Shout tohim (because he is far away),
( Be FO RE]
Come and sec me tomorrow any time before five o'clock.
I met Smith yest erday , but I knew him long bef ore that. Before 10nRyou willfind this work quite simple. )lyappoint- mont is not unt il 10.15; you go in before me. Tha t happened in 400 B.C, (bef oreChrist ). I have been here bef ore. My family arc com ing here for a holiday, so I C;l.lpC two days belorf to make all arrange ments. The Headmaster con gratulated tile hoy before the whole S(b{Jolã.\ VilJiam went and stood bef ore
the lire . ( \
Gii" ' D I
The garage is behind the house. He put his hand behi nd his back so tha t I couldn't sec wha t was in it.'Xe\'er say any- thing behind.a person's back that yoU wouldn't sa y to his face. He stood just behind me. This tra in is behilld time (= is late), His ideas are all bdlind the times (= out ofdate).TW ~
of the wound ed soldiers couldn' t keep up with the rest 0:
the men and feUhehind, Richard is a long way bf hin d wit h his work, They are two months behind with the rent . He looked round the railway carriage before he got out to make sur ehe had not left anything behi nd ,
A Comprdlen sive English Grammar
{ BI::YO:W)
The woods go for about two miles bryond (= further 01\
tha n) the fiver. He lives in a small house, about Iour miles beyol1d Oxford, The explanation you give is q U i t ~
beyond me ( = I can't understand it). He is living beYOlli his means (= spending more than he earns).
em
Let us have a walk by the seashore. Come and sit by me :
there's plenty of room. You go and sit bythe side of George:
II you put those two books side byside you ....;11 seewhich is the bigger. I did this wor k all by myself. He often goes for long walks byhimself. Although he knows me quite well l:c passed me by as if.1were a complete st ranger. These things are made bymachinery.! not byhand, I go byhisoffice evcrv day. I know him by sight but not to spea k to. By this time next) 'car you ought to have a very good knowledge of Englis h, This train is late; it ought to ha ve been in by 110 11'
(bythis time), By next Friday! I ought to have finished the job. ~Iultiply the amount by ten and then divide by three.
He ~arns his living by !>Clling ma tches. This little' g;rl i, afraid-to cross the road : take her by the hand and see her across. Did you come by train or bycar (by land, by sea or by air)? I like motoring byday but not particularly by niSl:t
\\11at he said took me completely by surprise. By the way.
don't forge t our meeting next Wednesda y. He is going to Brussels by way of Dover and Oste nd. Don't ju dge a ma n by his clothes. You won't do this all at once; do it lit tle bylit tle. You must try to learn some ofthese th ings by heart He land ed the aeroplane all right, but It was more b;'\-' goo.!
tuck than good management. What do you mean b)' takiuc myhat?I'm sorry, I took it by mistake. He is by far the k -t teacher I have ever had. You mus t begin by learning a ft:\\' simple rules-though you'Il pro ba bly end by ta king no
notice of any of them. That music was composed by RCt tã
hoven. The book I read was 'David Copperfield', byCharlv-
Prepositions ,1Ild 'A dr'erbi,!l Particles' 289 Dicke ns. These cigaret tes are sold byweight,221p anounce .
Suga r is sold by th e,po\l~d, pet rol by the gallon. He is paid
b)' the hour, so If rt rams and he can't work he gets no money. He won the race by about two yards. The pupils
ca~e into the c_lass room one by one. I want a piece of paper 3 inches by 5 inches. TIle house wa s struck by light ning. 'Give me thecup; let go: byheavenI'llha ve it.' (Sha kespeare, Ham/d )
\ l' o n sj
lDBy is generally used for the agent;withfor the instrument , e.g.
The lock was opened by the thieves with a skeleton key, The drawing was done by the artist with a yery fine pen.
o By expresses the limit of time within whic h something isto be (done).
\ DUT (= exceptl]
Who but Richard would have said such a thing. I could answer all the quest ion s bllt one. There was not hing in the cupboard bllt a few biscuits, Isn't there anyth ing br4t rolls and coffee for breakfast? I ha ven 't told this secret to anyo ne but you. Mr. Brown lives in the next house bllt one to us.
