1. The BOD5 and flow of various types of waste streams generated from Abbott Laboratory (a typical pharmaceutical plant) is given in the following table.
Type of waste stream Flow (MGD) BOD5(mg/L)
Chemical waste 0.262 2520
Fermentation waste 0.312 3620
In addition, the plant generates 470 m3/day of domestic wastewater with BOD5ẳ675 mg/L. Calculate (a) BOD5 of the composite waste and (b) total BOD load of the plant.
[Answers: (a)ẳ2684.09 mg/L; (b) 7091.18 kg BOD/day]
2. A synthetic organic chemical plant generates mainly two types of waste streams, i.e.
strong process waste and dilute process waste. The BOD5of the 45,000 GPD of combined waste generated from the plant is 75,000 mg/L. If the BOD5and flow of the dilute process waste are 1200 mg/L and 33,800 GPD, respectively, estimate (a) BOD5of the strong process waste and (b) the BOD load of each waste stream and their contribution to the total BOD load of the plant.
[Answer: (a)ẳ297,717.73 mg/L; (b) BOD load of strong and dilute process wasteẳ12,620.85 kg/day (98.8%) and 153.52 kg/day (1.2%), respectively]
3. A primary settling tank is designed for the pretreatment of 0.575 MGD of wastewater with SS concentration of 1140 mg/L generated from a typical pharma- ceutical plant. If the SS removal efficiency of the sedimentation tank is 60%, find (a) the effluent SS concentration and (b) the quantity of sludge generated. Assume the specific gravity of the sludge is 1.03 and that the sludge contains 5% solids.
[Answer: (a)ẳ456 mg/L; (b) 7636.89 GPD]
4. A typical pharmaceutical industry generates 15,000 GPD of wastewater with SS concentration 800 mg/L. The addition of alum (200 mg/L) and FeCl3(150 mg/L) reduces the SS concentration of effluent from 800 mg/L to 50 g/L. Determine the quantity of sludge generated per week. Assume the specific gravity of the sludge is 1.04 and that the sludge contains 3% solids.
[Answer: 3014.5 GPD]
5. The BOD removal efficiency of an activated sludge process treating 2000 m3/day of condensate waste generated from a synthetic organic chemical plant is 94%.
If the organic loading rate and BOD5 of the raw waste are 3.171 kg/m3 day
and 1275 mg/L, estimate (a) BOD5of the treated effluent and (b) hydraulic retention time.
[Answer: (a) 76.5 mg/L; (b) 9.12 h]
6. An activated sludge process is designed to treat 1950 m3/day of pharmaceutical wastewater with BOD5concentration of 3250 mg/L. If the performance efficiency of the process based on BOD5removal is 85%, determine (a) the organic loading rate (OLR) and BOD5of the treated effluent; assuming the following data and conditions are applicable:
(i) Aeration tank volumeẳ1500 m3; (ii) Depth of the aeration tankẳ2.5 m;
(iii) MLVSSẳ6000 mg/L.
Also compute (b) the hydraulic loading rate and F/M ratio.
[Answer: (a) OLRẳ3.59 kg/m3 day and BOD5ẳ487.5 mg/L; (b) HLRẳ 3.25 m3/m2. day and F/M ratioẳ0.7 day21]
7. Determine the F/M ratio and solid retention time of an extended aeration system designed for the treatment of 33,800 GPD of pharmaceutical wastewater. The BOD5 of the raw wastewater and treated effluent are 5000 mg/L and 560 mg/L, respectively. Assume the following data and conditions are applicable:
(i) HRTẳ5 days;
(ii) MLSSẳ5600 mg/L;
(iii) MLVSS/MLSSẳ0.75;
(iv) Ynẳ0.45 mg/mg;
[Answer: F/Mẳ0.24 day21and SRTẳ10.51 days]
8. The PAC-fed activated sludge process is designed to treat the alkaline waste stream generated from a synthetic organic chemical plant. The influent BOD5of the alkaline waste is 1275 mg/L, which can be treated to a BOD5of 275 mg/L by the activated sludge process. The addition of PAC at a dose of 500 mg/L gives a further reduction of effluent BOD5 from 275 mg/L to 150 mg/L. Determine the constant Kof the Freundlich equation given below (X=M)ẳKC2:2e . Also comment on the efficiency of the system before and after addition of PAC.
[Answer:Kẳ4.081026; performance efficiency of the system can be increased by approximately 10% by addition of PAC]
9. An aerated lagoon is designed to treat 435 m3/day of acid waste stream with a BOD5 of 3500 mg/L generated from a synthetic organic chemical plant. The depth of lagoon is restricted to 4 m and organic loading rate is 0.7 kg/m3day. Estimate (a) the surface area and hydraulic loading rate. If the performance efficiency of the lagoon is 97%, determine (b) the BOD5of the treated effluent.
[Answer: (a)Aẳ527.44 m2and HLRẳ0.82 m3/m2day; (b) 105 mg/L]
10. An aerated lagoon is designed to treat 0.575 MGD of composite waste (including chemical and fermentation waste) with a BOD5of 3150 mg/L. The depth and HRT of the lagoon are restricted to 3.5 m and 5 days, respectively. Find (a) the surface area of the lagoon. If the temperature of composite waste entering into the lagoon is 608C and mean ambient temperature is 158C during winter, estimate (b) the lagoon temperature assuming complete mixing condition and exchange coefficient fẳ0.54 m/day. Also comment (c) on the effect of wastewater temperature in the process efficiency of the lagoon.
