contextual word similarity and estimation from sparse data

... distributions of estimated fre- quency values for occurring and non-occurring sets. 170 CONTEXTUAL WORD SIMILARITY AND ESTIMATION FROM SPARSE DATA Ido Dagan AT•T Bell Laboratories 600 Mountain ... for theories on generalization and anal- ogy in linguistic data. The literature suggests two major approaches for solving the sparse data problem: smoothing and class based methods. Smoothing ... 150 pairs, were constructed randomly and were restricted to words with indi- vidual frequencies between 500 and 2500. We term these two sets as the occurring and non-occurring sets. The...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20

... Estimators 15.4 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation 15.5 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 15.6 Mean-Squared Estimation of Random Parameters 15.7 Maximum A Posteriori Estimation of Random Parameters 15.8 The Basic ... with mean m x (0) and covariance P x (0), and x(0) is not correlated with w(k) and v(k). The dimensions of matrices , , , H, Q, and R are n × n, n × p, n × l, m × n, p × p, and m × m, respectively. ... discrete-timeestimation algorithms; and (2) the mathematics associatedwith discrete-time estimation theory is simpler than with continuous- time estimation theory. We view (discrete-time) estimation...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 12:15

... SELECT statement and sets the SelectCommand property of a SqlDataAdapter to that SqlCommand: SqlCommand mySelectCommand = mySqlConnection.CreateCommand(); mySelectCommand.CommandText = "SELECT ... the InsertCommand, UpdateCommand, and DeleteCommand properties of your DataAdapter. Using Stored Procedures to Add, Modify, and Remove Rows from the Database You can get a DataAdapter object ... " + " ;FROM Products " + "ORDER BY ProductID"; SqlDataAdapter mySqlDataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(); mySqlDataAdapter.SelectCommand = mySelectCommand; The SELECT...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... AddDataRow() method. The output from AddDataRow() and its call to DisplayDataRow() are as follows: In AddDataRow() Calling myDataTable.NewRow() myNewDataRow.RowState = Detached Calling myDataTable.Rows.Add() ... "Modifying a DataRow in a DataTable ." The following method, named AddDataRow(), uses those steps to add a new row to a DataTable: public static int AddDataRow( DataTable myDataTable, SqlDataAdapter ... example sets the InsertCommand property of mySqlDataAdapter to myInsertCommand: mySqlDataAdapter.InsertCommand = myInsertCommand; Setting the UpdateCommand Property of a DataAdapter The following...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 13:15

... Country " + " ;FROM Customers"; SqlDataAdapter mySqlDataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(); mySqlDataAdapter.SelectCommand = mySqlCommand; DataSet myDataSet = new DataSet(); mySqlConnection.Open(); ... System .Data. SqlClient; class AddModifyAndRemoveDataRowViews { public static void DisplayDataRow( DataRow myDataRow, DataTable myDataTable ) { Console.WriteLine("\nIn DisplayDataRow()"); ... ADDMODIFYANDREMOVEDATAROWVIEWS.CS /* AddModifyAndRemoveDataRowViews.cs illustrates how to add, modify, and remove DataRowView objects from a DataView */ using System; using System .Data; ...

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 01:17

... into two categories: taxonomic similarity and associative similarity. Taxonomic similarity, or categorical similarity, is a kind of semantic similarity between words in the same level of categories ... a collocational relation and a proximity relation. For example, the word writer and the word author are taxonomically similar because they are synonyms, while the word writer and the word book are as- sociatively ... and highly polysemous words such as make and money, and these words are likely to be tax- onomically similar to many other words. Hence if semantic networks reflect in large part taxo- nomic similarity...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... extracted from automatic word alignment. We applied GIZA++ and the in- tersection heuristics as explained in section . From the word aligned corpora we extracted word type links, pairs of source and ... constructed from syntacti- cally parsed monolingual corpora. Below we de- scribe the data and resources used, the nature of the context applied and the results of the synonym extraction task. 5.1.1 Data ... semantically re- lated words. However, they do not make a clear distinction between synonyms on the one hand and related words such as antonyms, (co)hyponyms, hypernyms etc. on the other hand. In this...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... 1268 Chinese Word Segmentation without Using Lexicon and Hand-crafted Training Data Sun Maosong, Shen Dayang*, Benjamin K Tsou** State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, ... Chinese word segmentation developed so far, both statistical and rule-based, exploited two kinds of important resources, i.e., lexicon and hand-crafted linguistic resources(manually segmented and ... Chinese, and time consuming. Furthermore, even the lexicon is large enough, and the corpus annotated is balanced and huge in size, the word segmenter will still face the problem of data incompleteness,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... 3905 The isolation and characterization of cytochrome c nitrite reductase subunits (NrfA and NrfH) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 Re-evaluation of the spectroscopic data and redox properties Maria ... from the NrfA subunit and one from NrfH, according to the following considerations. The original Mo ¨ ssbauer studies on NrfHA complex identified two low-spin hemes with g max values at 3.60 and ... intense band of 61 kDa (NrfA) and a band of weak intensity of 19 kDa (NrfH), confirming its hetero-oligomeric nature (Fig. 1, lane 1). However, in the absence of boiling (Fig. 1A, lanes 2 and 4)...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 00:20

... semi-finalScotland Figure 1: Context reduction and similarity levels draw this inference, two levels of similarity need to be taken into account. One concerns the similarity of the words to be recognised ... WSD and can supplement those achieved e.g., by subcategorisation frames (Martinez et al., 2002). Our approach to word similarity to overcome data sparseness is perhaps most similar to (Karov and Edelman, ... annotated roles increased from 46.7% to 62.7% on the same dataset. Most other traditional approaches rely on hand- crafted knowledge bases or lexica and use vi- olations of hand-modelled selectional...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... its co- ordinated terms and assign the same label to 9 of the 33 coordinate terms (and then to their direct and indirect hyponyms). Marking is equivalent to assigning WordNet synsets to sets ... to some hundreds of words. The level of quantitative and qualitative informa- tion for each entry in the FL can be very high and it is not transportable across domains and 225 Proceedings ... ontology. This map- ping between words and ontology is generally to be built by hand. Most of the time in transport- ing the lexicon is spent in identifying and build- ing FLs. Efficiently...

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