o b l e m 9.10 calculate the a m o u n t of wax p r e c i p i t a t e d (in mo1%) at 280, 300, a n d 320 K a n d 410 bar. Also estimate WAT at 410 b a r u s i n g solid s o l u t i o n mode[.
9.t2. Calculate the CPT for c r u d e oil 6 i n Table 9.10 u s i n g m u l t i s o l i d - p h a s e model. Also calculate the a m o u n t of wax p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n wt% at 240 K.
9.13. A n a t u r a l gas has the c o m p o s i t i o n of 70 mo]% m e t h a n e , 15 mo]% ethane, 7 m o l % p r o p a n e , 5 m o l % n - b u t a n e , a n d 3 mol% H2S. W h a t is the h y d r a t e f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e (HFT) for this gas at pressure of 15 bars? W h a t m e t h a n o l s o l u t i o n (in t e r m s of wt%) is n e e d e d to r e d u c e H F T of the gas to 0~
9.14. A gas m i x t u r e of 75 m o l % C1, 10 m o l % C2, 10 tool%
Ca, a n d 5 mol% n-C4 exists at 690 bars. Calculate hy- drate f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of m e t h a n o l s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e d to r e d u c e it to 10~
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MNL50-EB/Jan. 2005
Appendix
ASTM DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
ASTM DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1 d e f i n e s vari- o u s engineering terms in standard terminology. ASTM pro- vides several definitions for most properties by its different committees. The closest definitions to the properties used in the book are given below. The identifier provided includes the standard designation in which the term appears followed by the committee having jurisdiction of that standard. For ex- ample, D02 represents the ASTM Committee on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
Additive---Any substance added in small quantities to an- other substance, usually to improve properties; sometimes
called a modifier. D 16, D01
Aniline p o i n t m T h e m i n i m u m equilibrium solution temper- ature for equal volumes of aniline (aminobenzene) and
sample. D 4175, D02
API g r a v i t y ~ A n arbitrary scale developed by the American Petroleum Institute and frequently used in reference to petroleum insulating oil. The relationship between API gravity and specific gravity 60/60~ is defined by the fol- lowing: Degree API gravity at 60~ = 141.5/(SG 60/60~ -
131.5. [Note: For definition see Eq. (2.4) in this book.]
D 2864, D27 Ash--Residue after the combustion of a substance under
specified conditions. D 2652, D28
Assay~Analysis of a mixture to determine the presence or concentration of a particular component. F 1494, F23 A u t o i g n i t i o n - - T h e ignition of material caused by the appli- cation of pressure, heat, or radiation, rather than by an external ignition source, such as a spark, flame, or incan-
descent surface. D 4175, D02
Autoignition t e m p e r a t u r e - - T h e m i n i m u m temperature at which autoignition occurs. D 4175, D02 Average (for a series of observations)~The total divided by the n u m b e r of observations. D123, D13 B a r - - U n i t of pressure; 14.5 lb/in 2, 1.020 kg/cm 2, 0.987 atm,
0.1 MPa. D 6161, D I 9
Bitumen--A class of black or dark-colored (solid, semisolid, or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufac- tured, composed principally of high-molecular-weight hy- drocarbons, of which asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltites
are typical. D 8, D04
Boiling p o i n t - - T h e temperature at which the vapor pressure of an engine coolant reaches atmospheric pressure under equilibrium boiling conditions. [Note: This definition is ap- plicable to all types of liquids.] D 4725, D I S Boiling p r e s s u r e - - A t a specified temperature, the pressure
at which a liquid and its vapor are in equilibrium.
E 7, E04 ASTM Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology, 9th ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000.
B T U - - O n e British thermal unit is the amount of heat re- quired to raise 1 lb of water I~ E 1705, E48 Carbon blackmA material consisting essentially of elemental carbon in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles and coalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size, obtained by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocar-
bons. D 1566, D l l
C a r b o n residue---The residue formed by evaporation and thermal degradation of a carbon-containing material.