[Answer: (a)Aẳ3109.10 m2; (b)Twẳ40.48C; (c) the temperature of waste 608C will result in the temperature in aerated lagoon being .388C, which is found to reduce the process efficiency]
11. A trickling filter is designed to treat 435 m3/day of acid waste stream generated from a synthetic organic chemical plant. The BOD5of the acid waste before and after the primary sedimentation is 3250 mg/L and 2850 mg/L, respectively. The efficiency of the filter at a recirculation ratio of 4.5 is 92%. If the depth of filter is restricted to 1.6 m and the value of the constant in Eckenfelder’s equation is nẳ0.5, determine the value of constant Kf assuming the hydraulic loading rateẳ17.5 m3/m2. day.
[Answer:Kfẳ3.12 m1/2. day1/2]
12. A pharmaceutical wastewater with BOD5of 3000 mg/L is to be treated by a trickling filter. Design the filter for 15,000 GPD of wastewater to give the desired effluent BOD5 of 50 mg/L. Use the NRC (US National Research Council) equation for the design of the filter. The following data and conditions are applicable:
(i) Depth of filterẳ1.7 m;
(ii) Recirculation ratioẳ2 : 1;
(iii) Wastewater temperatureẳ208C;
(iv) Assume efficiencies of the two-stage filters are equal:E1ẳE2.
[Answer: (a) E1ẳE2ẳ87%; (b) diameter of 1st stage filterD1ẳ23 m and 2nd stage filterD2ẳ63.95 m]
13. A UASB reactor is designed to treat 1275 m3/day of wastewater with a BOD concentration of 2000 mg/L generated from a typical pharmaceutical industry. At an HRT of 1.5 days, the COD and BOD removal efficiencies of the reactor are 80 and 95%, respectively. Determine (a) the size of the reactor; (b) the total quantity of methane produced; and (c) the coal equivalent and energy equivalent. Assume that the following data and conditions are applicable:
(i) Depth of the reactor is restricted to 4.5 m;
(ii) Biogas yieldẳ0.6 m3/kg CODr; (iii) Methane content of biogasẳ70%;
(iv) Solubility of methaneẳ0.028 m3/m3effluent;
(v) Calorific value of methaneẳ10,000 kcal/m3; (vi) Calorific value of coalẳ4000 kcal/kg.
[Answer: (a) Diameterẳ23.26 m; (b) 1102.24 m3/day; (c) 2.67 tons/day and 12,410 kWh/day]
14. The COD removal efficiency of a UASB reactor treating pharmaceutical wastewater is 96% at an organic loading rate of 0.5 kg COD/m3/day. If the plant generates 33,800 GPD wastewater with a COD concentration of 1000 mg/L and the depth of reactor is restricted to 3 m, estimate (a) the size of the UASB reactor; (b) the HRT;
and (c) the specific gas production rate assuming a methane yield of 0.3 m3/kg CODr.
[Answer: (a) Diameterẳ10.21 m; (b) 1.92 days; (c) 0.29 m3/m3 effluent and 0.15 m3/m3/day]
NOMENCLATURE
ACPCI Alexandra Company for Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry AMFFR anaerobic mesophilic fixed film reactor
ASP activated sludge process
ATFFR anaerobic thermophilic fixed film reactor
BOD biochemical oxygen demand (mg/L) BOD5 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (mg/L) BODr biochemical oxygen demand removed (kg/day) BODL ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (mg/L) COD chemical oxygen demand (mg/L)
DCE dichloroethylene
DO dissolved oxygen (mg/L) DOC dissolved organic carbon (mg/L) F/M food to microorganism ratio (day21)
gal gallon
GAC granular activated carbon
h hour
HLR hydraulic loading rate (m3/m3day) HRT hydraulic retention time (day) kg/day kilogram per day
L/gal liter/gallon mg/L milligram per liter MGD million gallons per day
MLSS mixed liquor suspended solids (mg/L) MLVSS mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (mg/L) NA nitroaniline
NEIC National Enforcement Investigation Center
NP nitrophenol
OLR organic loading rate (kg COD/m3day) OWC organic wastewater contaminants PAC powdered activated carbon
SCOD soluble chemical oxygen demand (mg/L) S-CBOD soluble carbonaceous oxygen demand (mg/L) SRT solid retention time (day)
SS suspended solids (mg/L) SVI sludge volume index TCMP tri-chloromethyl-propanol TDS total dissolved solids (mg/L) TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen (mg/L) TOC total organic carbon (mg/L) TS total solids (mg/L)
UASB upflow anaerobic sludge blanket VSS volatile suspended solids (mg/L)
V/V volume/volume
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4
Treatment of Oilfield and Refinery Wastes
Joseph M. Wong
Black & Veatch, Concord, California, U.S.A.
Yung-Tse Hung
Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
The petroleum industry, one of the world’s largest industries, has four major branches [1]. The production branch explores for oil and brings it to the surface in oilfields. The transportation branch sends crude oil to refineries and delivers the refined products to consumers. The refining branch processes crude oil into useful products. The marketing branch sells and distributes the petroleum products to consumers. The subject of this chapter is the treatment of liquid wastes from the production and refining branches.