× n optical switch

... Crosspoints N k2 Nk(Nk − k + 1) Nk(Nk − k + 1) (2Nk) (2Nk) − Nk(k − 1) ( 2N k) − 2Nk(k − 1) ck N ck N c(2Nk) − Nk(k − 1) c(2Nk) − 2Nk(k − 1) WC Nk Nk Nk Mux N N N DeMux N N N Nk N N Nk N N Nk N N Nk ... λk iN λ1 λ2 oN Fig An N × N k-wavelength WDM optical switching network architecture consisting of an Nk × Nk crossconnect followed by Nk wavelength converters bars, concentrators (as defined below), ... realize a one-to-one connection between the input and the output fiber links; and there may be more than one distinct one-to-one connections between an input fiber link and an output fiber link Similarly,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 04:15

... categorize connections in optical switching networks is to look at the switching granularity (Finn and Barry, 1996) In optical switching networks, connections between source and destination may be switched ... unnoticed by optical monitoring techniques Given this shortcoming in conjunction with the aforementioned physical transmission impairments of transparent AONs, confining islands of transparency ... attention has been paid to the configuration management of reconfigurable transparent AONs The configuration management provides connection set-up and teardown capabilities The connection management...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 14:15

... RESOLVING CONTENTION IN OPTICAL SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES 1.2.1 Contention resolution in the space domain by using deflection routing 1.2.2 Contention resolution in the time domain by using ... node, using a ( NK + M ) × ( NK + M ) nonblocking switching fabric If an incoming optical data needs conversion, it will be placed on one of the shared WCs After conversion, the data can be switched ... ABBREVIATIONS Abbr Description WDM Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing NGI Next Generation Internet OCS Optical Circuit Switching OPS Optical Packet Switching OBS Optical Burst Switching OS Optical Switching...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 08:31

... affinity agonist binding but not antagonist binding [14] The corresponding residue in the OTR is also an arginyl (Arg34) and furthermore this arginyl is required for high affinity agonist binding ... high affinity agonist binding and signalling It is one of the constraining residues which maintain the V1aR in the inactive conformation and as such is part of the receptor activation switch There ... recently that the N- terminus of the V1aR provides agonist-specific binding epitopes Consequently, truncation of the V1aR N- terminus prevented high affinity AVP binding but did not affect antagonist...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 13:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/07/2014, 16:21