( DQWS ~ •
Let us walk dUUl1 the hill toget her. The boy fell dou'n the stairs and broke his ann. I like to walk doU',; Regent Street and look at the shops there. The sun goes doum in the west.
The little girl has falien dO'l..-n. Richard wasn't dO'l..""1I for brea kfast this morning until ten o'clock. Get dOU11l off that wall; you can jumpdOll'n.The plane dropped J Olrrl 5,000 feet into the sea. We all knelt dotl'fl in churc h. I didn' t Ieel very well so I went to lie dWIJ . r don't like to look dO'..Cl1 from a great height. Sit dOW'I , there is plenty ofroom for every one. I pushed thecork under the water butit wouldn't staydOWfl.
The arrangement for sending letters abroad seems to have
290 A C(.mtp,t~"sj\ãt English G"lm mar
b k aoll'n. His house was burnt dou n last night. T~('
~~ tue:e was printed upside do u"" .Write these notes do-.£'" .:"
Pyour noteb00k A. good man, ' trees were cut dOU'11' Ito buildf hi H insulted me so I knocked him JoU'n .1h~ seeve 0 my coatIs too short; I will ask the tailor to let It d(mm an inch. Your coat collar is turned up at the back; shaHI turn it dou'fli The wind/firel has died dQ".t7I.
\ DnI.I-':G]
He was Prime Minister during the yea~s 1910-%5 and during that time he had to deal with many dlfikult problems.
{N O TES } .
e:u[)uri means~i).ãthroughout the duration orcontmua~ce
01'. e.g. Th ~ sun gives light duri ng the day, the moon dUring
the night.
.l.").." th course of'; 'at some point wit hin' . e.g. .
11I ~n ear~ thunder several times during the night . He wa~ In
the army du,inK the war, You will hav e to do a lot ofwork Ju,i" g the holid ays.
t:>..~ ' . t used when the idea (If durat ion is expressed b*he n::~t(o ~Oequiva len t) that it governs. In that case fa'
must be used, e.g. .
He went to Americaf or (not du,ing)t.hree yea~s During that time he studied American commerw tl practice.
Or more simply, during answers the question , 'When? For an~wers the question, 'How 10n~?', e.g. ,
'When were you there?' '1>1.101& the war , 'How long were you there?' 'I was there f o, three ) ears
[ EXCEPT)
We have lessons every day exerpl Saturday a,nd. S\l~d~~'~
Everyone was presen t e:fcept Henry and ~ne! 1111~ CUt} -
good u cept for the careless mist akes, He IS a good stu dent
e xcept that heis occasionall y careless.
P,epositifm s and 'A dre,biITl Particles' 291 That Compan y has IO,OUQGmen workingj c - it. It is time for
our lesson to sta rt. This fresh air is very goodfor you. This
medicine is good for a cough. Don't wear that suit to work in the garden ; it is too good for such dirty work, It's a good thing for you that you live in England: insomecountries you would have been shot [orsaying that. I've no respect at all
/0' him; he is a real good-lor-no thi ng, He doesn't care / 0'
working at all. lie repe ated the conve rsation that he had heard word lor word. The train for Liverpool lean s from No.6 platform. I bought acarfor flO; it was a real bargain, You were lucky; I had to pay £I5ojl)r mine, I don't like this book that I Lo rrowed ; will y0 11 please chan ge it /0 ' another
one. He is alwa ys looking for some th ing /0' nothing. I wouldn't give away that ring for anyth ing in the world, so once and / or all don't ask me again. I think he is ill; send/or the doct or, If you don't see what }'OU want in OIlT window, ask for it . He who is not fvr 115 is against us, I'm all jor helping people who really nccn it. I have two cars, one jl)f business and aile jor pleasure. He was sent to prison [or stealing. John got a prize at SC"hoolj,.., English . The accident happened because I couldn't see jor the fog. I'm doing this lor your sake, notlor my own, He didn 't do that/0' fear of
punishmen t or /0' hope of reward but because he thought
it was right. William is big for his age. It is w ry warmfo' thenme of the year (for Octo ber). I sha ll stay in London
[or about three weeks.' You can go l or miles and mites in Scotland and see nothing but heat her-covered hills. He has worked/ or hours at that essa y. I think that is enough abo ut this reposit ion for the present (for the time bt'ing),
~OT£S
o For is used when the duration of time is measured ; si'lfe when the start ing point is given. {See since, p. 2l)<).)
