- Phuongphdp doc sdng tgo: Nhimg mi diem:
(2) C dy thirc kit hgp nhilu hinh thiic dgc, ky nang dgc trong qua trinh dgc van ban.
(3) Ket hgp linh hoat phuong phap dgc sang tao vdi cac PPDH van hgc khac. Giao vien sii- dung phuong phap dgc sang tao la giiip hgc sinh dgc - hilu va cam thu diing gia tri van ban, thau hieu mdi quan he khang khit giua van ban vdi cuge sdng, nha van va ngudi dgc. Hau het cac gid day dat miic dgc - hilu nhiing thdng tin ngay tren " b l mat" tung ddng van ban dl tim nghia hiln ngdn.
Trong gid hgc, da sd giao vien y thiic ket hgp nhilu hinh thuc, ky nang dgc nhu dgc diln cam dgc phan vai, dgc to, dgc thim, kl tdm tit, k l sang tao... de kich thich cam hung cam thu ciia hgc sinh, tao khdng khi gid hgc thoai mai, kich thich tu duy hinh tugng ciia ngudi hgc.
Chang han, cd Kim Lien, trudng THCS Cao Thing, hudng din hgc sinh tim hilu van ban "Tiic nude vo bd (Trich "Tit den" ciia Ngd Tit Td, NV 8) hudng din hgc sinh dgc phan vai doan ddi thoai giua chi Dau va nhung ten tay sai, nhiing hgc sinh khac dgc tham va nhan xet, gdp y viec dgc cua cac ban. Giao vien neu vln de dinh hudng: "Theo em nen tim hilu doan trich theo hudng nao? Vi sao?".
Hoac de hgc sinh hudng dan tim hieu ndi dung "Tinh thi cua chi Dau trong doan trich", giao vien yeu cau hgc sinh tdm tit lai tac phIm va dat cau hdi: "Em hieu gia dinh chi Dau dang d tinh thi nhu thi nao? Em suy nghi gi vl tinh the dd?" . Mot trong nhung thanh cdng cua gid day la chi tilt giao vien ggi hgc sinh dgc phan vai doan chi Dau va ten cai le va dat tinh hudng: Vu Nggc Phan da nhan xet: " Cai doan ta chi Dau vdi ten cai le la mot doan tuyet kheo". Theo em, cai kheo dd the hien d nhiing chi tiet nao?
Cd Hoang Lan, trudng THCS Trung Vuong, hudng dan hgc sinh dgc - hieu van ban "Sang thu" (Ngir van 9) ket hgp dgc dien cam vdi binh giang kha
thanh cdng. 0 khd tho thu nhat, giao vien yeu cau hgc sinh dgc dien cam, tra Idi
cau hdi phan tich, giao vien chdt van de, dgc dien cam khd tho va binh: nha tho chgt nhan ra tin hieu eiia sir chuyen miia tir nggn gid se (nhe, khd va hoi lanh) mang theo huong di (huong thom nggt, dam am). Sir bien ehuyen cua khdng gian liic sang thu dugc Hiiu Thinh cam nhan qua nhieu yeu td: mui "huong di" lan vao khdng gian "pha" vao trong lan "gid se", gigt suong dlu thu "chung chinh" chuyin ddng chIm cham, van vuong noi dudng thdn ngd xdm; bang nhilu giac quan (gui, nhin, cam nhan...). Tim hilu khd tho thii ba, giao vien da kit hgp dgc diln cam vdi phuong phap hoat ddng nhdm kha thanh cdng. Sau khi hgc sinh dgc, giao vien dgc, giao vien neu van de: net rieng ciia thdi diem giao miia Ha - Thu nay dugc Hiiu Thinh the hien dac sac nhat qua cac hinh anh, cau tho nao? Gia tri ciia cac tir: voi din, bdt din, bdt?
Nhimg nhu-ffc diim:
(1) Phan phdi thdi lugng dgc trong qua trinh day hgc chua hgp ly, chii trgng dgc d dau gid.
(2) Khau hudng din hgc sinh dgc chua ky, giao vien dgc mlu chua chuan. Hieu qua dgc sang tao chua cao.