... chemical analysis, environmental monitoring, and manufacturing process control Computational sensing is revolutionizing the design and utility of optical imagers and spectrometers In emerging applications, ... spatial transformations, and mappings between continuous distributions and discrete states are fundamental to the analysis of modern optical sensor systems In optical sensing we are most often interested ... find opportunities to consider much higher-dimensional function spaces For example, an image with N Â N pixels may be considered a point in (N Â N )dimensional space An object density function...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... one-dimensional DFT of length N, defined as (N= 2)À1 X ^ (n0 ) ¼ pffiffiffiffi f fn ei2p(nn =N) N n¼À (N= 2) (3:98) is decimated into two DFTs of length N/ 2 by the arrangement (N= 4)À1 (N= 4)À1 X e(i2pn =N) ... transformation and sampling in the context of conventional Fourier analysis, meaning that transformations are based on Fourier transfer functions and impulse response kernels and sampling is based on the ... i2p(nn0= (N= 2)) ^n0 ¼ pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi f 2n e þ pffiffiffi f( 2n 1) ei2p(nn = (N= 2)) f N= 2 n À (N= 4) N= 2 n À (N= 4) ^en0 ^on0 f f ¼ pffiffiffi þ e(i2pn ) =N pffiffiffi 2 (3:99) f where ˆen0 and ˆon0 are the length...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... plane, diffraction is linear and shift-invariant Our goal in this section is to describe the transfer function and impulse response corresponding to diffraction from one plane to another An arbitrary ... or enhance reflection It is not necessary to model reflection and refraction in detail to understand the functional utility of optical elements in shaping the impulse response The most important ... coordinate in the plane of the lens and a is a constant Substituting Eqn (4.59) in Eqn (4.49), we obtain the transmittance of a lens as t(r) ¼ eif0 eÀpi(Dnar =l) (4:60) To understand the action of...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... distribution for the overall noise If components n1 and n2 , for example, have distributions p1 (n) and p2 (n) , then the distribution of n ¼ n1 n2 is ð p (n) ¼ p1 (n1 ¼ n À n2 )p2 (n2 )dn2 (5:40) If n1 and ... ¼ limN!1 (1 À a =N) N yields p (n) ¼ "n À" n e n n! (5:31) p (n) is the Poisson distribution Properties of the distribution include X p (n) ¼ n 0 knl ¼ X np (n) ¼ " n (5:32) n 0 kn2 l ¼ X n2 p (n) ¼ ... sufficiently short that the probability of two counts in any one subwindow vanishes In the limit N ! 1, approximation of N! and (N À n) ! using Stirling’s approxipffiffiffiffiffiffi mation N! % 2pN N (1=2) e N and...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... S (n) d (n À n0 ) 2 (1=sn )eÀp [ (n n0 ) =sn ] sn =[ (n À n0 )2 þ sn ] G(t) e2pin0 t 2 e2pin0 t eÀpsn t 2pe2pin0 t eÀ2psn jtj The Gaussian and Lorentzian spectra are plotted in Fig 6.5 A common characteristic ... given in Eqn (6.67) We next turn to focal interferometry strategy 2, temporal variation of the pupil function for 5D coherence sensing 5D sensing is unnecessary for normal incoherent imaging, ... function and the optical transfer function (OTF), which are the incoherent source analog of the coherent impulse response and transfer function Incoherent imaging leads logically to discussions...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... (7:9) Under the approximation that X sin[p (n0 À uX)] % (À1 )n Nsinc(uX À n0 À nN) sinfp[ (n0 =N) À uD]g n (7:10) ^ We find that gn0 m0 is a projection of ^(u, v) onto the Shannon scaling function basis ... g is ^n0 m0 ¼ g ¼ N= 2 N= 2 X X 0 ei2pnn =N ei2pmm =N gnm N N= 2þ1 N= 2þ1 ð ð 0 eÀpi [ (n =N) ÀuD] eÀpi [(m =N) ÀvD] À1 À1 Â sin[p (n0 À uX)] sin[p(m0 À vY)] sinfp[ (n0 =N) À uD]g sinfp[(m0 =N) À vD]g ... rather than the Shannon scaling function One may consider how sampling systems can then be designed to match interpolation functions All of these points rely on the existence of careful and accurate...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... grating, shearing between the wavelength channels and conventional aberrations induce substantial shift variance and distortion in the instrument function Sophisticated designs, often incorporating ... then taking the inverse transform Approximating the Dirichlet kernel as in Eqn (7.10) yields   ð   2vn 2Z ^ p sinc n À n0 À n0 0 N S (n) dn n0 0 ¼À1 c c ! h i X 2v c ^ (n þ n0 0 N) S (n þ n0 0 N) ... spanning the data space V is similarly an n  n unitary matrix with columns vi spanning the object space Rn L is an m  n diagonal matrix with diagonal elements li corresponding to the singular...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... transmittance of a quarter-wave stack resonator with n1 ¼ 1.7 and n2 ¼ 2.2 as a function of wavelength detuning at normal incidence (b) Magnified plot of (a) focusing on the tunneling resonance ... of weak modulation by assuming that n1 =n2 ¼ À Dn =n þ Dn2 =n2 and n2 =n1 ¼ þ Dn, which yields a band edge at   2pd Dn2 %1À sin l 2n (9:90) Stopbands are centered on the wavelengths l¼ 4d 2q þ ... all narrow-pass instruments, although one can imagine implementing multiplex AOTF filtering Tuning speed and spectral range are particular advantages of AOTF technology, it is not uncommon for an...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... engineering have emerged since the early 1980s In considering these strategies, one must draw a distinction between lens design and “wavefront engineering.” The art of lens design plays an enormous ... bandlimited function cannot have finite support We have already seen that for n c, most of the signal energy is in the region jxj X Given that cn is an eigenfunction, the continuation beyond ... function value of n, ln must decrease A series of cn from n ¼ to n ¼ for c ¼ is shown in Fig 10.13 As n increases, nonvanishing components move away from the origin For n c, the component of cn (x)...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... incoherent, 194 Incoherent source, 192 Independent column coding, 343 Inhomogeneous broadening, 152 Instantaneous field of view (ifov), 443 Instrument function, 339 Integrated sensing and processing, ... synthetic 16-spectral-channel image by modeling the red channel with a Gaussian spectrum centered on 600 nm of width 75 nm, the green channel with a Lorentizian spectrum centered on 550 nm, and ... forming a spatial map of the spectral density in an image Spectral imaging is commonly used in environmental analysis and mineral detection in remote sensing and for molecular imaging in biological...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... cách n m t ngõ khác thay ngõ d mô t vi c gi i quy t xung t b ng cách nh ban nh u Hình sau nh n chuy n hư ng ng i ng n nh t c ch n ban u ng i sau chuy n hư ng Hình 2.16: nh n chuy n hư ng nh n chuy ... l n vư t m c trư ng h p chuy n hư ng burst c chuy n hư ng làm tăng t c ngh n m ng n i chung Do ó m ng OBS v i nh n chuy n hư ng n n ho t ng tình hu ng t i nh Trong nh n chuy n hư ng, d li u n ... xác nh b ng cách s d ng sách g n ngõ c nh, sách ch n ngõ d a ng i ng n nh t ti p theo Chúng ta ch xem xét m t ngõ chuy n hư ng ch n ngõ d n n n ng ng n nh t t i ích th hai Hình 2.21: Chính sách...