Q)In negat ive sente nces looking towards the futurelor is used for a period of time, bef ore for a point of time, e.g.
He will not be here for an hour yet.
He will not be here before seven o'clock.
' 9' A COfllp ft htJlSit,( English Grammar
( I~, tSTO)
I have twenty students in my class i_ this roo,ro , ~Ha"'il is inCanada Hecarri ed a bag inhis hand. I don t think there is anyth in~ ill that idea. Wh at news is there I : "the ~a~u
this moming ? He came on )(ooday at ten 0 c1~k In the moming.vI read that in a book. You will not easily find ~s good a workman as Brown; he is one ill 3. thousand, I am I7l
troublewith my teach er over some carelesswork.There we:c not many people at the meeting- about ten or t~'elve In
numberI should think. I want you toarrange these HI order, putting the largest first. then the oex:_ and so on. He :poke
in a whisper. He is the best studen t HI my class. She.1S the happiest woman in England.He lives in Lcndon.t I !I\'C at Watford. I began work here in January in the ,year.1940.
The bird carried the worm i'l its beak. I was nght JlI the middl eof thecrowd and coul d see nothing. St~nd ~'1l front of me,)'OU willseebetter then : there will be nothing 1'1the way
Prepositions and 'Adt,tTbial PaT/jelt s' 293 of your vi ew, I can never talk easily with him;we seem to have nothing in common. why are you in such a hurry? If I were ill your place I should wait for a time; it is in your own interest to do so. Our preparations had to be made in secret but they were in time, and we are in readiness now for whatever happens. We shall do it in some way or other;
I'm not qui te sure how. To bein debt is to be in danger.I'll never see you in want of money while I have any. In time of war we have to agree to things we should refuse ill time of peace. 'A stitch in time saves nine' and 'A bird in the hand is worth two in the hush: (p,Ottubs .) I will give you a new hat in place of the one that I damaged. I am putting the matter in the hands of my lawyer. Ifl case of fire ring up Watford 999. He is always in good health and is never in need of a doct or. You have never been i'l love or you wouldn't speak like that. We arc in sight of lan d now and willsoon be i'l port. You arc in a bad temper this morning, aren't you? Tell me in one word (in short) what you want. The matter, in itself , is not important; in fact I was going to take no noticeof it. hI replyto your letter I beg to in form you that in additi on to what he owes you he is also in debt to me, and in all he owes about £3,000. He walked jnt03 the room ill which we were sitting. He wouldn 't take advice, and now he has got into difficulties.The tree tru nk was sawn into sma ll loss for burn ing. Turn this from English into Spanish. Heis always gl,tting intotrouble owin g to hiscare, lcssncss. he is ill trouble with his teacher now. He felt ill his pocket to see ifhe had any mOlley in it. Has the nine o'clock train come ill .yet ? Go ill.don 't wait outside. I want to, bu t I can 't get in. I don't think I'll go to the cinema: I want to stay in and read. Yeau must call ill and see us sometime. Is Mr. Smith in?I've given you thelesson, but it will tak e some time for it to sink ill. A part )' of us are I:oing to the theatre;
would you like to join j".) The maid will take these plates away 1I0 W and bring the pudding i,1 (bring ;1/ the pudding).
\\ 110 took the letters ill this morning (took in the lett ers)?
Here's a ham mer; will you knock this nail i/l (knock in this nail)? I've put tea in the teapot ; will you pour ill the water
•
( m:r,)
It was just likehim to say that. I {ioll't fcel l~ke dancmg (= ,I don't want to dance]. Don't look at me like that. I can t speak Spanish like yo~ (=.as /ou ~o). YOUf ;~: ar~ just iikemine.There's nothin glikeexercise for making }ou ,\ arm 111isstuff looks like gold ; perhaps it is gold!
