VISUALIZING HUMAN BODY LEVERS
27. Compare and contrast the functions of liga- ments and tendons
3 million sweat glands. Make a hypothesis about where these sweat glands are on your body. Are they distributed evenly throughout your body?
29. Display Research the differences among first-, second-, and third-degree burns. A local hospital’s burn unit or a fire depart- ment are possible sources of information about burns. Display pictures of each type of burn and descriptions of treatments on a three-sided, free-standing poster.
CHAPTER REVIEW D ◆ 31
break down bones
release into bloodstream Bone Cells
build bones
30. Bone Volume Estimate the volume of a hand bone that is 7 cm long and is 1.5 cm in diameter.
Use the graph below to answer question 31.
31. Bone Quantity The total number of bones in the human body is 206. Approximately what percentage of bones is located in the backbone?
A) 2% C) 50%
B) 12% D) 75%
Bones in Different Regions of the Body
20 30
10 0 40 50 60
Region of the body
Number of bones
Skull Shoulder/
Arm
Back- bone
Lower body
bookd.msscience.com/chapter_review
Record your answers on the answer sheet provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
1. Which type of muscle tends to contract quickly and tire more easily?
A. cardiac muscle C. skeletal muscle B. bladder D. smooth muscle
Use the table below to answer questions 2 and 3.
Data from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
2. If 99% of the people who die in bicycle acci- dents were not wearing helmets, to the near- est whole number, how many people who died in 1998 were wearing bicycle helmets?
A. 7 C. 8
B. 6 D. 9
3. Which year had the greatest total number of bicycle deaths?
A. 1996 C. 1998
B. 1997 D. 1999
4. Which of the following is NOT released by sweat glands?
A. water C. waste products
B. salt D. oil
Use the illustration below to answer questions 5 and 6.
5. Which type of joint do your elbows have?
A. hinge C. ball-and-socket B. gliding D. pivot
6. Which type of joint allows your legs and arms to swing in almost any direction?
A. hinge C. ball-and-socket B. gliding D. pivot
7. What is the name of the pigment that gives your skin color?
A. hemoglobin C. melanin B. keratin D. calcium 8. What does the periosteum do?
A. connects bones together B. covers the surface of bones C. produces energy
D. makes vitamin D
9. Which type of muscle is found in the intestines?
A. skeletal muscle B. smooth muscle C. cardiac muscle D. tendon
32 ◆ D STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE Ease Nervousness Stay calm during the test. If you feel yourself getting nervous, close your eyes and take five slow, deep breaths.
Number of Bicycle Deaths per Year
Year Male Female
1996 654 107
1997 712 99
1998 658 99
1999 656 94
2000 605 76
Gliding joint Ball-and-socket
joint
Hinge joint Pivot joint
421-CR-MSS05 8/19/04 7:50 PM Page 32
STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE D ◆ 33 Record your answers on the answer sheet
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
10. At birth, your skeleton had approximately 300 bones. As you developed, some bones fused together. Now you have 206 bones.
How many fewer bones do you have now?
11. One in seven people in the United States suffers from arthritis. Calculate the percentage of people that suffer from arthritis.
12. Explain the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles.
Use the illustration below to answer questions 13 and 14.
13. What type of lever is shown in the photo?
14. Where is the fulcrum?
15. How do muscles help maintain body temperature?
16. Explain what happens when your skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays.
Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
17. Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone.
18. Explain how bone cells help maintain homeostasis.
19. Describe the changes that occur in mus- cles that do a lot of work. Compare these muscles to the muscles of a person who only does inactive pastimes.
Use the illustration below to answer questions 20 and 21.
20. Identify the injury in the photograph.
Describe the sequence of events from the time of injury until the injury disappears.
21. Contrast the injury in the photograph with a cut. Explain why a cut needs to be cleaned but the injury in the photograph does not.
22. What might happen to your body temper- ature if blood vessels in the skin did not contain smooth muscle?
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34 ◆ D 34 ◆ D
sections 1 Nutrition
Lab Identifying Vitamin C Content
2 The Digestive System
Lab Particle Size and Absorption
Virtual Lab How can you design a healthful diet?
Intestinal Landscape
This photo may look like a pile of potatoes, but it is a close-up of your small intestine.
The wall of the small intestine has many fin- gerlike projections that soak up substances from digested food. The small intestine is just one of many organs that make up your digestive system.
Make a list of all the organs you think are part of your digestive system.
Science Journal
Nutrients and Digestion
Meckes/Ottawa/Photo Researchers Meckes/Ottawa/Photo Researchers
422_S1-MSS05 8/19/04 7:53 PM Page 34
following Foldable to help you organize foods based on the nutrients that they contain.
Fold the top of a vertical piece of paper down and the bottom up to divide the paper into thirds. Then, foldthe paper in half from top to bottom.
Turnthe paper horizontally, unfold and labelthe six columns as follows:
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Water, Vitamins,and Minerals.
Read for Main Ideas As you read the chapter, list foods you eat that provide each of these nutrients in the proper columns.
STEP 2 STEP 1
Preview this chapter’s content and activities at
bookd.msscience.com
D ◆ 35 D ◆ 35 Model the Digestive Tract
Imagine taking a bite of your favorite food.
When you eat, your body breaks down food to release energy. How long does it take?
1. Make a label for each of the digestive organs listed here. Include the organ’s name, length, and the time it takes for food to pass through it.
2. Working with a partner, place a piece of masking tape that is 6.5 m long on the classroom floor.
3. Beginning at one end of the tape, and in the same order as they are listed in the table, mark the length for each organ.
Place each label next to its section.