Khdng it giao vien sudt tilt hgc chi cho hgc sinh dgc van ban mot lln trudc khi dgc - hieu van ban nhu mot thdi quen khdng thi thilu, thdi gian cdn lai cua tiet hgc chi la hdi - dap, dgc chep, ghi bang... Chinh vi vay, gid day khd Cling, hdi hgt, thieu chat van chuong. Hlu hit cac gid day dat muc dgc - hilu nhiing thdng tin ngay tren be mat tung ddng van ban de tim nghia hien ngdn, dd
la miic tdi thieu cua phuong phap dgc sang tao. Cdn miic cao hon la biet dgc - hieu cac thdng tin d be sau van ban do mdi quan he giira cac ddng va khoang each giiia cac Idi vdi nhau thi hieu qua chua rd. Nhimg miic cao hon niia la dgc va tim dugc nhiing thdng tin ngoai van ban do mdi quan he giiia van ban vdi nhimg van de ngoai van ban (cudc sdng, nha van...) tao ra. Hoac yeu cau cao nhat cua phuong phap dgc sang tao la giiip cho hgc sinh tim ra cac ldp nghia ham ngdn ciia cac van ban nghe thuat, giiip hgc sinh hinh thanh cac ky nang phan tich, binh gia, cam thu van ban nghe thuat, giiip hgc sinh hinh thanh cac ky nang phan tich, binh gia, cam thu van ban nghe thuat va nghe, ndi, dgc va viet tdt tieng Viet thi phan Idn cac gid hgc dugc khao sat chua dat dugc yeu cau nay.
Tren tinh thin ddi mdi, phuong phap dgc sang tao trong gid van hgc can
chii y dk luyen ky nang dgc cho hgc sinh. Nhung thuc te, giao vien it chii y
hudng din hgc sinh dgc cho diing. Diing la dgc dat yeu cau ve phat am va chinh ta, la dgc trung thanh vdi ndi dung van ban. Dgc hay la biet phat huy uu the ciia chit gigng, lam chii dugc gigng dgc, bilt ngung, nghi, cao gigng, thIp gigng diing vdi nhip dieu, am hudng ciia van ban, phu hgp vdi cam xiic ciia nha van ddng thdi thi hien dugc cam xiic va thai do tinh cam ddi vdi tac gia va ddi vdi vln dl dat ra trong tac phIm, truyin dugc cam xiic va thai do ciia minh va ciia nha van din ngudi nghe.
ChIng han, trong gid day ciia cd Thanh Ha, trudng THCS Trung Vuong, khi hudng din hgc sinh dgc bai "Miia xuan nho nhd" trong SGK Ngii van 9, giao vien chi hudng din chung chung. Do vay, cac em khdng chii y dgc diing thi loai tho 5 chir; khdng ngit nhip, khdng chii y su biln ddi manh cam xiic nhu dgc say sua, triu min ciia phIn dlu; phIn hai thi nhip nhanh, hdi ha, phIn chan; phIn cudi tha thilt; trim ling... Hgc sinh dgc khdng dat yeu clu, giao vien khdng siia, khdng gdp y cu thi, khdng udn nin each dgc dl dinh hudng va khoi day cam hung cho hgc sinh, khdng dgc mlu cho ngudi hgc nen hieu qua khdng cao.
Ngay ca Idi phat am thdng thudng nhu "o"/ con chim chiin chien", hgc sinh dgc thanh "'chiem chiin chien'\ giao vien khdng h i sua.
Tuong tu: "ma sao nghe nhdi d trong r/em" trong bai "Viing lang Bac , "Chi can trong xe cd mot trai "r/em" trong "Bai tho vl tilu ddi xe khdng kinh" ... Day la mot trong nhimg Idi tuong ddi phd biln cua tilng Khanh Hda nhung giao vien khdng cd y thiic siia cho hgc sinh. Giao vien dgc sang tao trong gid day hgc van cd tim quan trgng va cd hieu qua dac biet. Nd gay khdng khi cho gid hgc, ggi cam hung cho hgc sinh. Nhung rIt it giao vien Ngii van trong cac gid dugc khao sat dat dugc yeu clu nay. Thinh thoang cd nhimg giao vien ky nang dgc rIt han chi, anh hudng khdng it din kit qua gid day.
- Phuong phdp gidng binh:
Giang binh la mot PPDH van truyen thdng theo md hinh truyen thdng tin mot chieu, dugc su dung nhieu trong cac gid day hgc tac phIm van chuong hay cung cap kien thuc mdi.