Ngày tải lên: 09/10/2014, 21:13

... định ph n tiêu đề gói tin thành thông tin người dùng phía phát Thông tin chuy n đ n người nh n cách xác Hình 2: Truy n gói tin qua mạng chuy n mạch gói Vì thông tin người dùng chia thành gói nhỏ, ... định đường với gói tin trở n n mềm dẻo nhi n điều yêu cầu số lượng tính to n l n nút n n ph n l n mạng chuy n sang dùng phương chuy n mạch gói theo đường xác định b.Phương thức chuy n mạch gói ... tham khảo TS Phùng V n V n, TS Tr n Hồng Qu n, TS Nguy n Quý Minh Hi n Mạng vi n thông xu hướng phát tri n NXB Bưu đi n, Hà N i, 2002 Bài giảng tổ chức mạng vi n thông_ Đo n Thị Thanh Thảo Tài liệu...

Ngày tải lên: 24/11/2014, 10:42

... adopted in current backbone networks In point-to-point switching networks, optical signals carrying IP trac undergo O/E/O conversion at every node between source and destination nodes In OCS, however, ... Filling LSP Label Switching Path LWC Limited-Range Wavelength Converter MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching NFFTE Node-Based First Fit Based On Trac Engineering NP Nondeterministic Polynomial NSFNET ... Networks: An Overview 19 conversion assumption Therefore, we will examine their eectiveness in non-fully wavelength-convertible OBS networks when presenting them 2.1 QoS Enhancement QoS enhancement...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 16:05

... label switching NSFNET National Science Foundation network NSR normal state route OBS optical burst switching xxi OCS optical circuit switching OPS optical packet switching pJET priority just-enough-time ... will be no contention among these connections on the outgoing links at the downstream nodes This thesis analyzes this effect and presents a loss estimation formula considering this effect We next ... the online scenario, we assume that the connection requests come one by one and no information of future requests is known In the offline scenario, we assume that the traffic demand is known The...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:36