D 4175, D02 Catalyst--A substance whose presence initiates or changes the rate of a chemical reaction, but does not itself enter
into the reaction. C 904, C03
Cetane number (cn)----A measure of the ignition perfor- mance of a diesel fuel obtained by comparing it to reference fuels in a standardized engine test. D 4175, D02 C h e m i c a l p o t e n t i a l (/~i o r r partial molar free energy of component i, that is, the change in the free energy of a solution upon adding 1 tool of component i to an infinite amount of solution of given composition, (SG/~n4)r.v,.~ = Gi =/zi, where G -- Gibbs free energy and r~ = n u m b e r of moles of the ith component. E 7, E04 Cloud p o i n t - - T h e temperature at which a defined liquid mix-
ture, under controlled cooling, produces perceptible haze or cloudiness due to the formation of fine particles of an
incompatible material. D 6440, D01
Coal--A brown to black combustible sedimentary rock (in the geological sense) composed principally of consolidated and chemically altered plant remains. D 121, D05 C o k e m A carbonaceous solid produced from coal, petroleum, or other materials by thermal decomposition with passage
through a plastic state. C 709, D02
Combustion~A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either
as glow or flames. D 123, D I 3
Compressed natural gas ( C N G ) ~ N a t u r a l gas that is typi- cally pressurized to 3600 psi. CNG is primarily used as a
vehicular fuel. D 4150, D03
C o n c e n t r a t i o n - - Q u a n t i t y of substance in a unit quantity of
sample. E 1605, E06
Critical p o i n t - - I n a phase diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature, pressure, or combinations thereof at which the phases of a heterogeneous equilibrium
become identical. E 7, E04
Critical pressure---Pressure at the critical point.
E 1142, E37 Critical temperature----(1) Temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase
in pressure. E 7, E04
(2)Temperature at the critical point. E 1142, E37 D e g r a d a t i o n ~ D a m a g e by weakening or loss of some prop- erty, quality, or capability. E 1749, E 06 3 9 7
Copyright 9 2005 by ASTM International www.astm.org
3 9 8 C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N A N D P R O P E R T I E S O F P E T R O L E U M F R A C T I O N S Degree Celsius (~ unit of temperature in the In-
ternational System of Units (SI). E 344, E20 Density--The mass per unit volume of a substrate at a spec- ified temperature and pressure; usually expressed in g / m E kg/L, g/cm 3, g/L, kg/m 3, or lb/gal. D 16, D01 D e p o s i t i o n - - T h e chemical, mechanical, or biological pro- cesses through which sediments accumulate in a resting
place. D 4410, D19
Dew p o i n t - - T h e temperature at any given pressure at which liquid initially condenses from a gas or vapor. It is specifi- cally applied to the temperature at which water vapor starts to condense from a gas mixture (water dew point) or at which hydrocarbons start to condense (hydrocarbon dew
point). D 4150, D03
Diffusion--(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid tending to make the composition of all parts uniform.
(2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. B 374, B08 Distillation--The act of vaporizing and condensing a liq- uid in sequential steps to effect separation from a liquid
mixture. E 1705, E 48
Distillation t e m p e r a t u r e (in a c o l u n m distillation)---The temperature of the saturated vapor measured just above the top of the fractionating column. D 4175, D02 E n d o t h e r m i e r e a c t i o n - - A chemical reaction in which heat
is absorbed. C 1145, C 28
E n t h a l p y m A thermodynamic function defined by the equa- tion H = U + PV, where H is the enthalpy, U is the internal energy, P is the pressure, and V the volume of the system.
[Note: Also see Eq. (6.1) of this book.] E 1142, E37 E q u i l i b r i u m ~ A state of dynamic balance between the op- posing actions, reactions, or velocities of a reversible
process. E 7, E04
E v a p o r a t i o n - - P r o c e s s where a liquid (water) passes from a liquid to a gaseous state. D 6161, D19 Fire p o i n t - - T h e lowest temperature at which a liquid or solid specimen will sustain burning for 5 s. D 4175, D02 F l a m m a b l e liquid--A liquid having a flash point below 37.8~ (100~ and having a vapor pressure not exceed- ing 40 psi (absolute) at 37.8~ and known as a Class I liquid.
E 772, E44 Flash p o i n t - - T h e lowest temperature of a specimen cor- rected to a pressure of 760 m m H g (101.3 kPa), at which application of an ignition source causes any vapor from the specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.
D 1711, D09 FluiditymThe reciprocal of viscosity. D 1695, D01 F r e e z i n g p o i n t - - T h e temperature at which the liquid and solid states of a substance are in equilibrium at a given pressure (usually atmospheric). For pure substances it is identical with the melting point of the solid form.