Nhihtg mi diem:
(l)Mgt bd phan giao vien su dung phuong phap giang binh cd hieu qua. (2) Ket hgp linh hoat phuong phap giang binh vdi cac PPDH van khac.
Cac gid day van tuong ddi thanh cdng la nhiing tiet day giao vien phat huy dugc kha nang cam thu van chuong qua viec binh giang cac chi tiet cd gia tri cua van ban va ket hgp hieu qua vdi cac PPDH van khac nhu he thdng cau hdi ggi tim, dgc sang tao... Trong qua trinh " ddng sang tao" vdi hgc sinh, Idi giang binh sau sac, ngan ggn, giau cam xiic hd trg cho qua trinh cam thu, kham pha nhiing dac sac nghe thuat va ndi dung cua tac pham rat Idn. True tiep khoi day hung thii, truyen niem say me, dinh hudng tu tudng, tinh cam cho hgc sinh.
Trong bai " Tiic nude vd bd" (Ngir van 8), sau khi hudng dan hgc sinh phan tich eae ndi dung co ban, giao vien binh: " Tiic nude vo bd " la qui luat tat ylu cua cudc sdng. Sir phan khang tu phat cua chi Dau ciing nam trong qui luat ly. Chi Dau la ngudi khdng bao gid khuat phuc hoan canh, nhung cudi ciing " Tiln dd" ciia chi vln " Tdi den nhu muc". Doan trich la thai do ddng tinh, tran trgng ciia tac gia doi vdi ngudi ndng dan. Dd la mot du bao tat yeu ve cudc each mang ciia nhan dan ta. Hinh anh " Canh budm giuong to nhu manh hdn lang" trong bai " Que huong" (Ngir van 8), dugc giao vien binh: Hdn lang la cai gi khd ndi nhung d l cam nhan ddi vdi nhiing ai gan bd vdi que huong, dd la truyen thdng, la each an, nit d, net sinh hoat van hda rieng da trd nen thieng lieng. So sanh " Canh budm" la mot vat thi him hinh vdi "hdn lang" la cai trim tugng vd
hinh la su so sanh mdi la, dgc dao. Canh budm la bilu tugng dep vl lang, la linh hdn ciia lang chai neo dau mai trong tam tri cua nhiing ngudi di xa...
Nhitng nhitffc diim:
(1) Nghe thuat va ky thuat thuyet trinh chua ehuln muc, tinh thuylt phuc chua cao. Chua ket hgp dugc cac yeu td ngdn ngir va ylu td phi ngdn ngir (cu chi, dieu bg, net mat...)
(2) Phan bd thdi lugng cho giang binh chua that hgp ly.
Viec giao vien xac dinh rd muc tieu va ndi dung bai hgc da chgn nhiing trung tam, trgng diem de giang binh la yeu clu tat ylu. Trong thuc t l khao sat, day la mot trong nhung diem yeu nhat cua giao vien Ngir van THCS. Giao vien thudng chii trgng hdi - dap, hoat ddng theo nhdm, it dimg lai de giang binh. Mot thuc te, theo yeu cau ddi mdi PPDH " lay hgc sinh lam trung tam" giao vien ngai ndi vi de bi coi la lam viec nhieu, lam viec thay hgc sinh, khdng phat huy dugc tri lire ciia ngudi hgc. Mac khac, kha nang cam thu va truyen dat cua ddi ngii giao vien Ngir van THCS cdn han che. Cd giao vien chgn dugc chi tiet dat nhung kha nang thuyet trinh han che, chua ket hgp dugc sue manh ciia nhung "nhan tu", nhiing " than cii ", nhirng yeu td, nhimg chi tiet soi sang chu de tac pham, tap trung tai nang sang tao cua nha van vdi nhung ky nang can cd thugc yeu td phi ngdn ngir nhu cu chi, dieu bd, net mat... de truyen dat cam xiic den cho hgc sinh mot each hieu qua nhat.
Ca biet cd nhiing tiet day, giao vien cii thao thao binh giang, thuyet trinh tren bang, hgc sinh bi dgng ngdi nghe, ldp hgc te nhat. Giao vien chua ket hgp qua trinh giang binh cua minh vdi trao ddi, dam thoai ngan giiia giao vien va hgc sinh dl tao ra sir" cdng hudng" trong tiep nhan.