\ " '.)
:'>lr. Thompson lives nellT me; his house. is " ttl T tile.st.ation: We are "?.2T thc end of the story. Don t go ~3.r away. !>ta~
somewh ere nea r , Henry is sitti ng n(~T the windo'...ã. lUX! to John.
( ~OTE )
{ ~ oTEs f .
(fj Onfor the day; atfor a point 01 time; ill for a pernon of the day.
~) AI for a place though . of as a point on the map; in.l.or a pI'aCe thought of as an area. Taus. 111 always for large Cities.
Q) 111 denotes ~ition ~r res,t; in denotes m~tion. " .
f4) Where referring to umc. III denotes the c1o~e.01a pcn~d, w'itflin denotes a time less than the close 01 a period (sec arso p. 3°3)ã
I'rt pos/iiolls alld 'A dt'erbial Particles' 295
GJ
This box is ma de ofwood. ~Iy shoes are made ofIt'ather. His house was built of brick. lie said he was going to make a singer ofme, but I thought he was try mg to make a (001of me as I knew I could never make n success of music. We can't get everythi ng we wa nt from life; we must just make the best of it. Go and get me a packet ofcigarettes. That is a very good field of potatoes. Get me a piece of wood, a pound ofnails and a pot of paint. I'll give you half of what I earn , but I don 't get a lot of mOl1~r. I wish I could give you the whole of it. Elizabet h is fond of going to dances. Three of the m attacked me. The children of the poor were cared for. The writing of tha t book took him ten years The doct or cured me of my illness. The ship was wreeked within a mile of the coast. That is a real work of art. He gave me a.
piece of good advice. Pa rliam en t con sist s of the House of Commons and tile Hou se of Lords. It was a story of ad vent ure and romance. \\'hat is the advan ta ge of doing this ?Whnt is the cause ofr OUT bad tcrnperj He has travelled oyer tile whole ( 1Eng land. The cit}' oj Edinoll f/;h has seen some strange scenes in its hist ory and so has the Tower of London. What did 'froBrown die op Have you heard any- thing of Smith la tel y? We often speak of him and thin k of him . Wh a t do you think of this sonata ofBeethoven's? YOIl are sure of a good welcome at my house; we are fend oj visitors. I sat at the back ofthe room, the important people sat at the fron t (If the room. His name was at the top of the honours list;mine was at the bottom of it.Tha t was because I played instead ofworking. In spite ofhis ill-health johnson
did \' (,1)' well. It is verygood ofr ou to takesomuch trouble.
He is a friend ofrrune (ou rs, yours. Jolm's). .
< OFF ]
Wat er was st rea ming off the roof. Kl'CP off the grass. I can't get this ring of! my finger. Turn off the main road here and
YOU will come to the la ke. He took his ha t and hi!' coat (ljf.
nn f means 'immediatel y belcre proximit y.
Near expresses or alter'.