D 4790, D16 G a s - - O n e of the states of matter, having neither independent
shape nor volume and tending to expand indefinitely.
D 1356, D22 Gasification--Any chemical or heat process used to convert a feedstock to a gaseous fuel. E 1126, E 48 Gasoline---A volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, nor- mally containing small amounts of additives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition internal combustion engines.
D 4175, D02
Gibbs free e n e r g y - - T h e maximum useful work that can be obtained from a chemical system without net change in temperature or pressure, AF = AH - TAS. [Note: For def- inition see Eq. (6.6) in this book; the author has used G for
Gibbs free energy.] E 7, E04
GrainmUnit of weight; 0.648 g, 0.000143 lb. D 6161, D19 Gross calorific value (synonym: higher heating value, HI-IV)raThe energy released by combustion of a unit quan- tity of refuse-derived fuel at constant volume or constant pressure in a suitable calorimeter under specified condi- tions such that all water in the products is in liquid form.
This the measure of calorific value is predominately used
in the United States. E 856, D34
Heat c a p a c i t y - - T h e quantity of heat required to raise a sys- tem 1 ~ in temperature either at constant volume or constant
pressure. D 5681, D34
Heat flux ( q ) ~ T h e heat flow rate through a surface of unit area perpendicular to the direction of heat flow (q in SI units: W/m 2; q in inch-pound units: Btu/h/ft 2 = Btu/h 9 ft 2)
C 168, C16 H e n r y ' s law--The principle that the mass of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above
the liquid. D 4175, D02
Higher heating value (HHV)--A synonym for gross calorific
value. D 5681, D34
Inert components---Those elements or components of nat- ural gas (fuel gas) that do not contribute to the heating
value. D 4150, D03
I n h i b i t o r - - A substance added to a material to retard or pre-
vent deterioration. D 4790, D16
Initial boiling p o i n t - - T h e temperature observed immedi- ately after the first drop of distillate falls into the receiving cylinder during a distillation test. D 4790, D 16 Interface--A boundary between two phases with different chemical or physical properties. E 673, E 42 Interracial t e n s i o n (IF]F)---The force existing in a liquid- liquid phase interface that tends to diminish the area of the interface. This force, which is analogous to the surface tension of liquid-vapor interfaces, acts at each point on the interface in the plane tangent at that point. D 459, D I 2 International System of Units, S I - - A complete coherent system of units whose base units are the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are derived as combinations of the base units or are supple-
mentary units. A 340, A06
Interphase---The region between two distinct phases over which there is a variation of a property. E 673, E42 ISO--Abbreviation for International Organization for Stan- dards: An organization that develops and publishes inter- national standards for a variety of technical applications, including data processing and communications.
E 1457, F05 Jet fuel--Any liquid suitable for the generation of power by combustion in aircraft gas turbine engines. D 4175, D02 J o u l e (J)--The unit of energy in the SI system of units. One
joule is 1 W..-. A 340, A06
Kelvin (K)--The unit of thermodynamic temperature; the SI unit of temperature for which an interval of 1 kelvin (K) equals exactly an interval of 1~ and for which a level of
273.15 K equals exactly 0~ D 123, D13
A P P E N D I X 3 9 9 Liquefied p e t r o l e u m gas (LPG)--A mixture of normally
gaseous hydrocarbons, predominantly propane or butane or both, that has been liquefied by compression or cooling, or both, to facilitate storage, transport, and handling.
D 4175, D02 Liquid--A substance that has a definite volume but no defi- nite form, except such given by its container. It has a viscos- ity of 1 x 10 -3 to 1 x 103 St (1 x 10 -7 to 1 x 10 -1 m 2 "S -1) at 104~ (40~ or an equivalent viscosity at agreed upon temperature. (This does not include powders and granular materials.) Liquids are divided into two classes:
(1) Class A, low viscosity--A liquid having a viscosity of 1 x 10 -3 to 25.00 St (1 x 10 -7 to 25.00 x 10 -4 m 2 -s -I) at 104~ (40~ or an equivalent viscosity at agreed upon temperature.
(2) Class B, high viscosity--A liquid having a viscosity of 25.01 to 1 x 103 St (25.01 x 10 -4 to 1 x 10 -1 m 2.s 1) at 104~ (40~ or an equivalent viscosity at agreed upon temperature.
