8. MOLECULAR AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS
8.3. Grapevine breeding and fingerprinting based upon molecular aspects of stilbene synthesis
Conventional grapevine breeding deals with intraspecific and interspecific crossing and clonal selection, aiming an improvement in grape quality and resistance toward abiotic and biotic stresses (Alleweldt and Possingham, 1988). The contribution of intraspecific crossing (V. vinifera L.) was important for obtaining improved table grape cultivars, such as Jtalia, Cardinal, Regina dei Vigneti, etc., and wine cultivars, such as Muller Thurgau, Rebo, I.M.6.0.13, Ruby Cabemet, Pinotage, Chenan90n, etc. Interspecific crossing, aiming at obtaining resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, produced a huge number of hybrids utilized for both cropping and for rootstocks; the main breeding pur- pose for cropping vines was to combine disease resistance of wild types with grape qual- ity of V. vinifera cultivars (Bavaresco, 1990). Clonal selection contributed to the im- provement of V. vinifera grape quality and recovery from viral diseases, providing the grape growers with selected propagation materials (Fregoni, 1991; 1993).
In the last 30 years, genetics and molecular biology have provided new ways to un- derstand gene structure and function and to modify the grapevine genome. The latter possibility (genetic engineering), including transformation, protoplast fusion and exploi- tation of somaclonal variation, has been, so far, quite unsuccessful in order to obtain grapevine plants with improved agronomical traits (Schuerman and Dandekar, 1993;
Meredith and Reisch, 1996), except for some GFLV resistant rootstocks to (Krastanova
GRAPEVINE STILBENIC COMPOUNDS 175 et aI., 1995; see also other chapters in this Book).
A different and novel contribution of molecular biology to plant breeding is the use of molecular techniques as diagnostic tools to assist the conventional breeding process. A marker that is almost always inherited along with a desirable trait is probably located very close to the gene or genes controlling that trait; in a breeding program aimed at pro- ducing a new cultivar carrying the desirable trait, the identification of the individual seedlings that have inherited that trait after a controlled cross can take years (Meredith and Reisch, 1996). If seedlings are screened for the presence of a closely linked molecu- lar marker, there is a high probability that seedlings carrying the marker will also carry the desirable trait and they will be identified at a much earlier stage than otherwise.
Moreover, the phenotypic variability observed in segregating populations depends on both genetic and environmental components, and the separation of heritable from envi- ronmental sources of phenotypic variability is the most time-consuming step in plant breeding (Salamini et al., 1997).
A phenotypical marker related to downy mildew and grey mould resistance is produc- tion of stilbenes in leaves. In contrast to pterostilbene or viniferins, which are the most active inhibitors produced by grapevine in response to pathogen infection, resveratrol has a low fungitoxicity. However, resveratrol is quantitatively the major component of the phytoalexin response of grapevines and, as such, it is considered to be a good marker for grape disease resistance (Jeandet et al., 1995a). Pool et al. (1981) found that there is no correlation between the constitutive resveratrol content in the xylem of different Vitis spp. and their resistance to Oidium tuckeri, while a positive correlation with induced leaf production exists. Similar results were obtained by Barlass et al. (1987), when testing several grapevine genotypes for resistance to downy mildew, though they underlined the low reliability of using this approach to screen for disease resistance under field condi- tions, because resveratrol synthesis is sensitive to a variety of environmental factors, which would affect the specificity of the assay. Application of the assay to vines grow- ing under controlled conditions in a glasshouse resulted in a greater degree of reliability.
Ieandet et at. (1992) and Sbaghi et at. (1995) showed that the estimation of resveratrol production in leaves of in vitro plantiets was a good way to overcome interference by environmental factors. Morales et al. (1997) proposed hypodermal peroxidase isoen- zyme Bs as a good marker for grapevine disease resistance. This is thought to be respon- sible for the peroxidase-mediated oxidative coupling of resveratrol molecules leading to the synthesis of viniferins.
Polymorphisms involving 5' untranslated regions of stsy-chs genes may be used in fingerprinting studies on V. vinifera plasma. Starting from the cDNA sequences of grapevine sl.\y genes published by Sparvoli et at. (1994), Geuna et al. (1997) isolated several sequences located immediately upstream stsy coding regions by using a ligation- mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR). Some of these fragments were used to design primers employed in a PCR-analysis of 22 ancient cultivars of grapevine. The polymorph isms obtained were in agreement with available information concerning the relationships between the varieties analyzed. The same authors (2000) positively tested
176 L. BA V ARESCO and C. FREGONl
the possibility of the extension of this method to the identification of Chardonnay clones.
Bavaresco et al. (2000c), by using two of the above mentioned primers in sequence- specific PCR analysis of DNA extracted from dormant buds of seven clones of V vinif- era cv Barbera and from the standard cultivar, succeeded in differentiating six out of the eight analyzed genotypes on the basis of significant differences in amplification patterns.
Our unpublished data on genomic DNAs extracted from leaves of Fl individuals from the intraspecific V vinifera cross Riesling italico x Pinot noir and results on sequence- specific PCR analysis employing two of the primers used by Geuna et al. (1977), showed different amplification patterns for individuals characterized by different leaf stilbene synthesis induced by mucic acid. When compared with the two parents, Fl indi- viduals with low potential for stilbene synthesis, had a pattern similar to that of the par- ent showing the lowest stilbene synthesis (Pinot noir), while the Fl individuals which produced the highest quantities of induced stilbenes had a pattern similar to that of the parent characterized by the highest stillbene production (Riesling). These preliminary results could be the starting point to find molecular markers associated with the character
"high potential for induced stilbene synthesis".
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors want to thank M. Fregoni (Dept. Chair) for scientific review of the Chapter, G. Bruzzi (Viticulture lab) for his contribution to this project, M. Trevisan (Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry) for analytical work, and Invernizzi Founda- tion (Milano) for fmancial support.
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