294 A CQnrptt!Jensit'e E'lglish Gramm ar
(pourthe wa ter in)? I'm packing my bag, but 1ca n' t gel all mv clothes in . The conductor Oil the bus helped tilt: old la~\y - H opened the door andlet the dogI'"and then locked hun
UI. e . I' h - e
in. I've opened the bag: put YoU:f stuff "'. , t ere 15 on tili ng I hate, it is filling 11'1 (or fil~mg ~P) income-tax forms. The examin ation is over now; give HI your papers to Ih.e exatnmer. The train arrives ill London at 6 o'clock . \\ e shall ne-..er gin~ in (gi \'c ill ... surrender). I shall be ready
11'1 nvc minutes ~
He put the hook C1: tbô table and he sat 0" it chair. Tb-rc were water colours OJI the walls of the room. Put the stamp
011your letterin therig!:t-hand corner. Hecarne onSntutdav.1
I ca me 011 the ryth of ~lay. He had a new hat 011his head it
new coat oJ; his back, new gloves 0" his hands and a ring ;1
his finger. Vegetarians live ell vcgerablns, fru it and nur The war was tougbt on land,. 011 sea and in the air. Did '". come here (,J; loot? No, I ca me Gil horseback. The town l:
on the River ~fer~ey, or; tho lelt hank, There arc shops hath sides of the stre et. \';elive OJ; the north side of the cit,
they Jive on the south side I am planti ng t!IC apple trcos the left and t':e pear trees Ull the rigl:t of the path. \r : are your ideas 011 the subject? Could you give us a lit speech 011 th is subject? They arc at 13lackpool 01/ holid I went 011 business The house IS 0'1 fire, I think it was
Is the gas OIl or ofP I picked up the box and the top fell r~:, There is a litt le smell m the new doth but it will soon Weô ~ offã I ha d a headache this mor ning but it soon passed off, J:r, has a very good income, :i: wish I were as well off-thotH'-
I must say I am not so badl y off as some people. Lorenzo r- off'with Shylcck's daughter and his money. S11<:d l we set for our walk now? I've studied music on and of! [i.e ,.
inter-vals] for about twenr;:':;'(vol-rS, That ship is two or thr miles off; it won't secus. It's timethe ch ildrcnwere offtolx I'll rome to the st a t ion to.sec you [ :0'. His wealt hy aunt ,I,
liked him so shecut him :Jffwith a shilling (i c. left him onl, shilling in her will). We finished offa yery good dinner wi!
coffee and cigarettes, The judge let the prisoner off with ~ warning, The gun went off unexpected ly, That fellow .s always s.~oll ing uff(= he's always thinking of the effect ;."
is l~lakil\g) . I wish you would pay ~Uthisbig debt. He hd l''-<
IIis wife offwi th her coa t. If you don't pay th is clcctricitv account the compa ny will cut your xnppl y off.Turn that cap
off an d swit ch the light oJ!. I thGught I (a uld get the ag ree mont signed, but the whole busine.~s is definitel y 'l.U now
' 97 Prtposition.'i ônd '.1,h-erbial Particles'
01/ fire Oil purpose, There arc goods Oil sa le in all the shop windows. I thought I would sell my car but OJI second thoug ht s I changed my mind. and 011 the whole I think I was wise. 0" the contrary I think you were unwise; pnces may go up, but, on the other hand, they arc muc h more likely to go down. On gottine his telegram I set off immedia tel y for London . What I do will depend on the help you can give me. He shot the bird on the wing (i.e. while it was tIying) ,
0 1/ m~' honour, I did not do it. Have you got your coat 0"
and your hat 01/,) Did yon leave the electric light 011 when you went out of the room? Is there any t hing good 011 at the cinema tonight? If I've nothing much on (= am not busy).
I'll guoTime is getting 011; it's getting on for eleven o'clock;
we had bettergo home 110W. ?ltyfather is getti ng 011 in years (=-" growing old); he's nearly seven ty. How are you getting all (= progressing) with you r English ? I don 't like Smith;
I can't get 011 (= have friendly social relations) with him at all. No. he and I have never got on toget her. Come o n;
let' s get 011 (= continue) with these prepositions: if you keep
OI l trying, you'll master them. Lookers-on see most of the game. The rain came 01' at about five o'clock ill the after.
noon . Help me all with mycoat. Switch the light on, please, and then turn the hot water all for my ba th. I'll see you late r VII: I'm too busy now, You are further on with the wor k thrill I had expected. You caITy on (= continue) with
tlu-work whlll' I have a rest. I had lund} on the train, •
TIle dog jumped ora the table. Someone left a box in the garden and I fd lover it in the da r k. The aeroplane Ilew over the hon-e. Give me a blue sky O;_'U my head and a green road
\ ,", o, i]
01/ is used for datc~ and for pa r ticula r days or specified parts 01days, e.g.
O J) May 1st: 011 Wednesd ay ; on Christ mas 1);1;-; OJI Saturdav
uncmoon (Compare ill and rd.) .
• •
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