Live Load Generator Options

Một phần của tài liệu Testing, assessment and FRP strengthening of concrete T-beam bridges in Pennsylvania (Trang 102 - 107)

The live load generator was necessary to provide a stand-alone program for structural analysis and load rating. The program analyzes all eleven of PennDOT's standard live loading vehicles and allows the user to enter one special live loading vehicle. The program also calculates the loading results for the LRFD standard loading vehicles of an HL-93 truck and HL-93 tandem.

The user must enter a span length and live load increment spacing. The increment spacing must be long enough to allow the program to analyze all loading vehicles until they have crossed the entire length of the bridge. If the user selects an increment spacing that is too short, the program will tell the user to increase the increment. The program is capable of analyzing die load steps at an increment of about 0.65% of the span length.

The best practice is to use an increment spacing that will result in the wheel loads being placed directly on the investigation points. This will result in the maximum Force effect at the investigation point.

The load rating results desired for each loading vehicle must be entered by placing an "x" in the appropriate cell(s) under "Choose Loads to Investigate." The unfactored and undistributed maximum force effects in the bridge due each selected loading vehicle are displayed in a table to the right of the live load selection table as shown in Table 5.7.

Table 5.7 Sample Loading Vehicle Input Data Table

Choose which loadings to calculate by placing an (x) in the box

Load Factor Design

LRFD User Specified

Loading H20 HS20 HS25

H20 or HS20 Lane Loading HS25 Lane Loading Alternate Military Load Increased Military Load ML 80

TK527 P-82 Type 3 Type 3S2 Type 3-3 HL-93 Truck HL-93 Tandem Special Loading

ChooseLoads

•to Investigate i TtTypesằTi

• - - x -

'- X X

-

* -

••

. -

f ~

- Choose ^.

:"M Rating/' - '?"' Design -

*' TVehicleV . ,

; X

— i

- :

;

?

<

. . -

t .

1- • ' _'

Untactored and Undistributed

Max Moment

(kip-ft) 394 531.2

664

Location (ft) 22.5

27 27

H 37.1

56.3 70.3

If strengthening based on a loading vehicle requirement is desired, the user must select the loading vehicle(s) to design for by placing an "x" in the appropriate cell under

each investigation point resulting from the selected design vehicles during strengthening analysis.

The user specified live load vehicle information is entered into the table shown in Table 5.8. The user can enter a vehicle with up to ten axles and name the vehicle

loading. The program modifies the table to account for different axles and directs the user where to input the information. The axle load and spacing must be entered into each required cell.

Table 5.8 Sample Special Loading Vehicle Input Data Table

II" User Specified Loading is Chosen, fill in the following

# of Axle Loads = Name of Loading =

yo^ (max 10)

*SpeciaP:Loading:-:* -•

Axle#

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

EntcrDatu—>

' EnlccDaia-> "

- Enter Data-s^"'

ly'Emcr:Datu-->.

! Enter Datu->-' EnlccData->- '

•>• Enter Daca->- :EnicrDaui—>

Enter Data—>"*

Enter Duta->

Axle Load (kip)

4 4

Axle Spacing (ft)

0 4

<—Always 0

<—Enter Data:1

<— Enter Data?

<—Enter, Datas

•C-Entcr Data!:

<— Enter,Data>

<—Enter Datai

<-Entet;Datat i^EmccDatai

<-HEnteivDalax

5-3.2 Program Analysis Calculations

The structural analysis calculations follow AASHTO Manual, AASHTO Specifications, and ACI Manual analysis protocol. The detailed analysis calculation equations are presented in Appendix C. There are two identical sheets within the program dedicated to the structural analysis and load rating of the beams. One of the sheets covers the as-built or deteriorated analysis and the other sheet calculates the

original design capacity. The calculation tables are separated in a similar manner as the input data tables. The general sequence of analysis is shown in Figure 5.4. The program calculates three values at each investigation point that are required for load rating

analysis: the ultimate capacity, dead load force effect, and live load force effect.

Suction Properties:

distance from extreme compression fiber to ccntroid of flcxural tension steel, effective stab width, cross- sectiunal area of T-bcam. concrete

elastic modulus, modular ratio.

maximum/minimum reinforcement ratio check

I n p u t D a t a

I'levunil Capacity Analysis:

analysis method (i-beam or rectangular beam I.

imaginary compression steel, neutral axis depth,

compression block length, ultimate moment

capacity

Shear Capacity Analysis:

shear capacity of concrete, vertical stirrup area by section, inclined stirrup area, by section.

steel reinforcement shear capacity, ultimate section

shear capacity

U n i f o r m Dead Load Calculations:

asphalt overlay area.

asphalt dead load.

concrete dead load.

Dead/Live U i a d G e n e r a t o r : unfactorcdf undistributed

force requirements by tenth points and/or

section break

Analysis Results:

ultimate beam llcxurat/shear capacities, distributed/factored

live toad flexural/shear requirements, dead load (lexiiral/shear requirements

Live L o a d Requirements:

moment distribution factor, shear distribution

factor, impact factor, required live/dead load

flcxural and shear capacities by tenth point

and/or section break

Figure 5.4 Concrete T-Beam Analysis Calculation Sequence

Universal variables that are applicable to any beam are shown in Table 5.9. These variables include the: concrete elastic modulus, steel elastic modulus, modular ratio, beta factor, impact factor, allowable shear stress in concrete, inclined stirrup angle with respect to horizontal in radians, original area of vertical stirrup, and shear phi factor.

Table 5.9 Sample Universal Variable Analysis Results

Elastic Modulus for Concrete Elastic Modulus for Steel Beta

Modular Ratio Impact Factor

Shear Stress Taken by Concrete

inclined Stirrup Angle with Respect to Horizontal Original Area of Single Vertical Stirrup

Shear Phi Factor

Ec

Es

fi

n I vc

(psi) (psi)

(psi) (radians) Awi° I (in.2)

cl>v

3321000 29000000

0.85 9 0.3 71.20 0.785 0.393 0.85

Load rating calculations are based on Load Factor Design philosophy. The inventory and operating ratings are calculated for each selected loading vehicle at every tenth point and shear investigation point. The bridge capacity calculations are also performed and displayed to the user in the program load rating summary tables. The load rating and bridge capacity equations used are from the AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges (1994).

Load Rating Equation:

RF = •/ r- (AASHTO Manual Eon. 6-1 a)

A2LL{\ +1)

where RF C DL LL I A, A:

= the rating factor for the live-load carrying capacity

= the capacity of the member

= the dead load effect on the member

= the live load effect on the member

= the impact factor to be used with the live

= factor for dead loads = 1.3

= factor for live loads, for inventory level =

load effect

= 2.17. for operating level = 1.3

Bridge Capacity:

RT = (RF)W (AASHTO Manual Eqn. 6-1 b) where:

RT = bridge member capacity rating

W = weight of the nominal truck used in determining the live load effect

Một phần của tài liệu Testing, assessment and FRP strengthening of concrete T-beam bridges in Pennsylvania (Trang 102 - 107)

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