Ben canh nhung uu, nhugc dilm cua GV khi van dung cac PPDH dac trung ciia phan mdn Van hgc, chiing tdi cdn cd nhung nhan xet ve ndi dung kien thiic CO ban ciia phan mdn nhu sau:
- Nhihtg mi diem:
(1) v l ndi dung kiln thiic co ban: hlu hit giao vien nIm chic kiln thiic CO ban, trgng tam, thuc hien tuong ddi ehuln xac, khoa hgc, dam bao dac trung ciia bd mdn van hgc.
(2) Kiln thiic van hgc dugc kit hgp vdi luyen tap, thuc hanh kha hgp ly va cd hieu qua.
IK (3) Giao vien tim nhiing don vi kiln thiic tieu bilu dl tich hgp vdi Tieng Viet va Tap lam van.
Ngay tir khau nghien cuu, thilt kl bai day - hgc tac phIm van chuong, giao vien da bam sat "muc tieu ein dat" ciia bai hgc, kit hgp vdi nhirng dinh hudng cua sach giao vien, he thdng cau hdi ggi y ciia SGK, phIn Idn cac tilt hgc dugc khao sat, giao vien dam bao truyin dat va hudng din hgc sinh cam thu diing hudng, diing kiln thiic co ban, diing dac trung cua bd mdn van hgc.
Bam sat yeu clu va clu tnic ndi dung bai hgc cua SGK, Giao vien chii y bude luyen tap nham ciing cd kien thuc va ren luyen ky nang nghe, ndi, dgc, vilt tuong ddi tdt. Bai "Sang thu" (Ngir van 9) cd Thao cho hgc sinh lam bai tap ngoai SGK: "Hay dgc mot doan tho ta canh sang thu cua tac gia khac va so sanh sir gidng nhau va khac nhau vdi canh sang thu ciia Hiru Thinh". Rit bit rlgd khi cd em dgc mot doan trong bai "Day miia thu tdi" ciia Xuan Dieu va so sanh dly cam xiie. Cd Kim Lien, trudng THCS Cao Thing, sau khi hudng din hgc sinh tim hieu bai tho "Que huong" ciia Te Hanh, cho hgc sinh luyen dgc diln cam tuong ddi tdt va cho cac em "suu tam ca dao, tho ca viet ve que huong Khanh Hoa", ket qua kha quan. Mot bai tap dugc danh gia cao khi giao vien day xong
bai " Hich tudng sV\ cho hgc sinh hoat ddng nhdm: " so sanh hai van ban" "Chieu ddi do" va " Hich tudng sT de tim ra nhiing diem gidng nhau va khac nhau?
Thdng qua gid Van hgc tich hgp phan Tieng Viet va Tap lam van la mot trong nhiing yeu cau ciia day hgc Ngii van. Trong gid hudng dan hgc sinh dgc - hieu van ban, giao vien tich hgp theo hudng: hudng dan hgc sinh tim hieu nhiing nghe thuat ma tac gia da su dung trong tac pham, ddng thdi phan tich gia tri nghe thuat de lam ndi bat gia tri ndi dung. Thdng qua gid van hgc, giao vien tich hgp Tap lam van: cac kieu loai van ban, eae ky nang: nghe, dgc, ndi, viet...
De bdc Id cam xiic dau ddn den tdt cimg ciia Lao Hac khi phai ban con chd va ludn bi day dut vi cam giac lira con Vang, giao vien hudng dan hgc sinh
tim gia tri ciia viec su dung than tir trong doan van: " Ndy! Ong gido g! Cdi
gidng nd ciing khdn! Nd cir ndm im nhu nd trdch tdi; nd keu u ir, nhin tdi, nhu mudn bdo tdi rdng: A! lao gid te lam! Tdi dn a voi lao nhu the md lao xir voi tdi nhu the ndy.''
Hoac each dat vln dl mang tinh chat tich hgp kha rd: " Tim cac cau nghi van trong bai "Hich tudng sT" ciia Tran Qudc Tuan. Cho biet eae cau ay dugc dung lam gi? Vi tri ciia moi cau nghi van trong timg doan van cd lien quan nhu the nao den muc dich ndi cua nd?
- Nhitng nhitffc diem:
(1) Giao vien Ngir van THCS ylu kiln thuc vl thi loai. (2) Hoat ddng luyen tap it sang tao.