D 16, D01 Lower heating value (LHV)mA synonym for net calorific
value. D 5681, D34
L u b r i c a n t - - A n y material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
D 4175, D02 MassmThe quantity of matter in a body (also see weight).
D 123, D13 Melting p o i n t - - I n a phase diagram, the temperature at which the liquids and solids coincide at an invariant point.
E 7, E04 Micron (/~m, m i c r o m e t e r ) - - A metric unit of measurement
equivalent to 10 -6 m, 10 4 cm.
1) 6161, D19 Molality~Moles (gram molecular weight) of solute per
1000 g of solvent. 1) 6161, 1)19
M o l a r i t y ~ M o l e s (gram molecular weight) of solute per liter
of total solution 1) 6161, 1)19
Molecular d i f f u s i o n ~ A process of spontaneous intermixing of different substances, attributable to molecular motion, and tending to produce uniformity of concentration.
D1356, D22 Mole f r a c t i o n - - T h e ratio of the number of molecules (or moles) of a compound or element to the total number of molecules (or moles) present. 1) 4023, 1)22 Naphtha, aromatic solvent--A concentrate of aromatic hy-
drocarbons including C8, C9, and C10 homologs.
D 4790, 1) 16 Napthenic oilmAn hydrocarbon process oil containing more
than 30%, by mass, of naphthenic hydrocarbons.
1) 1566, D l l N a t u r a l gas---A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon
and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geological for- mations (reservoirs) beneath the earth's surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal constituent of
natural gas is methane. 1) 4150, D03
Net calorific value (Net heat o f c o m b u s t i o n at constant pressure)--The heat produced by combustion of unit quantity of a solid or liquid fuel when burned, at constant pressure of 1 atm (0.1 MPa), under the conditions such
that all the water in the products remains in the form of
vapor. D 121, I)05
Net heat of c o m b u s t i o n - - T h e oxygen bomb (see Test Method D 3286) value for the heat of combustion, corrected for gaseous state of product water. E 176, E05 Octane n u m b e r (for spark ignition engine fuel)mAny one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock ob- tained by comparison with reference fuels in standardized
engine or vehicle tests. D 4175, D02
Oxygenate---An oxygen-containing ashless organic com- pound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement. D 4175, D02 Paraffinic oilmA petroleum oil (derived from paraffin crude oil) whose paraffinic carbon type content is typically greater
than 60%. E 1519, E35
Partial pressure---The contribution of one component of a system to the total pressure of its vapor at a specified tem- perature and gross composition. E 7, E04 P o r o s i t y - - T h e percentage of the total volume of a material occupied by both open and closed pores. [Note: In this book porosity represented by ~ (see Eq. 8.72) is the fraction of total volume of a material occupied by open pores and is not identical to this definition.] C 709, D02 Pour p o i n t - - T h e lowest temperature at which a liquid can
be observed to flow under specified conditions.
1) 2864, 1)27 Precipitation--Separation of new phase from solid, liquid, or gaseous solutions, usually with changing conditions or temperature or pressure, or both. E 7, E04 P r e s s u r e - - T h e internal force per unit area exerted by any material. Since the pressure is directly dependent on the temperature, the latter must be specified. 1) 3064, 1)10 Pressure, s a t u r a t i o n - - T h e pressure, for a pure substance at any given temperature, at which vapor and liquid, or vapor and solid, coexist in stable equilibrium. [Note: This is the definition of vapor pressure used in this book.]
E 41, G03 QualitymCollection of features and characteristics of a prod- uct, process, or service that confers its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs. E 253, E18
Range---The region between the limits within which a quan- tity is measured and is expressed by stating the lower and
upper range values. E 344, E20
Refractive i n d e x - - T h e ratio of the velocity of light (of speci- fied wavelength) in air to its velocity in the substance under examination. This is relative refractive index of refraction.
If absolute refractive index (that is, referred to vacuum) is desired, this value should be multiplied by the factor 1.00027, the absolute refractive index of air. [Note: In this book absolute refractive index is used.] 1) 4175, 1)02 Saturation--The condition of coexistence in stable equilib- rium of a vapor and a liquid or a vapor and solid phase of the same substance at the same temperature. E 41, G03 S m o k e p o i n t m T h e maximum height of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp. 1) 4175, 1)02 SolidmA state of matter in which the relative motion of molecules is restricted and in which molecules tend to retain a definite fixed position relative to each other. A solid may be said to have a definite shape and volume.
E 1547, E 15